我可以問不倒Q&A專欄(2022年08月)

                                  我可以 問不倒

(2022年8月9日-2022年10月4日 )

本Q&A專欄使用原則:
1.優先提供OKE美語之新舊學員任何有關英語學習之提問。
2. 為提供最符合大眾共同學習效益,每周OKE美語及旋元佑老師將均衡選取三則提問給予詳解。
3.提問請點擊右側標籤列#我可以問不倒,至當月份的文章版面。
此篇文章僅供2022年8月9日至2022年10月4日提問使用

留言

  1. 老師在「寫作課程-描寫文與空間順序-空間順序的轉承語」裡面講到at that point、side。
    請問,at that point、side分別是什麼意思?

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    1. at that point「在那個點上」,side「邊」。例如描寫硬幣那篇作文,就可以採用空間順序分為the heads side「正面」與the tails side「反面」。

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    2. 寫作教材P218

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  2. 寫作教材P202-203

    1
    My dog Dodo is a Labrador, standing nearly one meter tall and weighing around 35 kilograms. He was an abandoned stray dog until we took him in about three years ago. Judging from his teeth and build, the vet put him at two, which would make him about five years old now. He has blond, silky fur, a bushy tail, and big, brown eyes. He could shake hands when we found him, and by now has learned to catch a Frisbee, open screen doors from the outside, and roll over and play dead. He has added a lot of fun to our family life.
    問,這段「客觀的描寫文」的發展方式是什麼?是空間順序、重要性順序嗎,還是其他?能解釋一下為什麼嗎?

    2
    My Labrador Dodo is a big, handsome fellow. When I found him at a parking lot three years ago, he was skinny and mangy, rib ridges showing on his sides. It was his eyes that caught me—big liquid eyes full of expectation mixed with hurt and fear. It must have taken an extraordinary degree of mistreatment to reduce a trusting Labrador to such an abject state. Little by little, with the kind of tenderness prescribed by the fox in The Little Prince, I healed his broken heart as well as his malnourished physique. By now the only scar left in him is a deep-seated mistrust of strangers, quite un-Labrador-like.
    請問,這段「主觀的描寫文」的的發展方式是什麼?是空間順序、重要性順序嗎,還是其他?能解釋一下為什麼嗎?

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    1. 這裏可以說是用重要性順序介紹這隻狗的一些客觀特徵:身高、體重、年齡、外觀、能力等等。

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  3. 傳統語法裡有一條規則:not 要置於不定式短語、分詞、動名詞之前。
    如 Having not finished the work, I decided to stay. (X)
    → Not having finished the work, I decided to stay. (√ )
    但是沒有解釋為什麼,只是說是習慣用法。
    旋老師怎麼理解呢?

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    1. 修飾動詞片語的否定副詞not,最清楚的位置是放在第一個助動詞後面,例如:I have not finished the work,副詞not放在文法助動詞have後面。但是動詞片語一旦改為非限定動詞,例如having finished the work,整個就成為現在分詞片語,屬於形容詞類。這時候not修飾的不再是動詞,而是整個分詞片語(形容詞),就要放在片語的前面。

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  4. 例句:There are many women teachers in our school.
    旋老師,為什麼這裡的women是複數的,它不是占在名詞片語中形容詞的位置嗎?

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    1. men, women是古英文,它的變化不同。例如:
      He's a woman hater.意思是He's a man who hates all women.。在a woman hater中仍然只能用單數。
      但是:
      I hate women drivers.意思是I hate women who drive.這就比較特別,在women drivers中要用複數的women。這是屬於古英文的特殊變化。

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  5. 很多語法書中沒有提及的兩個介詞連用的情況。
    比如:A appeared from behind B.
    根據旋老師的語法教學,我是給它理解成:
    A appeared from (the place) (which was) behind B. 這樣子可以說的通嗎?

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    1. 可以。from behind B就是from some place behind B的省略。

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  6. I go swimming 是属于哪种句型结构,SV还是SVC呢

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    1. 如果是SVC的结构的话,是不是可以这样理解,除了含Linking Verb的句子,一般动词结构也能是SVC

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    2. 是SVC。應該說come與go可以當連綴動詞使用,而不是所有動詞都可以這樣用。

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  7. 老師您好
    FLEETING: implies of a thing that it passes swiftly and cannot be held [a fleeting thought ]
    1 imply我查了字典,後面沒有接of之類的情形,不知原句為何接of,那of的意思是?

    The Taiwanese people like to fatten pigs, with especially heavy ones receiving awards, selling for high prices...
    2 with especially...如果沒有with,是不是也可以?with的意思是?

    tingle: to have a feeling as if a lot of sharp points are being put quickly and lightly into your body
    3 are改成were(非事實語氣)是不是比較好?原句不知為何用are ?

    We are engaged in "social distancing", which is meant to protect us but sounds like the language of suburban developments with big lawns and guard booths at the gate.
    4 the language...是在暗示什麼 ? 

    A moot point, as our church, like so many other houses of worship, has suspended all gatherings. This is meant to keep up safe, of course. The mischief in me would like to discuss what it says about our faith in God, and in one another, to believe we are better off apart. But then I think about how I always tell my husband, "Don't die stupid," after I find out he was talking on his cell phone crossing a busy street. There's only so much we can asked of God.
    5 to believe we are better off apart.= so that we would believe we are better off apart ?

    6 The mischief in me would like to discuss what it says about our faith in God意思是:假如神真的能照顧信仰者,那麼為什麼還要suspended all gatherings. ?

    7 There's only so much we can asked of God. 所要傳達的意思是: 作者及他的先生(we)能做的很有限(只能祈禱)--希望神能保佑作者的先生在過馬路時不會因為講手機而被撞
    謝謝老師

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    1. 1
      意思相當於about
      2
      沒有with也通(成為分詞構句中的獨立片語)。加上with成為介系詞片語,比較明確交代「原因」
      3
      因為有as if交代「仿佛」,後面也可以選擇「當真是」,採用事實語氣
      4
      暗示social distancing一詞令人想到房屋與左鄰右舍之間拉大距離
      5
      比較接近if we should believe we are better off...
      6
      對。如果真正信仰虔誠,應該無懼疫情、繼續禮拜,相信神會保祐
      7
      暗示不能凡事都靠神(如果都能依賴神明保祐,那就不用叮囑老公過馬路小心了)。這種想法和上文的mischief相反



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  8. 老師您好
    The world will miss the spectacle this summer. But Tokyo 2021 could be a joyous celebration of global resilience, with a pandemic trailing in the distance, nowhere near the podium.
    1 為什麼老師會認為with a pandemic的with有一點because的味道,但味道不是很明顯 ?

    We took tea by lamplight in his sparsely furnished house
    2 took tea by lamplight的意思是 ?

    Leonard tilted his chair back on two legs and stretched his long body.
    3 tilted his chair back on two legs正椅子往後仰,椅子四隻腳中的二隻腳騰空 ?

    Amy tilted her wine in her glass with a luxurious sigh.
    4 tilted her wine in her glass把洒瓶裡面的洒傾斜 ?
    謝謝老師

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    1. 1
      若還原為副詞子句,可能是because/while a pandemic is trailing in the distance...。減化為介系詞片語,連接詞不見了,所以比較模糊
      2
      點亮一盞檯燈喝茶
      3

      4
      是。可能是舉杯邀人共飲的動作

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  9. 老師您好
    Even people who are on video calls all day and feel connected start to miss the little interactions around the office, talking about the weather or joking about the need for coffee
    1 the little interactions (which is ) talking about the weather or joking about the need for coffee? 也就是the little interactions 與talking...的關係是同位格 ?

    It was the slow, clunky technology it used that was responsible for the firm's failure.
    2 it used的it是指firm,但嚴格說起來,這種寫法不好(it的先行詞不明顯) ?

    postdate: to assign a later date to than the actual or current date
    3 assign與 to搭配/ later與 than 搭配,但我還是覺得原句to than放在一起怪怪的 ? 

    And when disagreements arise, don't call people out, based on your set of principles. If anything, try to call them up to a higher commitment--inviting them to better honor their own principles.
    4 a higher commitment就是their own principles.?
    5 try to call them up to a higher commitment與inviting them to better honor their own principles.的關係,感覺好像是同位格 ?

    6 her classically beautiful features的classically=typically ?

    SPARING implies such restraint in spending as restricts itself to the bare minimum or involves deprivation
    7as通常後面接名詞,為何是動詞,而且還加s (restricts) ?
    謝謝老師

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    1. 1

      2

      3
      可以在to後面加個something。不過這是字典的解說,通常是能省則省
      4
      the commitment to honor their own principles in a better way than usual
      5
      是,用破折號連接
      6
      beautiful in a classic way, invoking Greek or Roman aesthetics
      7
      as與than這兩個連接詞,後面的子句可以大量省略。本句的用法,有些文法書稱這個as為「準關係代名詞」
      5

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  10. 例句:The door flew open.
    這個句子的結構是怎樣的呢?
    如果是SV,就變成了The door flew. 意思就變了。還是說把flew open合起來看成一個動詞短語,但是open本身又不是副詞的詞性。
    如果是SVC的話,能把flew理解成是一個Linking Verb嗎?把flew換成was, The door was open,意思好像也說的通,但是好像不够周延,不是所有的情况都适用。
    例如另一个句子:He prised open the back of the camera.
    旋老師怎樣理解的呢?

