我可以問不倒Q&A專欄 (2019/4-2019/08)

  我可以 問不倒

(2019/04-2019/08)

本Q&A專欄使用原則:
1.優先提供OKE美語之新舊學員任何有關英語學習之提問。
2. 為提供最符合大眾共同學習效益,每周OKE美語及旋元佑老師將均衡選取三則提問給予詳解。
3.提問請點擊右側標籤列#我可以問不倒,至當月份的文章版面。
此篇文章僅供2019年04月至08月提問使用

留言

  1. 是Academy Awards ceremony還是the Academy Awards ceremony?
    最近奧斯卡頒獎典禮剛結束,我寫信給外國友人想問對方說:
     Did you watch (the) Academy Awards ceremony/show on Mondy?
    (你星期一有看奧斯卡頒獎典禮嗎?)
    但我下筆時實在不確定要不要加定冠詞the,因為我記得如果是像John, Taiwan這樣的專有名詞,前面是不需加the的。
    像Oscar, Academy Awards這樣獨一無二、別人不會搞錯的名詞,前面是否也要加the呢?還是因為這些專有名詞後面加了show, ceremony這樣的名詞,所以前面就得加上the?

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  2. 旋元佑親解(專有名詞)
    在名詞片語the Academy Awards ceremony中,專有名詞Academy Awards其實是放在形容詞位置,當作形容詞使用。名詞位置是它後面的ceremony,屬於可數的普通名詞,所以這個名詞片語需要加定冠詞the。

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  3. 作者已經移除這則留言。

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  4. 老師您好
    In the new season, Jonah Ryan, the lunkheaded staffer turned pol played by Timothy Simons, runs for President on a platform of unabashed idiocy. “You have the second lowest vaccination rate in the nation,” he tells a crowd at one point. “When I’m President, you’ll be No. 1!” It might be funnier if there weren’t currently a measles outbreak in Washington State, which experts attribute to vaccination skeptics. Or if Trump hadn’t spread the debunked conspiracy theory linking vaccines and autism, including in 2015 during a presidential-primary debate.
    1我的想法是:現實生活有什麼事,加到戲劇上會讓人有會心一笑的感覺。可是此處作者為何會說 It might be funnier if ... debate?


    There’s a peculiar challenge to political comedy in the Trump era, as an unconventional presidency gives new currency to the idea that truth is stranger than fiction. 
    2大約的意思是:現實生活就已經很跳tone了,對編劇本的人說是項挑戰 ?


    ...a protocol acknowledging that the Korean War had started in June 1950 as a U.N. Action after the North invaded the South.
    3是不是改成 started較好,因為先有侵略,後有戰爭 ?
    謝謝老師

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    1. 1
      好事,大家自然要搶第1。但接種疫苗率低是壞事,卻仍要搶第1,這就蠢得可笑。如果是無關痛癢的事,笑笑無妨。但是總統大選辯論中真的有候選人說接種疫苗會引起自閉症,結果造成民眾拒絕接種,因而引爆麻疹大流行,這是會死人的嚴重事情,令人笑不出來。
      2
      是。truth is stranger than fiction早有這種說法。而在川普政府中進行的是各種光怪陸離、令人匪夷所思的怪事,編劇家要想構思出更離奇的怪事,殊為不易。
      3
      和June 1950對比的事情並非the North invaded the South,而是先前認定的另一個比較晚的日期。假設原本採用的歷史認定是:美國出兵幫助南韓打北韓才叫作韓戰開始,那麼現在改為認定:早在北韓發兵侵略南韓那一天,韓戰就「已經」開始,所以用had started

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  5. 老師您好
    No doubt the party’s desire to name a Dalai Lama stems from the fact that there are 244 million Buddhists in China — a cohort that dwarfs the CCP membership by 3 to 1. The party craves legitimizing its power above all else and believes yoking it to the institution of the Dalai Lama will provide that. But Beijing clearly also hopes it will be a symbolic final nail in the coffin of Tibetan self-rule, completing the absorption of Tibet into the People’s Republic of China that began seven decades ago

    So in a twist of irony, it seems the incumbent God-King’s wish will eventually be granted. One day a Dalai Lama will return to China — in this body or the next, with his blessing or without.
    1 不了解這一段所要So in a twist ...without.傳達的意思 ?