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    1. The door(S) flew(V) open(C). = The door quickly became open.。句中的flew當作連綴動詞使用。

      He(S) prised(V) the back of the camera(O) open(C).。句中的受詞the back of the camera比較長,因而選擇倒裝,把補語open移到前面。


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  11. This study also proposes that consumers’ perceived value will affect their attitude towards AR technology. 請問老師這句的 their 沒有先行詞,是不是就不要用所有格,寧可重複consumers’呢?謝謝。

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    1. 可以改為the perceived value of consumers will affect their attitude。其實用consumers'這個所有格當作their的先行詞,在GMAT文法修辭考試中是錯誤,在一般英文寫作中還是可以接受的。

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  12. 寫作教材P208

    From Beatrice and Virgil, Yann Martel

    VIRGIL: But you cannot compare their skins! An avocado's skin is as warty as a toad's. An avocado looks like a vegetable with leprosy. The pear is characterized by a thin roughness, delicate and interesting to the touch. If you could magnify it a hundred times, do you know what it would sound like, the sound of fingertips running over the skin of a dry pear?
    BEATRICE: What?
    VIRGIL: It would sound like the diamond of a record player entering a groove.That same dancing crackle, like the burning of the driest, lightest kindling.

    引述的這部分從觸覺和聽覺入手。請問,組織結構的發展方式是什麼(空間順序、重要性順序……)?為什麼?

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    1. 先是比較對比(兩種skins的不同),然後是比喻。

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  13. Meltdowns don’t occur on a daily basis, as does the emission of greenhouse gases from a traditional plant. 請問老師這句的 as 是什麼意思?我以為是如同,但前句否定後句肯定,作如同解怪怪的。請老師解惑,謝謝。

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    1. Meltdowns don't occur on a daily basis, as the emission of greenhouse gases from a traditional plant occurs on a daily basis.
      從屬子句(as子句)裏面重複的敘述(occurs on a daily basis)用助動詞does取代,然後倒裝。

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  14. 寫作教材P202-203

    My Labrador Dodo is a big, handsome fellow. When I found him at a parking lot three years ago, he was skinny and mangy, rib ridges showing on his sides. It was his eyes that caught me—big liquid eyes full of expectation mixed with hurt and fear. It must have taken an extraordinary degree of mistreatment to reduce a trusting Labrador to such an abject state. Little by little, with the kind of tenderness prescribed by the fox in The Little Prince, I healed his broken heart as well as his malnourished physique. By now the only scar left in him is a deep-seated mistrust of strangers, quite un-Labrador-like.

    請問,這段「主觀的描寫文」的發展方式也是「重要性順序」嗎?請問介紹的是拉布拉多的什麼性狀?

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    1. 這一段採用的是時間順序:從最早撿到這隻狗,一直描寫到如今。

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  15. 例句:A uniform/is/given each student.
    SVOO的被動態還是不太理解,given each student 作為補語屬於哪種詞類呢。

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    1. 總覺得這個句子看起來怪怪的,但它又是正確的。可能是我廣讀的不夠多吧!

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    2. 若不習慣,可使用傳統文法的斷句:
      The school(S) gives(V) each student(O1) a uniform(O2).
      A uniform(S) is given(V) each student(O).
      若認定is為動詞,那麼主詞補語given each student就是過去分詞片語,形容詞類。

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  16. 例句:Long live the king.
    為什麼沒有用三單lives?

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    1. 這是祈使句,需要原形動詞。相當於:
      May the king live long!

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  17. 請問老師
    Before that, he had been a taxi driver.
    這句話是說在過去某時間點之前,他一直以開計程車為業,還是做過計程車司機,也就是不只做過一種工作。請老師解惑,謝謝。

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    1. 一般使用完成式,只表示「做過」。但這句說的是職業,本身是持續的事情,所以意思應該是「一直」。

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  18. 例句:The rain stopped us enjoying the trip.
    被動:We were stopped enjoying the trip.
    問題1:這個SVC的補語部分是stopped還是stopped enjoying the trip.
    理由是enjoying the trip作為形容詞類修飾We, 分析句子的時候是不是可以忽略。
    問題2:可以變成這個結構嗎?Trip-enjoying us were stopped by the rain.

    注:提出問題2的原因是老師說過形容詞類要和被修飾的对象挨的越近越好。

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    1. 如果加個from,成為:
      The rain(S) stopped(V) us(O) from enjoying the trip.
      那麼句型就是SVO, 後面的介系詞片語修飾動詞stopped。但是:
      The rain(S) stopped(V) us(O) enjoying the trip(C).
      後面的enjoying the trip是形容詞片語,要當作受詞補語看待。改為被動就是:
      傳統文法斷句:We(S) were stopped(V) enjoying the trip(C).
      另一種斷句:We(S) were(V) stopped enjoying the trip(C).
      後者的stopped enjoying the trip是過去分詞片語,當作主詞補語。

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  19. 例句: We were stopped enjoying the trip
    →Trip-enjoying we(us?) were stopped.
    這樣的變化在語法上是允許的嗎?

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  20. 1. The rain stopped us enjoying the trip 還原為 The rain stopped us who were enjoying the trip.
    2. We were stopped enjoying the trip 還原為 We were stopped when we were enjoying the trip.

    這樣去看待這兩個句子,旋老師覺得對嗎?

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  21. I go swimming everyday.
    這個go在這裡做連綴動詞使用,翻譯成哪種“是”呢?

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    1. 「我每天『去』游泳。」相當於I am swimming。

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  22. 寫作教材P249-255
    exemplification拆解為ex/empl/if/ication,字源詮釋為out/take/make/(n.)。
    illustration拆解為il/lustr/ation,字源詮釋為in/light/(n.)。
    為什麼exemplification是「小例子」的舉例說明,illustration是「長篇例子」的舉例說明?小和長篇(大)能否從字源裡面解讀出來?

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    1. 無法直接解讀。只能說:exemplification是拿一個例子出來說明;illustration是打道燈光讓對方看得更清楚。

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  23. 寫作教材P255

    McDonald's is a case in point.(麥當勞就是個顯例。)
    句型是McDonald's (S) is (V) a case (C) in point.
    請問in point是什麼意思?in point如何分析(是什麼句子成分)?

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    1. in point是介系詞片詞,修飾a case。意思是「一個與主題有關的例子」。

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  24. 寫作教材P255

    The cheeseburgers would be of about the same size and taste.(吉事堡大約就是那麼大、就是那個味道。)
    請問:
    1
    句型是S-V嗎?即:The cheeseburgers (S) would be (V) of about the same size and taste.?總感覺would be後面好像省略了什麼。
    2
    (1)
    of about the same size and taste,of是介系詞,about是副詞嗎?如果是,請問about是哪種副詞?
    (2)
    about的作用是:副詞about修飾名詞片語the same size and taste嗎?

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    1. 1
      句型是The cheeseburgers(S) would be(V) of about the same size and taste(C).
      2
      about是程度副詞,相當於roughly, approximately「大約、差不多」,修飾the same size and taste。

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  25. 寫作教材P267

    最後一段只有一句話:Through concerted efforts by the schools, the authorities and the people, preventive medicine may realize its potentials and improve life for all.,裡面有全文主題的結論,句尾的意見則是結尾語。

    引述的這句話怎麼看都像是結論,而沒有結尾語。可是老師說,這句話有這兩部分內容(包含:結論、結尾語),請問老師,結論是什麼,結尾語又是什麼?

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    1. 主要都是結論,句尾的and improve life for all是結尾語。

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  26. 老師您好
    A moot point, as our church, like so many other houses of worship, has suspended all gatherings. This is meant to keep up safe, of course. The mischief in me would like to discuss what it says about our faith in God, and in one another, to believe we are better off apart. But then I think about how I always tell my husband, "Don't die stupid," after I find out he was talking on his cell phone crossing a busy street. There's only so much we can ask of God
    1 to believe ...=if we should believe... 所以the mischief in me would like to discuss... if we should believe.是未來非事實,而should是萬一的意思
    ?
    2老師您說There's only so much we can ask of God 這種想法和上文的mischief相反。所以There's only so much we can ask of God表示:可以靠神,但不能凡事靠神? 而mischeif的想法是:不可以靠神 ?

    It is almost impossible that any human being should have never contacted others
    3 should have never contacted others表過去非事實?

    4 He knew full well he had been outflanked, and he appreciated the neatness of it.的意思是?


    In the president's vocabulary, patriots and globalists are on opposite ends of the spectrum--corresponding, respectively, to
    right-minded and softheaded.
    5 globalists (好)對softheaded(壞)還可以理解,但為什麼會patriots(好)對上right-minded(好) ?
    謝謝老師

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    1. 1
      是。不過未來時間用should表示「不排除萬一」,不一定是「非事實」。
      2
      mischief的想法是「大家口口聲聲說信仰、說互助,結果疫情一來都個自關在家裏,不敢上教堂、不敢聚會。那麼先前說的都是假的?」
      3

      4
      他很清楚自己被包圍了,也承認對方這一手耍得很漂亮。
      5
      這個總統應該是川普。川普主張Make America Great Again,做法就是只顧美國本身的利益、不管別人。這樣做的人就是他口中的patriots。反之,主張美國繼續擔任世界警察、維持全球秩序,這種人(globalists)就是他口中的softheaded(腦袋秀豆)。

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  27. 老師好
    The future is looking good.
    老師說連綴動詞當be動詞去處理,那在已有謂語動詞的情況下,這裡的looking可以理解成"being"嗎?

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    1. looking good就是appearing good「看起來不錯」。其實look與appear都是連綴動詞,和be同類。

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  28. 寫作教材P277

    「參考範文」裡面有三個例子,前兩個明白表示的是虛構的例子:a young intern、a senior physician。
    請問,前面兩個虛構的例子分別是年輕的醫生、一位資深醫生,發展方式除了「舉例說明」,是否也有「分類」(把醫生分類為年輕的和資深的)?

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  29. 作者已經移除這則留言。

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  30. 107 慈濟作文題目:
    Laws in most places prohibit terminally ill patients from choosing death and physicians from assisting them. Do you agree or disagree with "it."
    老師說過這個題目有兩處錯誤:一是標點符號應該由句點改為問號;二是代名詞it找不到對應的先行詞。
    請問老師,那應該如何更正it?

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    1. Do you agree or disagree with such laws?

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    2. 後中西醫英文第三回(寫作)P36

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  31. 老師在寫作課講過「問題與解決方案(Problem- Solution)」,可是在新版寫作教材裡面卻沒有收錄「問題與解決方案」。
    請問,「問題與解決方案」是一種新的發展方式,獨立於新版寫作教材裡面的「論說文與因果關係」,還是屬於新版寫作教材裡面的「論說文與因果關係」裡面的內容?

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    1. 那是一種格式,經常採用在論文寫作中。開場白部分通常用於描述問題。主題部分則是提出解決方案。

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    2. 作者已經移除這則留言。

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    3. ➕2022年8月20日 下午4:18 提問

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  32. 例句:a bad-tempered man.
    為什麼這裡形容詞的位置是bad-tempered而不是bad-tempering?

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    1. 名詞字尾加上-ed會變成形容詞,意思是「有這個東西的」,相當於with (n.)。例如:
      an armored bus = a bus with armor
      feathered dinosaurs = dinosaurs with feathers
      a one-legged man = a man with one leg
      a soft-bodied worm = a worm with a soft body
      同樣的,a bad-tempered man就是a man with a bad temper。這裏的temper是名詞,不能加-ing。

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  33. 老師在2022年8月20日 上午11:24回復說,「問題與解決方案(Problem- Solution)」是一種「格式」。
    請問這是什麼意思?這是一種新的發展方式嗎?因為老師的講義在教發展方式,忽然回復說「格式」,我聽不懂了,格式好像不是發展方式(組織章法)?

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    1. 也可以算是一種發展方式。不過在解決方案的部分還要採用一種組織章法來發展,如時間順序、因果關係,等等。

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  34. 老師好
    Meltdowns don't occur on a daily basis, as the emission of greenhouse gases from a traditional plant occurs on a daily basis.
    這句的 as 應該是「如同」的意思,但主要子句是否定,副詞子句卻是肯定,這樣為何還能用「如同」?

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  35. 老師好。
    “All we need to do is catch up with the train.”—《哈利波特與密室》
    為什麼這裡的catch用的是原形呢?
    如果是個省略了to的不定式,為什麼這裡要省略呢?

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    1. 在SVC句型中,如果在左邊有個do,那麼右邊就可以選擇使用原形動詞(也可以用to V)。

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  36. 老師您好
    If you enclose something with a letter, you put it in the same envelope as the letter.
    1 as the letter=in the same way the letter is put?
    2 you put it in the same envelope as the letter= you put it in the envelope with the letter ?

    He coached them on forging partnerships: with restaurants ordered shuttered, many cooks will soon be out of work and itching to help
    3 with restaurants ordered shuttered=because restaurants are ordered (V) shuttered(adj.) ?

    What he realized he wanted was straightforward and not necessarily journalism: a place to hear directly from officials on what they believe about different subjects--not mediated through think pieces or filter by talking heads on cable news
    4 not mediated應該可還原為: on what they believe about different subjects可寫成on something that they believe about different subjects,進一步變成on something which is not mediated... ?

    We took tea by lamplight in his sparsely furnished house
    5 by =used to show how something is done. 字面上的意思是藉由檯燈(靠檯燈的燈光) ?整個的意思是:藉由檯燈(靠檯燈的燈光)喝茶?
    謝謝老師

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  37. 老師您好
    Gardeners meet up monthly to exchange items like grapes and corn, but Hargins has also started dreaming bigger, talking about turning rooftops and yards into yet more sources of local food.
    1 talking about...=because he has talked about... ?
    2不過是否也可把Hargins has...及talking about...的關係看作是同位格?

    If anything, try to call them up to a higher commitment--inviting them to better honor their own principles.
    3 inviting them...的inviting 前面省略了try to, 所以invite 才加 ing ?

    To see him striding along the profile of a hill on a windy day, with his clothes bagging and fluttering about him, one might have mistake him for the genius of famine descending upon the earth
    4 To see him....=seeing him ... =while seeing him... ? (如果這個等式成立的話,通常看到都是Ving的形式,怎麼會有 To V的形式?)
    5 striding along a hill 還可理解,為什麼是striding along a view of a hill (view 要怎麼striding along)

    In the president's vocabulary, patriots and globalists are on opposite ends of the spectrum--corresponding, respectively, to right-minded and softheaded.
    6 patriots 及globalists 是名詞,而right-minded 及softheaded形容詞,如果形容詞改名詞,會不會比較好?

    謝謝老師

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    1. 1
      比較接近as he talks about...
      2
      意思是一樣
      3
      那是分詞構句,還原為while you invite them...這個副詞子句,修飾call up
      4
      to see him... 還原為if one should see him...。至於seeing him...則是還原為when one sees him...。前者語氣屬於不確定
      5
      profile在此就是「輪廓線」,along the profile就是「沿著輪廓線」
      6
      patriots與globalists是名詞、也是「人」。若要將後面兩個形容詞轉換成兩個表示「人」的名詞,結果會比較冗長

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  38. 例句:Class being over, the students soon left the room.
    這裡的being是什麼作用呢?可以省略嗎?什麼時候不能省略呢?

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    1. 還原為副詞子句Because class was over。也可以減化為class over。只要夠清楚就可以省略

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  39. “ Why would I go looking for someone I know wants to kill me?”—《哈利波特》
    為什麼這個句子裡want前面沒有關係代詞“who”

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    1. 應該留下來比較好。在口語中要求沒那麼嚴格。

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  40. 老師好。
    廣讀的過程經常會碰見一些意思相近但略有不同的抽象詞語。
    比如“發光”的意思就有glitter/glow/shimmer/ glare/ gleam/ glint/ glisten等
    若只為理解文章大意,簡單處理成“發光”即可。
    但如果深究,作為非母語者該怎麼去體會這些詞之間細微的差別?以及為提高英語寫作水平是否有鑽研這些詞語的必要?

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    1. 你說的區別是「被動字彙」與「主動字彙」的區別。從學習者的角度而言,第一步是大量擴充被動字彙,只要看得懂就好。經過時間,火候到了,一個一個都會慢慢進入主動字彙,但是需要大量的廣讀

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  41. 例句: The coach smelled faintly of straw and mold.
    這裡的of是涉及到什麼用法呢,感覺比較少見。

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    1. smell of something就是「帶著…的味道」

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  42. 例句:It's the only entirely non-Muggle settlement in Britian.
    這裡的entirely作為副詞修飾的是哪個詞呢

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  43. 老師好,關於not在句中的位置以及修飾的問題
    A chose not to reply.
    問:to reply不是一個名詞成分嗎?為什麼可以用not(副詞)去修飾呢?

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    1. 再比如: A is not a man.
      not 在句中的位置有什麼講究和學問嗎?

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    2. 老师我每天都上线等您的回答,您可不可以多看看这个博客,感恩。

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    3. 嘿嘿嘿😁,我也每天都上線等老師回答,大家一起學習一起進步啊。

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    4. A(S) is not(V) a man(C).
      其中not這個副詞修飾前面的動詞is。

      A(S) chose(V) not to reply(O).
      其中not仍是副詞,修飾後面的非限定動詞to reply。
      非限定動詞仍具有動詞的特性,例如仍然可以有受詞、補語等搭配,也仍然可以接受副詞(如not)的修飾。

      好吧,我承認上線的頻率不高,下次改進!

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  44. 老師您好
    COMPUTE, suggests the use of simple arithmetic such as can be performed mentally [to reckon the days before elections ]
    1 the use of simple arithmetic such as can be...=the use of such simple arithmetic as can be.. ?

    2如果上列的等式成立的話,為何原句要把such移到simple arithmetic之後 ?


    RELUCTANT implies an unwillingness to do something, as because of distaste, irresolution, etc.
    3 an unwillingness to do something及because of是因果關係,怎麼可以用as (for instance) ? ( a tool, as scissors 像這樣子用才合理)

    4as=for instance, 但是句子又有etc. 所以as和ect.是不是留其中一個就行了 ?


    In medieval Europe, convicted nobles may have their heads chopped off, peasants may be hanged, and suspected witches may be burned to death.
    5現在的角度猜過去應該用may/might have pp的形式,但原句用may+ 原形v,是不是改成may/might have pp的形式比較好 ?
    謝謝老師

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    1. 1

      2
      修飾語和它修飾的對象要儘量接近比較清楚。as...是修飾語,such是它修飾的對象
      3
      字典的解說是能省則省,為了考量篇幅。可以還原為as being reluctant because of...
      4
      etc.是延續distate, irresolution這兩個原因。as則是引介後面整組例子,所以並不重複
      5
      意思是:判刑確定「之後」可能會如何,時間是相對的「未來」而非過去

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  45. 老師好
    If you could put them side by side, the most striking difference you would probably notice is the ears.
    請問主要子句表示結果,語氣為何不是假設語氣呢(would be the ears) ?謝謝。

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    1. 因為you would probably notice已經有would,後面直接用事實語氣的is就行了

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  46. 老師好
    例句:Such was the popularity of football that the whole school turned out to watch the match as usual.
    這裡的such was是什麼用法,倒裝嗎?

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    1. 是倒裝。還原為:
      The popularity of foot ball was such (popularity) that....

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  47. 老師您好
    To see him striding along the profile of a hill on a windy day, with his clothes bagging and fluttering about him, one might have mistake him for the genius of famine descending upon the earth
    1 to see ...=if one should see... 原句的should是萬一。常看到的句型像是If an asteroid should hit the earth, man can (or could) die out.(用can or could所代表的意思不一樣)。原句用might have pp來跟should搭配, 不知代表的意思是什麼?


    In medieval Europe, convicted nobles may have their heads chopped off, peasants may be hanged, and suspected witches may be burned to death.
    2may+ 原形v在原句表相對之未來,所以相對之未來在原句可表過去角度之未來(He said he would do it ... would過去角度之未來)?可是過去角度之未來用might好像比較合理? 那原句也包括現在角度之未來(因為原句用may) ?