    But it also aligns with the NRA's transformation into a political powerhouse that frames firearm ownership with a defiant cultural conservatism
    2a defiant cultural conservatism的意思是 ? 
    謝謝老師

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    1. 1
      達賴的願望就是想回中國,但中共就是不讓他回來。可是中共又想利用活佛轉世的制度來強化對西藏的統治,所以中共想自行尋找靈童取代現在的達賴。若靈童出現,達賴也算是實現了願望:不是本人回去,而是以靈童轉世的方式回去,雖然這個靈童不是他支持的。
      2
      人民持有槍枝的權利獲得美國憲法保障,一向是保守派(共和黨)堅持的。雖然因為槍枝泛濫而造成大規模濫射慘劇層出不窮,但NRA仍然堅持這項權利、罔顧主流民意,這就是defiant cultural conservatism。

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  6. 想請教旋老師learn by rote死記硬背的介系詞by怎麼理解?如何翻譯on learning by studying?

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    1. by這個介系詞表示「以…方法,用…手段」。片語by rote就是「以反覆記誦的方法」,也就是「死背」。on learning by studying「論『經由研究而學習』」

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  7. 作者已經移除這則留言。

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  8. In my own religion department, for example, we have 10 faculty members, working in eight subfields, with little overlap. And as departments fragment, research and publication become more and more about less and less.
    怎麼理解句中的more and more about less and less?

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    1. 意思相當於:
      Research and publication increasingly become about trivial things.
      其中more and more相當於increasingly,而about less and less說的是研究出版的主題,以less and less表示「越來越小」

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  9. Most graduate programs in American universities produce a product for which there is no market and develop skills for which there is diminishing demand, all at a rapidly rising cost.
    請教旋老師應該怎麼還原這個句子?怎麼翻譯合適?句中的兩個for which的先行詞分別是什麼?
    all at a rapidly rising cost是副詞子句的減化嗎?即還原成all programs are at a rapidly rising cost?

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    1. 能否寫成Most graduate programs in American universities produce a product for which there is no market and develop skills for which there is diminishing demand, while all programs are at a rapidly rising cost.?

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    2. 「美國大學的研究所,提供的產品大多是毫無市場需求,培養的技能也都是需求越來越少。而且收費快速增加。」

      第一個which的先行詞是a product,第2個which的先行詞是skills。

      all at a rapidly rising cost可還原為while they do all this at a rapidly rising cost,其中all代表的就是上述produce a product與develop skills這些事情。

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  10. The sponsor set the final game next weekend.這是課堂上老師您提供的句子,我有以下疑問。
    1.按照老師說的角度來理解,時間副詞next weekend補充說明名詞片語the final game,所以這是句型S-V-0-C。請問這裡的set是否應該改為sets?
    2.如果從另外一個角度看,即:時間副詞next weekend用來修飾動詞set,是否可以理解為這是句型S-V-0?由於是將來式,這裡的set是否應該改為will set?

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    1. 1
      是set的過去式,表示這是過去排定的,排出的比賽時間是下週末。
      2
      可以,那麼動詞應改為未來式will set,表示要到下週末才要來排時間。

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  11. 老師在課堂上畫了一個2X2的矩陣,把句型「S-V-C」裡面的「V」歸入不及物動詞。
    請問,I am a student.這個句子中,確實有一個名詞student來接受動詞am了,am已經及物了,如果繼續把「S-V-C」中的「V」歸入不及物動詞,是否不太嚴謹?