    It was quiet now, the thunder had grumbled away to the west.
    3 grumbled是make a low continuous sound, 但thunder是loud sound ,即然是low sound就表示不可能是大聲,所以原句用the thunder had grumbled away 會不會有抵觸的情形 ?

    The army had been position to the north and east of the city
    4 to the north and east of the city及in the north and east of the city的意思有何不同 ?

    There was a time when social pressure made people go to church. If anything the reverse is now true.
    5 the reverse is now true.= social pressure doesn't make people go to church?

    With the last sentiment, Arnold was in hearty agreement
    6 With the last sentiment的意思是 ?
    謝謝老師

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    1. 1
      to see him可能還原為if one should see him,也可能還原為if one could see him。減化之後已經不知道原來是哪個語氣助動詞。另外,Washington Irving是18、19世紀間的人物,當時的英文和現代用法有點差別。
      2
      may在此是「猜測」用法,這種用法的may與might並不表示時間的差別,而是語氣輕重的差別。雖然是過去時間,仍然可以用may來表達比較高的或然率。
      3
      had grumbled是過去完成式,was是過去簡單式,所以兩者的時間不同,並不矛盾。另外,這個句子有錯,應該改為the thunder having grumbled...。
      4
      in the north of the city仍然在城內。to the north則是toward the north,在城外向北的方向。
      5
      相反是Now social pressure keeps people away from church。
      6
      有倒裝:Arnold was in hearty agreement with the last sentiment.「上述最後那種感覺,Arnold頗有共鳴。」with引導的介系詞片語修飾的就是agreement。



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  48. 老師,quite屬於 focusing adverb嗎?
    例句:He is quite a good soccer player.
    這裡的quite修飾的是名詞片語“a good soccer player”還是形容詞“good”?
    如果是focusing adverb,那麼它修飾整個名詞片語,放在限定詞前就說得通。
    如果是普通副詞,為什麼它沒有緊貼在它修飾的good旁邊?

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    1. quite在此是intensifier,修飾整個名詞片語a good soccer player。

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  49. 作者已經移除這則留言。

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  50. 寫作教材P280

    From 「Writers Can Prosper Without Intellectual Property,」 by Gennady Stolyarov II, Mises Daily, January 13, 2010, under the CC-BY License

    … By way of real-world examples and suggestions based on observations of existing and historical practices, I seek to assure writers and other intelligent laymen of all persuasions that writers would not starve, and writing would continue to flourish, if copyrights were to disappear off the face of the Earth tomorrow. …

    Even without copyright , there is a first-mover advantage to simply having released a work to market before anyone else could. Moreover, if the work is reasonably priced and attractively presented, there would be little reason for potential buyers to feel dissatisfied with it in a manner that would render it lucrative for competitors to enter the market.

    For competitors, the investment of publishing the book and the considerable risk in competing with an established producer would cause them to think twice before undertaking this venture. Unless the original publisher has failed significantly in packaging, marketing, and pr icing the book, its first-mover advantage is likely to last far into the future.

    As for digital downloads of the book, considerable evidence exists that these do not cannibalize hard-copy sales. Indeed, book sales have skyrocketed since the emergence of easy copying possibilities on the Internet. Downloads probably also furnish a marginal gain to the author's reputation in excess of the marginal costs of any revenue foregone directly due to a download—especially if those who download a book today would probably not have purchased it if it were not available for free online.

    問題
    1
    老師說過「本段文字採取的是分析:從廠商、消費者與競爭者三種立場分別探討」,請問:
    (1)廠商的立場是不是「先發制人的優勢(Even without copyright , there is a first-mover advantage to simply having released a work to market before anyone else could.)」?
    (2)消費者的立場是不是「對定價合理和包裝精美感到滿意(Moreover, if the work is reasonably priced and attractively presented, there would be little reason for potential buyers to feel dissatisfied with it in a manner that would render it lucrative for competitors to enter the market.)」?
    (3)競爭者的立場是不是「有風險(For competitors, the investment of publishing the book and the considerable risk in competing with an established producer would cause them to think twice before undertaking this venture. Unless the original publisher has failed significantly in packaging, marketing, and pr icing the book, its first-mover advantage is likely to last far into the future.)」?
    2
    至於最後一段「As for digital downloads of the book …」,請問這段關於數位下載的論述,是哪一方的立場?
    3
    請問這幾段文字採取的發展方式是「資訊性程序分析」嗎?如果不是,是哪種分析(記得老師只教過兩種分析:程序分析、正負面分析)?

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    1. 1
      三點皆正確!
      2
      這應該是從作者與廠商的角度分析。
      3
      這不屬於程序分析,而是採用分析搭配因果關係(三個角度分別就是三個原因)當作論說文的發展方式。

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    2. + 2022年9月15日 凌晨12:43 提問

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  51. 寫作教材P286

    From Collapse, Jared Diamond

    From thousands of examples of unforeseen harmful side effects of new technological solutions, two must suffice: CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) and motor vehicles. The coolant gases formerly used in refrigerators and air conditioners were toxic ones (like ammonia) that could prove fatal if those appliances leaked while the homeowner was asleep at night. Hence it was hailed as a great advance when CFCs (alias freons) were developed as synthetic refrigerant gases. They are odorless, non-toxic, and highly stable under ordinary conditions at the Earth’s surface, so that initially no bad side effects were observed or expected. Within a short time they became viewed as miracle substances and adopted throughout the world as refrigerator and air-conditioner coolants, foam-blowing agents, solvents, and propellants in aerosol cans. But in 1974 it was discovered that in the stratosphere they are broken down by intense ultraviolet radiation to yield highly reactive chlorine atoms that destroy a significant fraction of the ozone layer protecting us and all other living things against lethal ultraviolet effects. That discovery provoked vigorous denial by some corporate interests, fueled not only by the $200 billion value of CFC-based industrial efforts but also by genuine doubts because of scientific complications involved. Hence the phasing-out of CFCs has taken a long time: not until 1988 did the DuPont Company (the largest manufacturer of CFCs) decide to stop manufacturing them.

    這段文字為了反駁「環境問題不用擔心,因為可以靠科技發展來解決」,採取舉例說明的發展方式(CFCs和機動車輛)來證明科技不可靠。
    請問,在第一個例子CFCs裡面,進一步採取的發展方式是什麼?是時間順序嗎(這段文字先說以前的冷媒有毒,接著寫CFCs無毒無味穩定並被廣泛應用,1974年發現CFCs對環境有害,1988年被停產,看起來發展方法是時間順序。)?

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  52. If the pay is inadequate, I couldn't stay on the job for long even if I wanted to.
    請問老師這句的語氣為何可以一半直說一半假設,這樣不衝突嗎?謝謝。

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    1. 前面的if子句採用事實語氣,是把有可能發生的事(待遇不足)當真。後面的even if子句採用非事實語氣(even if I wanted to表示I don't really want to),修飾主要子句動詞couldn't stay,後者也是非事實語氣,二者一語氣是一致的。

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  53. 寫作教材P290

    From The God Delusion, Richard Dawkins

    The argument from personal "experience"

    One of the cleverer and more mature of my undergraduate contemporaries, who was deeply religious, went camping in the Scottish isles. In the middle of the night he and his girlfriend were woken in their tent by the voice of the devil - Satan himself; there could be no possible doubt: the voice was in every sense diabolical. My friend would never forget this horrifying experience, and it was one of the factors that later drove him to be ordained. My youthful self was impressed by his story, and I recounted it to a gathering of zoologists relaxing in the Rose and Crown Inn, Oxford. Two of them happened to be experienced ornithologists, and they roared with laughter. 'Manx Shearwater!' they shouted in delighted chorus. One of them added that the diabolical shrieks and cackles of this species have earned it, in various parts of the world and various languages, the local nickname 'Devil Bird'.

    Many people believe in God because they believe they have seen a vision of him—or of an angel or a virgin in blue—with their own eyes. Or he speaks to them inside their heads. This argument from personal experience is the one that is most convincing to those who claim to have had one. But it is the least convincing to anyone else, and anyone knowledgeable about psychology.

    You say you have experienced God directly? Well, some people have experienced a pink elephant, but that probably doesn't impress you. Peter Sutcliffe, the Yorkshire Ripper, distinctly heard the voice of Jesus telling him to kill women, and he was locked up for life. George W. Bush says that God told him to invade Iraq (a pity God didn't vouchsafe him a revelation that there were no weapons of mass destruction). Individuals in asylums think they are Napoleon or Charlie Chaplin, or that the entire world is conspiring against them, or that they can broadcast their thoughts into other people's heads. We humour them but don't take their internally revealed beliefs seriously, mostly because not many people share them. Religious experiences are different only in that the people who claim them are numerous. 

    老師在書里說,段落選擇「反駁親身體驗論」的章節,先講個小故事作為開場白,然後進入因果關係來反駁的論說文,舉出「親身體驗」不可信賴的一些原因。
    問題
    1
    第一段以小故事作為開場白,請問第二段的作用是什麼,是全文主題句嗎(全文主題句This argument from personal experience is the one that is most convincing to those who claim to have had one. But it is the least convincing to anyone else, and anyone knowledgeable about psychology.)?
    2
    (1)說明「親身體驗」不可信賴的原因是在第三段嗎(You say …)?
    (2)老師在書里說,用因果關係來反駁,可是第三段無論怎麼看都是舉例說明,分別舉出四個例子來說明「親身體驗」不可信:a pink elephant、Peter Sutcliffe、George W. Bush、Individuals in asylums,沒有因果關係啊。老師是怎麼看出來這裡面有因果關係的?

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    1. 1
      可以說是全文主題所在。
      2
      (1)是。
      (2)是四個例子沒錯,所以可以說是舉例說明。但本文是論說文,不是說明文。那四個例子其實用來當作反駁的四個原因,所以也可以說是因果關係。

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  54. 例句:He was too busy to do the homework.
    老師,固定用法:too...to...,這裡的不定式to可以還原成為帶語氣助動詞的句子嗎?

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    1. 可還原為副詞子句:
      He was very busy so that he couldn't do the homework.
      He was so busy that he couldn't do the homework.
      若採用too...to的搭配,則是用程度副詞too「太過」來表示否定,因此後面就直接用肯定的to do...(意思是can do...)。

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  55. 老師您好
    She is of slim build...
    1因為She不等於slim build, 所以要加of。那原句是否有省略哪些字 ?

    There was still the faint hope deep within him that she might never need to know
    2deep within him的意思是?

    We don't have the confidence that the U.N. will carry through
    a sustained program.
    3a sustained program.的意思是?

    "No movies of me getting out of the pool, boys." They dutifully lowered their cameras.
    4"No movies of me getting out of the pool, boys." 的意思是?

    To wrap up the whole thing, there is a paper-thin rim along the outer edge of the coin
    5To wrap up the whole thing=in order to surround the whole thing ?
    謝謝老師

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    1. 1
      沒有。就是介系詞片語of slim build當主詞補語
      2
      在他內心深處
      3
      聯合國的計畫能夠持續到底
      4
      「不淮拍我從泳池出來的鏡頭」
      5
      to put an end to it all; to finish the whole thing


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  56. 老師您好
    A sow and a litter of pigs loafing along the sidewalk, doing a good business in watermelon rinds and seeds
    doing a good business in watermelon rinds and seeds(豬)拱西瓜皮和瓜子大發利市,1 1我還是不了解是什麼意思,麻請老師解釋 ?

    HIs decision to withdraw from the race raises the question of just how much of a uniter he wants to be
    2 just how much of a uniter he wants to be:他想要當uniter的程度有多少 ?
    3 just = exactly ?
    4 how much of a uniter 中的of 可以不要嗎?留與不留對句意有何影響 ?

    Just how much of a change is what much of the next several months in American politics will be dedicated to figuring out
    5 what much of 的意思是 ?

    She could not, in good conscience, back out on her deal with him.
    6 on應該改成of ?
    謝謝老師

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    1. 1
      就是找到許多瓜皮與瓜子
      2
      正確
      3

      4
      可以不留,意思差不多。但是留下來比較符合慣用法
      5
      等於Just how much of a change is the thing that much of the next several months in American politics will be dedicated to figuring out.原句的what是複合關係代名詞
      6
      on也行。



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  57. 老師在2022年9月9日 下午6:22回復說,Writers Can Prosper Without Intellectual Property選文不屬於程序分析,而是採用「分析」搭配因果關係(三個角度分別就是三個原因)當作論說文的發展方式。
    發展方法確實有分析,老師的寫作課講過分析包括:程序分析、正負面分析。
    請問老師,您在這裡說的「分析」,到底是什麼分析?我真的完全聽不懂。

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    1. 分析有很多種,只要是把問題剖析為幾個層面來討論,都算是分析。我們在課堂上介紹的只是其中的兩種。

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  58. 寫作教材P299

    in turn的解釋是one after the other in an agreed order(依次,輪流),見劍橋字典
    https://dictionary.cambridge.org/zhs/詞典/英語-漢語-繁體/turn?q=in+turn

    Technology makes one's life simpler only to make it more complicated in turn.(科技讓生活簡單化,結果卻是令生活更為複雜。)
    例句裡面的in turn沒有「依次、輪流」的意思,為什麼?

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    1. 你的翻譯,把「結果」改為「接下來」,就有「依次、輪流」的意思了。

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  59. 寫作教材P306

    “There is no such thing as a free lunch. ” The same goes for “free” public transportation. Passengers may not need to pay the fare, but public transportation has to be paid for by somebody—tax-payers, if not passengers. City buses or trams cost a fortune to buy, and an even greater fortune to maintain and operate. If the government has to assume all the costs, there will be a serious squeeze on other public services, such as defense and education, which also rely on tax money. Therefore, when you are enjoying a “free ride,” government grants to schools may be shrinking, so that all schoolchildren suffer as a whole.
    「天下沒有白吃的午餐」,同樣也沒有「白搭」的公共交通。乘客或許不付車費,但公共交通總得有人付費——如果乘客不付,那就是納稅人付。市內公車或電車買起來很貴,維修營運更貴。如果所有成本都由政府負擔,就會嚴重擠壓到其他公共服務,例如國防與教育,那也都是要靠稅金維持的。所以,當你在免費「搭便車」的時候,政府給學校的補助款可能會縮水,結果所有小學生都要受害。

    老師在書里說(寫作教材P308),因果關係連鎖的發展方式要求做一系列因果關係的鋪陳,由最初的原因一路往下,用一些表達因果關係的轉承語來串連。

    問題
    1
    引文的因果關係連鎖鏈是:納稅人付費(Passengers may not need to pay the fare, but public transportation has to be paid for by somebody—tax-payers, if not passengers. )➡️政府負擔購車與營運成本,就會擠壓其他公共服務如國防與教育(City buses or trams cost a fortune to buy, and an even greater fortune to maintain and operate. If the government has to assume all the costs, there will be a serious squeeze on other public services, such as defense and education, which also rely on tax money. )嗎?如果我理解錯了,請老師說一下這段引文的因果關係連鎖鏈。
    2.
    如果引文的因果關係連鎖鏈是:納稅人付費➡️政府負擔購車與營運成本,就會擠壓其他公共服務如國防與教育,那麼到了這裡關係鏈就應該結束了,為什麼後面又來一句:Therefore, when you are enjoying a 「free ride,」 government grants to schools may be shrinking, so that all schoolchildren suffer as a whole.,而且還使用了因果關係的轉承語therefore?讀來就有點奇怪了,一方面這句話(Therefore …)的意思和前面那句重復(If the government has to assume all the costs, there will be a serious squeeze on other public services, such as defense and education, which also rely on tax money. ),另一方面therefore放在這裡也顯得邏輯不通,因為前面已經推導出關係鏈的最後一個結果了,這時候就無需再重復推導了吧?
    3
    這篇文章可否刪除這句:Therefore, when you are enjoying a 「free ride,」 government grants to schools may be shrinking, so that all schoolchildren suffer as a whole.?

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    1. 1
      沒錯
      2
      「擠壓到教育經費」是原因,「兒童受害」是結果
      3
      這裏的推論是「由籠統到細節」,這也是一般行文通用的推論方向


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  60. 作者已經移除這則留言。

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  61. 老師您好
    LIGHTEN implies a cheering or gladdening as by reducing the weight of oppression or depression
    1 as 應該不是for instance的意思 ?(因為a card, as bridge. card=bridge. 但是cheering 不是 by reducing the weight of oppression...)不知as 如何解釋 ?

    Between the front office where deals are struck and the back office where deals are settled, new jobs are being created.
    2 deals are struck=agree to do something 而deals are settled=deals are dealt with ?

    The songs he wrote change shape as they go , like flowers turning to the light. They fill you with joy but also melancholy, that last-day-of-summer feeling that reminds you how precious it all is
    3The songs change shape as they go , like flowers turning to the light意思是?
    4 but also前面應該要有not only,為什麼為看到不到 ?
    5that last-day-of-summer feeling... 跟melancholy的關係是同位格 ?

    His COVID-19 proposals are cutting through a crushing news cycle to reach key members of the Trump Administration
    6 to reach...=so that proposals could reach ... ? (could是現在猜測語氣?) 以上觀念是

    7 uncomfortably cozy relationship 的意思是?


    We took out spare tires from cars, lowering the costs of purchase by a small amount, paying no attention to the costs we pay down the line when we have a flat tire. We've been running our entire society without spare tires--and proud of the seeming efficiency we've gained. And never prouder than in the health care sector .
    8 And never prouder than in the health care sector的意思是 ?

    9The fast was broken at sunset=the fast broke( happened ) at sunset ?
    謝謝老師

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    1. 1
      有省略,可還原為as cheering by reducing the weight...,這個as意思是「如同,好像」
      2
      可以這樣說
      3
      應該是指這位作曲家生涯中創作的歌曲不斷在轉變,但一直都是陽光的、正面的,有如向日葵追逐太陽
      4
      因為joy與melancholy相對很清楚,所以把副詞not only省掉,只剩下連接詞but also
      5

      6
      是。to reach...表示結果
      7
      語帶反諷。cozy應該是親蜜的、舒適的,但是用uncomfortably來形容,表示這層關係背後有問題:或者是太過親蜜,或者是包藏禍心
      8
      「自以為精打細算,做事不留備胎」,這種心態在健保方面特別嚴重。意指美國人在健保方面相當短視,不為未來著想
      9
      是。一般breakfast是在早上,但這句則是說在日落時結束斷食



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  62. 寫作教材P319

    這篇關於安樂死的文章組織是因果關係,發展用first,second串連兩項原因,其間採用重要性順序編排。

    問題
    1
    First, a right is a right, not an obligation. A terminal patient has the right to ask of doctors to extend her life to the utmost, in which case her doctors have no choice but to oblige. However, if the patient, or her duly authorized delegate, makes a conscious, well-informed choice to waive that right in order to preserve human dignity, then the doctors are equally obligated to respect that choice. The right not to be treated is also a medical right.
    請問段落的發展方式是什麼?是分類嗎(分成:要求延長生命的病人、放棄生命選擇安樂死的病人)?
    2
    Second, the practice of euthanasia, in one form or another, is an undeniable fact in hospitals all across the nation, and there is no way to eradicate it. The judicious thing to do is codify it as part of accepted but rigorously monitored medical treatments. Health authorities and the medical profession should work together to come up with clear guidelines for euthanasia, so that doctors may make the optimal decision between human dignity and medical rights.
    請問段落的發展方式是什麼?是問題與解決方案嗎(先說安樂死在醫院是一個事實,然後提出明智做法)?