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    1. am已經及物了,也就是am已经接触到物(名词student)了。

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    2. am不是及物動詞,後面的a student也不是受詞。凡是解釋為各種各樣的「是」,這種動詞都稱為連綴動詞,後面是主詞補語。I am a student.「我是學生」這是SVC的句型。若說I saw a student.「我看到一個學生」,這才是SVO的句型:a student是受詞、「被看到」的人

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  12. 老師在課堂上講到介繫詞片語可以作形容詞和副詞,又講到句型S-V-C,舉了一個例句,The final game is next weekend.
    老師是這麼闡述的,名詞片語next weekend是介繫詞片語(on next weekend)的省略,on next weeken在句中充當「時間副詞」補語。
    問題一、如果我把句子改成:The final game next weekend has been cancelled.這裡的next weekend是否介繫詞片語作「形容詞」?
    問題二、根據問題一,例句The final game is (on) next weekend.,裡面on next weekend能否理解為介繫詞片語作「形容詞」,在句中充當主語補語,修飾主詞the final game?
    問題三、句子You are in doubt.,裡面的in doubt是介繫詞片語作「副詞」補語,還是介繫詞片語作「形容詞」補語?
    問題四、根據問題三,The man in doubt is my brother.,裡面的in doubt是否介繫詞片語作「形容詞」?
    問題五、根據問題三,We noticed the man in doubt.,裡面的in doubt是否介繫詞片語作「形容詞」補語?
    請老師幫我理一理理論,這個地方思考了很久,一直搞不懂以上這些句子的補語在「本質上」是什麼「詞類」。十分感激老師。

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    1. 1
      next weekend仍是時間副詞,修飾名詞片語the game
      2
      應視為時間副詞,當主詞補語
      3
      in doubt字面上是「在疑惑中」,仍可視為地方副詞補語
      4
      同上:地方副詞,修飾the man
      5
      in doubt是地方副詞,不是補語,但仍修飾名詞片語the man

      補語可以是名詞、形容詞、以及3種副詞(時間副詞、地方副詞、介副詞),這3種副詞都是可以直接修飾名詞的

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  13. 既然The man is in doubt.裡面的地方副詞片語in doubt是主詞補語。
    那麼,We noticed/found the man in doubt.,如果翻譯為「我們注意到那個男人在疑惑中」,而不翻譯為「我們注意到那個正在疑惑的男人」,老師還認為地方副詞片語in doubt只能作修飾語,修飾名詞片語the man嗎?我想請問,當翻譯為「我們注意到那個男人在疑惑中」,這裡的in doubt能否作「受詞補語」?

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    1. 這句話不能那樣翻譯。改寫為We noticed that the man was in doubt.才能那樣翻譯。

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  14. 老師您在課堂講到「Part A 名詞(Nouns)」的時候,分為:「I 可數與不可數」、「II 集合名詞」,我在這裡產生了疑慮。
    如果從名詞的文法特性劃分,名詞可分類為可數和不可數。「集合名詞」又該從哪個角度進入哪一分類呢?我看到某些文法書從另一個角度把名詞分類為:專有名詞、普通名詞(個體名詞、集合名詞、物質名詞、抽象名詞)。
    實在搞不懂「集合名詞」屬於名詞裡面哪個角度的分類,請老師從理論上給我做一下分類,謝謝。

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    1. 集合名詞也算是可數名詞。例如family,當「家庭」解釋時,單數用法是one family is,複數用法是two families are(兩個家庭…)。當「家人們」解釋時是不規則複數,例如my family are。

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  15. 老師您好
    請問老師
    Birds of all shapes and sizes flourish in Taiwan's wetlands, with seventy-five of those found around the island. Taiwan is actually a key location for migrating birds.
    請問老師 those 是指birds 還是wetlands
    謝謝老師

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  16. 老師您好
    Trust is in short supply on the American media landscape. It is no longer simply accorded the people who bring the news. King’s rise suggests that now is the time when faithful lieutenants rather than swashbuckling captains get to step up, that a solid history of loyalty and an inclination to direct attention where it needs to be directed, rather than to be at the center of it, is what viewers want. “I don’t run away from ‘You’re Oprah’s best friend,'” says King of her reputation. “It would be silly for me to say, ‘There’s so much more to me than that!’ That would be stupid. I think all you have to do is turn on the TV and draw your own conclusions.”
    1King’s rise suggests that... that a solid ... 句中的第二個that是補充說明 第一個that ?