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    1. 1
      這也是分析,算是正反面的分析。先說正面:病人有權要求治療到底。再說反面:病人同樣有權要求不接受治療。
      2
      段落主題句是說安樂死是無法避免的事實。後面的發展從這件事實出發,可以說是採用了因果關係:「無法避免」是原因,「只能怎麼做」是結果。要說是問題與解決方案也可以。

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  63. 作者已經移除這則留言。

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  64. 寫作教材P322

    On the other hand, the English graduation threshold has obvious advantages for students, universities, and the society at large. Students benefit because they have the choice of passing a test or taking courses offered on campus. Thus, well-prepared students needn't waste time taking unnecessary courses. On the part of universities, they can economize on precious resources by outsourcing to standardized tests while reserving teaching hours for the smaller group of students who really need the education. For the society in general, the English graduation threshold guarantees English proficiency of every college graduate, resulting in a higher-quality work force that will promote Taiwan's competitiveness in the international community.

    問題
    1
    該段落的發展方式是:因果關係(從結果推求原因)、分類(分成三種好處:學生、學校、社會)、重要性順序(從小到大的順序)嗎?
    2
    老師在書里寫道,段落主題句提出三個原因:門檻對學生、學校、社會都有好處,這三個原因按照「從小到大的順序」排列。
    請問,這是重要性順序(從小到大的順序)嗎?因為老師沒有教過「從小到大的順序」這種組織方式,所以有此一問。

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    1. 1

      2
      重要性順序可以遞增,也可以遞減。不論採取哪種順序,只要有條理、合乎邏輯就行了

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  65. 1.
    旋老师,我在看語法俱樂部冠詞這一章的時候有疑問。
    傳統語法規定,樂器前要加“the”。
    按我們的定義,the只是用來表示限定,那play the piano和play piano都是允許存在的結構嗎?為什麼是play the piano被廣泛的使用呢?
    2.
    The Moon, The Sun, The Earth,為什麼3個名詞詞組的名詞主體都要大寫呢?

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    1. 1
      play the piano指的是「這種」樂器。play piano是錯誤的用法。這和play baseball不同:play baseball中的baseball不是一顆球,而是一種「球賽、運動」。
      2
      the moon, the sun, the earth都容許小寫。

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  66. 寫作教材P326

    Besides wars, starvation was a major cause of death. Since the "Green Revolution”, However, tremendous increases in agricultural produce have saved people from the Malthusian trap and kept them not only fed but also well-nourished. Therefore, it is safe to conclude that increased food production is another major cause of longevity.
    除了戰爭,飢荒也曾是主要死因。但是,自「綠色革命」以來,農業生產的巨幅成長拯救人類免於馬爾薩斯人口論的陷阱,不但吃得飽,而且營養充足。所以,可以下結論說糧食增產是長壽的另一大原因。

    問題
    1
    該段落先說飢荒,再說綠色革命,請問段落的發展方式是對比嗎?如果不是對比,段落的發展方式是什麼(先說飢荒,然後用一個「但是」來說綠色革命,看不懂段落的發展方式)?
    2
    段落主題句是Besides wars, starvation was a major cause of death.,還是Therefore, it is safe to conclude that increased food production is another major cause of longevity.?
    老師在書里把這兩句話都划線,我不明白為什麼此段落划線部分有兩個句子。

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    1. 1
      全文主題是「人類壽命增長的原因」。本段的段落主題是最後那句(結論):Therefore, it is safe to conclude...。前面的發展可以說是contrast:對比綠色革命之前與之後的情況。
      2
      第一句Besides wars...不是主題,而是transition:把主要死因從上一段的war轉移到本段的starvation。

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    2. + 2022年9月21日 清晨5:36 提問

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  67. 寫作教材P330

    Second, we should aim for 80% because it can be done, in terms of vaccine availability, inoculation willingness, and logistics. Granted, Taiwan was at first caught off guard and lagged behind much of the world in vaccine procuration. Lately, however, thanks to foreign donations, private imports, and increased supply, more and more Taiwanese have got the required two shots. Eventually, our own MVC vaccine can be expected to yield sufficient test figures to prove itself safe and effective, thus breaking the supply bottleneck for good. Besides, the Taiwanese have proven to be model citizens when it comes to following government guidelines, including those for vaccination. Many even flew abroad to get the shots on their own money, when vaccines were scarce. It stands to reason to expect at least 80% of us would be willing to get free shots at home. Finally, Taiwan has so far successfully handled the logistics for vaccination, with great efficiency and minimal inconvenience to the people. Amping up to 80% will be a cakewalk.
    其次,我門應該努力達到80%,是因為在三方面都辦得到:疫苗供應、接種意願,以及後勤工作這三方面。台灣固然一開始是措手不及,在取得疫苗方面落於世界許多國家之後。不過,多虧外國捐贈、民間進口,以及供應增加,最近已經有愈來愈多的台灣民眾接種完畢兩劑疫苗。國產的高端疫苗,可以預期遲早也會產生足夠的測試數據來證明安全有效,因而一舉打破疫苗供應的瓶頸。而且,台灣人在遵守政府指導方針方面一向是模範公民,疫苗方針也不例外。在鬧疫苗荒的時代,許多人甚至飛到海外去自費接種疫苗。所以可以合理期望至少有八成台灣人願意在國內免費接種疫苗。最後,在後勤工作方面,台灣到目前為止都做得很成功,效率極高、擾民程度極低。要擴大到80%施打率是輕而易舉。

    該段落的發展方式是:因果關係(從結果推求原因)、分類(把可行性分成三部分:疫苗供應、接種意願、後勤工作)、重要性順序(遞減:疫苗供應在前最重要,後勤工作排最後)嗎?
    如果不是,請問該段落的發展方式是什麼?為什麼?

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  68. 老師,我上一個提到的樂器前要加the的問題,
    我聽了還不是很明白,可以再講講嗎?
    在這之前,我都是這樣理解的,
    play piano→“鋼琴演奏”
    play the piano→演奏“那架”鋼琴。

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    1. 樂器都要加the,可以理解為「這種」樂器。「鋼琴演奏」應該是piano-playing。

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  69. 老師您好
    ..many abandoned buildings, some of which have a compact classical austerity and dignity.
    1 compact的意思是?
    2 dignity=stateliness ?

    Besides evoking memories of times past, a coin can be a real work of art, to be appreciated for its intrinsic value.
    3 to be appreciated ...的作用應該像food to eat的to eat ?
    4 to be appreciated 前為何要加逗點 ?

    We took out spare tires from cars, lowering the costs of purchase by a small amount, paying no attention to the costs we pay down the line when we have a flat tire. We've been running our entire society without spare tires--and proud of the seeming efficiency we've gained. And never prouder than in the health care sector .
    5 有一個句子I've never been better,可簡化為never better=I've never been better any other time than I am now.所以原句never prouder than in the health care sector .=I've never been prouder in any other sector than I' am in the health care sector。也就是我現在對於健保方面感到較光榮。但是原句的意思是「自以為精打細算,做事不留備胎」,這種心態在健保方面特別嚴重。不清楚我對句子的推論過程出了什問題 ?


    6 The fast was broken at sunset=the fast broke( happened ) at sunset 應該是在日落"開始"斷食?

    7 Just how much of a change is the thing that much of the next several months in American politics will be dedicated to figuring out.的意思是:改變的程度到底有多大可從much of the next several months in American politics will be dedicated to figuring out.這一件事看出來 ?
    謝謝老師

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    1. 1
      緊密、不浪費空間
      2

      3
      類似。A coin can be a real work of art, because it can be appreciated for its intrinsic value
      4
      補充說明「原因」,而非in order to
      5
      意思是「在健保方面最為得意,因為挖東牆補西牆、寅吃卯糧的事幹得最成功,自以為得計」
      6
      是。也就是在日落時吃第一餐
      7
      how much...這個問題,就是美國政壇接下來幾個月要努力搞清楚的問題了

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  70. 例句: He was standing there staring out at the grounds.
    老師,句子中兩個分詞之間可以不加and或者逗號嗎?什麼時候要加?什麼時候又不能加呢?有什麼使用規則嗎?

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    1. 在這裏是把was standing當作連綴動詞使用,後面直接用staring out...當作主詞補語。一般的分詞構句都要加逗點的。

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  71. 老師您好
    The attendants acknowledge their employers' dire situation--airlines stand to lose up to $252 billion in revenue this year-- but some say they are worried enough to hope the shutdowns reach the airlines, eve if it endangers their jobs.
    1 airlines stand to lose =airlines will lose ?
    2 they are worried enough to hope=they are so worried that they hope ?

    When you are given discretionary powers, you have full freedom to make decisions and act as you judge to be for the best
    3 you judge to be for the best和 you judge for the best在語意上有何不同?

    Discretion is the better part of valor; in other words , don't stick your neck out unnecessarily
    4 意思是:valor的組成要素中,discretion占了較大的比重,所以 a person with valor 處事會謹慎 ?

    He should have arrived by now/by this time.
    5 這句應該有兩個意思,第一種是他應到而未到,第二種是雖然沒看到他,但猜測他應該已到(有可能他在廁所,所以才沒看到他) ?

    6The women is melting in panic的意思是 ?
    謝謝老師

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    1. 1
      airlines may lose
      2

      3
      act as you judge to be the best「以你認為是最好的方式來行動」。至於judge for the best則是「做出最佳判斷」
      4

      5

      6
      因為驚慌而崩潰

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  72. 老師,我們常說go home,這裡的home是副詞的詞性,但是home也可以是名詞,為什麼go to home算是錯誤的呢?
    同理還有go somewhere(√),go to somewhere(×)

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    1. 前者比較簡潔。而且後者有文法問題:go to someone's home才對(home當名詞時就需要一個限定詞)

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  73. 寫作教材P326

    Besides wars, starvation was a major cause of death. Since the "Green Revolution」, However, tremendous increases in agricultural produce have saved people from the Malthusian trap and kept them not only fed but also well-nourished. Therefore, it is safe to conclude that increased food production is another major cause of longevity.
    除了戰爭,飢荒也曾是主要死因。但是,自「綠色革命」以來,農業生產的巨幅成長拯救人類免於馬爾薩斯人口論的陷阱,不但吃得飽,而且營養充足。所以,可以下結論說糧食增產是長壽的另一大原因。

    問題
    選段的組織方式是什麼?
    我認為除了對比(對比綠色革命之前和之後的情況),還有因果關係。只是我判斷不出來是「從原因推求結果」,還是「從結果推求原因」。整段從頭讀到尾,說的是:因為有綠色革命,所以人類吃得飽且營養好,最終長壽,看起來是「從原因推求結果」;但是,如果段落主題句是最後一句Therefore, it is safe to conclude that increased food production is another major cause of longevity.,那麼段落闡述的綠色革命就是長壽的原因,看起來又像是「從結果推求原因」。請問老師,這一段的因果關係組織方式是「從原因推求結果」,還是「從結果推求原因」?

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    1. 整篇文章是結果推求原因(現代人為何長壽)。本段主題是其中一項原因(糧食增產)。段落中的內容看起來比較像是因果關係連鎖:飢荒造成死亡,綠色革命糧食增產、免除飢荒,因而壽命增加。

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  74. 寫作教材P344

    From Beatrice and Virgil, Yann Martel

    VIRGIL: Let's start with the bottom half. Can you imagine a fruit that is round and fat?
    BEATRICE: Like an apple?
    VIRGIL: Not quite. If you look at an apple with your mind's eye, you will notice that the girth of the apple is at its widest either in the middle of the fruit or in the top third, isn't that so?
    BEATRICE: You're right. A pear is not like this?
    VIRGIL: No. You must imagine an apple that is at its widest in the bottom third.
    BEATRICE: I can see it.
    VIRGIL: But we must not push the comparison too far. The bottom of a pear is not like an apple's.
    BEATRICE: No?
    VIRGIL: No. Most apples sit on their buttocks, so to speak, on a circular ridge or on four or five points that keep them from falling over. Past the buttocks, a little ways up, there's what would be the anus of the fruit if the fruit were a beast.
    BEATRICE: I see precisely what you mean.
    VIRGIL: Well, a pear is not like that. A pear has no buttocks. Its bottom is round.
    BEATRICE: So how does it stay up?
    VIRGIL: It doesn't. A pear either dangles from a tree or lies on its side.

    老師在書里寫到,猴子維吉爾透過「比較」和「對比」梨子與蘋果之間的「共同點」、「相反點」,清楚描述梨子下半截的造型。

    問題
    1
    我只看到選文的組織方式是「對比」,突出梨子與蘋果之間的「相反點」: the girth、the bottom。而老師認為選文的組織方式還有「比較」,突出梨子與蘋果之間的共同點,請問在哪裡能看出來「比較」,以及梨子與蘋果之間的共同點是什麼?
    2
    選段先說「蘋果大都是坐在屁股上,如果蘋果是動物的話,過了屁股再往上一點就是肛門」,後說「梨子沒有屁股,它整個底部是圓的」,這是不是暗示梨子沒有肛門?如果是的話,是否描述錯誤,因為我看到梨子的底部有凹進去的地方——肛門,見圖片:
    https://www.google.com/search?newwindow=1&sxsrf=ALiCzsbMxaeQMd10LWcSVzi59yi-LVoXzA:1663810531510&source=univ&tbm=isch&q=the+bottom+of+the+pear&fir=MeX9gDPm3MoiSM%252C83j49FKCuBPgHM%252C_%253BchPNpH7UXw2fbM%252Cr8GBAhCCrIiTyM%252C_%253Bl8cghZwvuWWTCM%252Cr8GBAhCCrIiTyM%252C_%253B0wATqcEBLUEt6M%252C83j49FKCuBPgHM%252C_%253BhuzMdfFMwgt43M%252Cr8GBAhCCrIiTyM%252C_%253Bd7eGEdszOzMQpM%252C83j49FKCuBPgHM%252C_&usg=AI4_-kQ7m3KO0lGlPCGGGSp-X5tgk7tGCQ&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjF4tCdoaf6AhVnMEQIHYVgBT4QjJkEegQIAxAC&biw=2560&bih=1361&dpr=2

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    1. 1
      a fruit that is round and fat 帶出 like an apple,這就是兩者的共同點,但其中也有不同之處
      2
      這裏描述的是長形的西洋梨,屁股較圓

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  75. 寫作教材P346

    From “Billions Is a Wall Street Soap That’s Bullish on Drama, Bearish on Insight,” Daniel D’Addario, Time, January 25, 2016

    Paul Giamatti and Damian Lewis are actors who excel at opposite things. Giamatti, in the years since he broke through to mainstream fame in the 2004 film Sideways, has been regularly and memorably blowing his stack on screens big and small; no one does petty fury better. Lewis, meanwhile, brought to his three-season run on Homeland an inscrutability that made that show’s ditherings work far better than they otherwise might have. Giamatti is always bordering on too much acting; Lewis has you convinced he’s not doing enough, until the plot shifts. …

    關於on screens big and small的問題:
    1
    (1)on screens big and small是否來自on screens that are (were) big and small的減化?
    (2)如果是,請問be動詞是are還是were?
    2
    如果把predictive adjective變成attributive adjective,從文法角度來看,請問是on big and small screens,還是on big-and-small screens?

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    1. 其實是on big screens and small screens,可省略成為on big and small screens。寫成on screens big and small,意思是both big and small「不論大小」,那是選擇視both big and small為形容詞片語,因而放在後面。若要寫成子句that are both big and small,動詞可以用現在式,因為那是描述不變的事實(兩種screens)

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  76. 寫作教材P357

    問題
    1
    Every summer, when peak energy demands threaten TPC's ability to maintain a steady power supply, there is renewed debate over whether Taiwan should rely more heavily on nuclear energy. In my view, the debate is much ado about nothing, for despite obvious differences, nuclear power plants and traditional ones are similar in so many ways that choosing one over the other won't make much of a difference.
    請問,開場白(第一句)的方法是「背景」嗎?
    2
    第三段用for one thing、for another、finally引導三項共同點,裡面採取「重要性順序」排列。
    請問,這裡是遞增的重要性順序,還是遞減的重要性順序?

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  77. 寫作教材P352-356

    寫作教材P352「先後比較」的參考範文是Postgraduate Education: Local vs. Foreign,說明兩種讀研方式在經濟性、挑戰性、報酬性三方面的不同之處,組織方式是「對比」。
    寫作教材P354「逐項比較」的參考範文是China vs. India,分別比較兩國的經濟、社會結構以及精神生活,每一項下面都分成印度與中國,每一項裡面既有「相同」之處,也有「不同」之處,組織方式是「比較」與「對比」。
    請問,參考範文Postgraduate Education: Local vs. Foreign的組織方式是「對比」,為何叫做先後「比較」,不叫做先後「對比」? 參考範文China vs. India的組織方式是「比較」與「對比」 ,為何叫做逐項「比較」,而不叫做逐項「比較與對比」?

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    1. 一般用法,「比較」就包含「同與異」。修辭學的嚴格用法才將比較(同)與對比(異)分開

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  78. 作者已經移除這則留言。

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  79. 寫作教材P363

    參考範文Supermarkets vs. Convenience Stores

    問題1
    The old neighborhood store used to be where most people shopped for food and small items of daily usage. Now it has all but vanished from city streets. In its stead, supermarkets and convenience stores vie for customers, each offering distinct advantages. To make a choice between these two kinds of store, one can evaluate them in terms of economy, accessibility, and services.
    引文來自參考範文第一段。
    (1)開場白是The old neighborhood store used to be where most people shopped for food and small items of daily usage. Now it has all but vanished from city streets.嗎?
    (2)全文主題句是In its stead, supermarkets and convenience stores vie for customers, each offering distinct advantages. To make a choice between these two kinds of store, one can evaluate them in terms of economy, accessibility, and services.嗎?
    之所以困惑,是因為不知道這一句In its stead, supermarkets and convenience stores vie for customers, each offering distinct advantages.是開場白的一部分,還是全文主題句的一部分。

    問題2
    Two wins out of three—that's good enough for me. I will choose the convenience store every time, for its easy accessibility and multifarious services. Only when I really have to economize on food or houseware would I drive all the way to the supermarket.
    引文來自參考範文最後一段。
    (1)Two wins out of three—that's good enough for me. I will choose the convenience store every time, for its easy accessibility and multifarious services.是文章主體,還是結論?
    題目要求比較兩種商店的優點,並選擇喜歡的商店類型。我不知道這句話(Two wins out…)是回應題目裡面的「選擇喜歡的商店類型」作為文章主體部分,還是作為收尾段落的結論。
    (2)結尾語是Only when I really have to economize on food or houseware would I drive all the way to the supermarket.嗎?
    之所以困惑,是因為不知道這一句I will choose the convenience store every time, for its easy accessibility and multifarious services.是結論的一部分,還是結尾語的一部分。

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    1. 1
      (1)是
      (2)是。那句是main idea。後面那句是division
      2
      (1)是結論
      (2)是結論的一部分,也拿來當作結尾語

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  80. comparison拆解為com/par/ison,字源詮釋為together/equal/?。
    請問,-ison是什麼?看似名詞字尾,但又不常見,查詢OED,-ison好像和名詞字尾-ation有關。
    引用OED解釋如下:
    Etymology: < Old French comparaison, compareson = Provençal comparasó , Spanish comparacion , Italian comparazione < Latin comparātiōn-em , noun of action < comparāre . For the form compare orison < ōrātiōnem , venison < vēnātiōnem , etc. See also comparation n., a later adaptation of the Latin.