    2I think all you have to do is turn on the TV and draw your own conclusions.”
    意思是: King自認所講的話(You’re Oprah’s best friend...)是真話,而且她信心地認為觀眾也會認為就所講的話是真的 ? 


    The alternating narrators (in the book) occasionally overwhelm Lalami's storytellng (Lalami is the author of the book), since the voices do not always vary enough to capture a shift in perspective.
    3 the voices是 voices of the narrators 。 既然the voices do not always vary enough(表示narrators所講的語調沒有太大起伏).那又怎麼會overwhelm Lalami's storytellng ?


    Why do employers put up with such a dysfunctional educational system? Part of the answer is that government and donors lavish funding on status quo with direct subsidies, student loans and donations. As a result, any unsubsidized alternative, starved of resources, must be twice as good to do half as well .
    4lavish funding on status quo 的意思是 ?
    5 any unsubsidized alternative..表示: 錢少的學校花2倍的努力只能達到錢多的學校一半的成果?


    The polls may still be against another Trump win, but a resilient economy, a clever political message and ongoing changes to the ways Americans get their news suggest a fight to finish
    6a fight to finish意謂 Trump仍會盡最大努力去爭取第二任 ? 
    謝謝老師


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    1. 1
      是。
      2
      別人對她的評語是"You're Oprah's best friend",她覺得自己當然不只是這樣而已,但是也覺得不需要否認,讓觀眾自己去看、自己去評價就是了。
      3
      書中有兩個角色在對話(背後當然都出自同一個作者之手)。如果兩個角色鮮明對立、觀點不同,讀者就會很清楚現在是誰在講話。但如果兩個角色區別不夠清楚,讀者有時候無從分辨現在是誰在講話,這就表示作者的功力不夠(敘事被overwhelm)。
      4
      lavish funds on the status quo,其中the status quo「現狀」暗示「目前的名校」,它會吸走大部分的政府補助款與民間捐款。
      5
      是。
      6
      a fight to the finish表示「會一路廝殺到終點」,也就是「川普不會提早出局」。

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  17. 老師您好,我最近看了其他文法書,發現很多書籍在標示文法的英文名稱的時候,貌似都是錯誤用法。
    比如說,很多文法書在講述「名詞片語」的時候,習慣把「名詞」標示為「Noun」,把「可數名詞」標示為「Countable Noun」,把零冠詞標示為「zero article」。
    我認為,從嚴格文法意義上看待,以上的標示都是錯誤的。
    名詞不應該標示為「Noun」,也就是不應該使用零冠詞。因為這裡的「Noun」並非複數,也不是抽象不可數名詞,更不是物質名詞,也沒有成對出現,同時沒有普通名詞抽象化或普通名詞專有化,所以不應該使用零冠詞,老師在講義裡面的標示(名詞Nouns)才是正確的。
    同理,可數名詞不應該標示為Countable Noun,要麼加定冠詞the countable noun,表示可數名詞這種東西,要麼加複數s,如同老師講義裡面的Countable Nouns,表示所有的可數名詞。
    同理,零冠詞也不應該標示為zero article,要麼加定冠詞,如同老師講義裡面標示的the zero article,表示零冠詞這種東西,要麼加複數s成為zero articles,表示所有的零冠詞。
    請問老師,我的思考過程是正確的嗎?

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    1. 我最近看了其他文法書,才覺得老師的講義是最嚴謹的。

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    2. 你的說法正確。

      不過,如果在標題中,有時會把一些虛字(如the, a, in等等)省掉。還有,如果在中文裏面夾雜英文,有時候就沒那麼嚴謹。

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  18. 作者已經移除這則留言。

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  19. hi 老師,
    講義當中提到
    主詞是哪一個時
    有這麼一個例句
    Not only you but 'also' I am at fault.
    但我看過一種句子是
    Not only did he steal my car but he 'also' kissed my girlfriend.
    想請問老師, 這個also該怎麼擺呢?
    還是保險起見, also直接省略?
    謝謝老師

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    1. 這個差別,將來上課會說到。

      Not only you but also I在對比的是兩個「人」,那麼強調範圍的副詞also就應該放在I的前面。

      not only did...steal...but also kissed在對比的是兩個「動作」(did...steal與kissed),那麼also就應該放在動詞kissed前面

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  20. 旋老師,我經常容易混淆Chinese和China's,在使用上經常猶豫,請教老師,如何區分Chinese和China's這類的形容詞的使用場合?