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    1. 其中 i 是連音,後面的 son 是名詞字尾,相當於 tion 字尾

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  81. 寫作教材P366

    老師在書里寫到解釋名詞第一類——同位格(appositive)或同義字(synonym)的時候,舉例如下:
    The Chinese like tofu-soybean curd.
    中國人喜歡吃豆腐,也就是凝結的黃豆。
    Alzheimer’s, also known as senile dementia, afflicts mostly people over 65.
    阿茲海默症,又稱老年痴呆,好發於65歲以上的人。

    請問,同位格和同義字有何區別?我感覺兩者都差不多,很難區分哪個是同位格,哪個是同義字。

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    1. 前者是同位格:把兩個名詞並列,代表同一個對象。前者稱為先行詞、後者稱為同位格。例如:Tsai Yingwen, (who is) Taiwan's President, is a powerful woman.,其中Taiwan's President就稱為Tsai Yingwen的同位格,其實就是關係子句減化成為名詞補語的結果。

      後者是提供senile dementia當做Alzheimer's的同義字,那需要一個介面,在此用的是also known as...「又稱為…」

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  82. 寫作教材P369

    老師在書里說:
    1.溫室效應這段長篇定義裡面,最後一句說它可能受到人類活動的影響,這是添加一些「背景說明」。
    2.舉凡程序分析、「背景說明」,這些都是長篇定義中常看到的發展。
    3.長篇定義的發展方式有背景(background),例句如下:Science fiction can be traced all the way back to Greco-Roman mythology.(科幻小說可以一路追溯到希臘羅馬神話。)。

    請問,「背景(background)」也是文章組織結構的一種嗎?
    因為老師沒有把「背景說明」單列為文章組織結構的某一章,但又在書里說到「背景說明」是一種發展方式,故有此一問。

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  83. 寫作教材P371

    Disintermediation is a long word for a seemingly simple idea: dumping the middleman. It came into use a half century ago to describe changes in the banking business. A generation later, the term described a key concept of the Internet age. In one field after another, the power of networked computing swept middlemen out of the picture. Ubiquitous retailers like RadioShack and Waldenbooks have either downsized or vanished as their customers go online to buy directly from manufacturers and warehousers. Netflix shutters the Blockbuster chain by mailing movies directly to viewers—then offers streaming, which cuts out the mailbox as well. Craigslist drains the advertising lifeblood from local newspapers, and local libraries reinvent themselves after the web puts the world in your pocket. It’s a familiar story, one of the megatrends of our era.

    老師寫到,下一句「一行接著一行,電腦網路的力量把中間人掃地出門」暗示接下來是用舉例說明來發展:從睿俠公司到社區圖書館,仍然按照「時間順序」舉出一個又一個被網路淘汰的行業,做為「去中介化」的例子。
    請問,從「睿俠公司到社區圖書館」按照「時間順序」舉出一個又一個被網路淘汰的行業,從哪方面可以看出這幾個例子有時間先後順序?

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  84. 例句:He went there by a(x) car.
    老師,為什麼by後面交通工具前加冠詞是錯誤的用法,如果是有形容詞在呢
    He went there by a big car,這個句子正確嗎?

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    1. by car意思是「以開車的方式」,其中的car已經不是具體的「汽車」,而是成為一種交通方式,變成抽象名詞的用法。若加上形容詞,最好介系詞也改掉,成為in a big car,那麼car又恢復為普通名詞,需要加冠詞了

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  85. 寫作教材P371

    Philosophy, as I shall understand the word, is something intermediate between theology and science. Like theology, it consists of speculations on matters as to which definite knowledge has, so far, been unascertainable; but like science, it appeals to human reason rather than to authority, whether that of tradition or that of revelation. All definite knowledge—so I should contend—belongs to science; all dogma as to what surpasses definite knowledge belongs to theology.

    請問,選段的發展方式是否還有「因果關係:從原因推求結果」(先說神學是對於尚不確知的事情進行猜測,所以作者主張一切超越確定知識範疇的教條屬於神學領域;又說科學是訴諸理性,所以作者主張一切確定的知識屬於科學領域。)

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  86. 老師您好
    How scary and how unsettling it is to have to go through this--to be driving through a tent, seeing people dressed up, coming at you for swabbing..
    1 this應該等於to be driving...? 如果相等,原句為何不改成driving through... ? (to be 去掉) ?

    A debriefing would follow this operation, to determine where it went wrong.
    2句子加上逗點的原因是A debriefing would follow this operation這一件事的目的是to determine where it went wrong. 如果不加逗點會讓人以為是operation to determine , 不知以上觀念是否正確 ?

    He rocked back in the chair and propped his feet on the desk.
    3 rocked back in the chair是椅子的前面兩隻腳騰空,後兩隻著地 ?

    never mind:—used to refer to something that is even less likely or possible than something else being mentioned or described
    4 something else being mentioned or described及something else mentioned or described 的差別是 ?

    The drawing of the perplexing figure haunts the character. Yu's language is sparse yet surreal as she captures Jia Jia's growing compulsion to learn of the sketch's origin....(本段文字是在介紹一本小說)
    5 language is sparse的意思是 ? 

    a study on famine and population dynamics
    6 population dynamics的意思是 famine that causes change or growth in population ?
    謝謝老師

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    1. 1
      也可以。原句to be Ving...說明的是to go through...,所以採用不定詞來說明
      2
      對。另外,加上逗點之後的部分成為括弧性的補充說明,重要性降低
      3
      是。除非是a rocking chair
      4
      前者是「正在提到的事」,後者是「有提到過的事」
      5
      用字精簡,不多做修飾
      6
      與famine為關,泛指一般人口變動的動力

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  87. 寫作教材P384

    From "Here Is New York," Essays of E.B. White, E.B. White

    There are roughly three New Yorks. There is, first, the New York of the man or woman who was born there, who takes the city for granted and accepts its size, its turbulence as natural and inevitable. Second, there is the New York of the commuter—the city that is devoured by locusts each day and spat out each night. Third, there is New York of the person who was born somewhere else and came to New York in quest of something. Of these trembling cities, the greatest is the last—the city of final destination, the city that is a goal. It is this third city that accounts for New York’s high-strung disposition, its poetical deportment, its dedication to the arts, and its incomparable achievements. Commuters give the city its tidal restlessness, natives give it solidity and continuity, but the settlers give it passion.

    1
    發展「第三個紐約」的句子是:Third, there is New York of the person who was born somewhere else and came to New York in quest of something.,還是Third, there is New York of the person who was born somewhere else and came to New York in quest of something. Of these trembling cities, the greatest is the last—the city of final destination, the city that is a goal.?
    之所以提問,是因為不知道Of these trembling cities, the greatest is the last—the city of final destination, the city that is a goal.?這句話的作用是什麼。
    2
    (1)「結論」是Commuters give the city its tidal restlessness, natives give it solidity and continuity, but the settlers give it passion.嗎?
    (2)如果(1)成立,請問,It is this third city that accounts for New York’s high-strung disposition, its poetical deportment, its dedication to the arts, and its incomparable achievements.這個句子的作用是什麼?屬於哪種發展方式?

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    1. 1
      是前者。從Of these trembling cities...開始是把三種紐約做一個總評。其實,本段把紐約分成三種,重點在於最後一種。
      2
      (1)是。本句總結三種紐約,重點仍在於第三種。
      (2)那是舉出一些細節來發展第三種紐約的重要性。

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  88. 寫作教材P385

    Not all writing is alike—a computer manual is organized and functions quite differently from, say, a love letter. Based on the difference in purpose, one can divide writing into four modes, each answering to a different need.
    文章並不是都一樣——電腦使用手冊的組織和功能,舉例來說,就和情書大不相同。根據目的不同,可以把文章分成四種文體,各有不同的需要。

    請問,考場白Not all writing is alike—a computer manual is organized and functions quite differently from, say, a love letter.採用的辦法是哪種?對比?背景?還是別的?

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  89. 請問老師
    By the time (that) this letter reaches you I will have left the country.
    這句的 that 應該是關係副詞吧,既然如此,為何後面的動詞還得用直說語氣呢?不是從This letter will reach you then.改寫而來的嗎?
    謝謝。

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    1. that是關係副詞,that子句是形容詞子句。因為它的意思仍然是「到了那個時候」,所以仍然要採用事實語氣,當作就是那個時候。

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  90. 原文沒有點明,但從事件本身可以看出是按照時間順序

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  91. 老師,还是play the piano的問題.
    如果piano在這裡引申成這種樂器的話,那不應該是個專有名詞嗎?為什麼還需要定冠詞the呢?
    可不可以像The Dead (Sea)一樣去理解?
    play the piano (instrument), play the violin(instrument),然後名詞主體被省略了呢?

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    1. piano是個通稱(世間每一台鋼琴都叫作piano),前面應該要有限定詞。加上the代表「這種東西」。

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  92. 間接命令句的否定形式:
    1. The court demands that the witness not leave the courtroom.
    如果是法官直接提出要求那就是:Don't leave the courtroom.
    為什麼放入間接句中,助動詞do不見了呢?

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    1. 直接命令句的句型是:
      (You)(S) don't leave(V) the courtroom(O).
      其中主詞you省略,don't leave是限定動詞。
      間接命令句的句型是:
      The court(S) demands(V) that...(O).
      其中that子句是受詞子句。在受詞子句裏面的句型是:
      the witness(S) not leave(V) the courtroom(O).
      子句的勳詞not leave採用原型動詞,但也是限定動詞,一般詮釋為may not leave或must not leave的省略,但是意思仍略有不同:may not leave屬於不確定語氣(conditional mood),意為「不可離開」。原形動詞則是命令語氣(imperative mood),意為「要求不得離開」。

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