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    1. 兩者差不多。像Chinese medicine, Chinese history, Chinese culture之類,感覺像是「固定名詞片語」的性質,通常用Chinese。另外,像China's GDP, China's cultural revolution之類,只是說明「哪個國家的」,用China's。

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  21. Maple leaves are (the) most beautiful in autumn
    老師你解釋這句話可以不加the是因為beautiful的位置在補語中
    但如果這樣還原:Maple leaves are the most beautiful leavers in autumn
    楓葉是秋天裡最漂亮的樹葉
    是不是就一定要加the?

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    1. 後面如果有名詞(leaves)就需要有the。

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  22. 旋老師好
    請問這句Those who have an inclination for crazy technological advances aren’t hard to please.
    可以寫成 Those who have an inclination for crazy technological advances aren’t hard to be pleased.嗎? 謝謝老師

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    1. 文法正確,但沒有人會這樣說,因為太囉嗦。aren't hard to please就已經夠清楚。可以這樣理解:
      It is not hard to please them.
      改為:
      They are not hard to please.

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  23. 老師您好
    That’s because Ocasio-Cortez threatens the status quo, bringing a youthful impatience to a set of policies popularized by Bernie Sanders’ 2016 campaign, like Medicare for All and tuition-free public college. Like Sanders, she seems more concerned with movements than elections; she doesn’t talk about flipping seats and votes, but rather of winning hearts and minds. Hers is the politics of the possible, not the practical. “By the time legislation actually gets through, it is five years from now,” she says. “So everything we introduce needs to have 2025 or our kids in mind.” She’s not thinking about how to keep the Democratic majority for another two years; she’s thinking about how to define the agenda for the next two decades.
    1By the time legislation ….是在解釋Hers is the politics of the possible, not the practical. 。但是我還是看不出來By the time legislation ….是在解釋Hers is the politics of the possible, not the practical ?

    So evaluating Ocasio-Cortez’s success depends on the time frame in which she is judged. Will she help deliver Medicare for All and a Green New Deal in the next two years? No. But having the debate is already making a difference in how D.C. does business. “I used to be much more cynical about how much was up against us,” she says. “I think I’ve changed my mind. Because I think that change is a lot closer than we think.” 
    2 I used to be much more cynical about how much was up against us的意思是 ?


    Carty-Williams has taken a black woman's story and made it a story of the age. She has take our jokes, as black British women, and made them accessible without demeaning them by translation. She has normalized the gaze of a person whose angst is filtered through an endless tussle with identity—and made her someone that anyone can recognize.
    3 She has take our jokes, as black British women的意思是 ?
    4 She has normalized... identity的意思是 ?
    謝謝老師

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    1. 1
      美國眾議員每兩年改選一次。參議員任期6年,每兩年改選全院1/3名額。所以,全部的眾議員、以及1/3的參議員,兩年就要面對一次競選。the practical thing就是要先選上。the possible thing則是不管能不能選上,只求贏得人心,醞釀改變,目標(通過立法)放在5年、10年之後,而不是放在兩年一次的選舉。
      2
      「我從前以為自己面對的是天大的挑戰,幾乎要心灰意冷。如今則認為改變沒有那麼困難。」cynical是idealistic的相反。
      3
      as black British women是說明前面的our,也就是we, as black British women
      4
      這裏的a person是a black person:黑人得不斷掙扎、為自己的身分定位,所以她的目光中含有痛苦,那是不足為外人道的。Carty-Williams則成功讓別人(白人)了解黑人也和一般人一樣。

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  24. 嗨老師:
    上課第六講提到
    動名詞可以做補語
    在SVC的結構中
    如Seeing is believing.
    此時倒過來唸也行 如 Believing is seeing.
    但為什麼在不定詞中,倒過來有時就不行?
    如講義例句
    Everyone is to leave the building at one. (SVC)
    倒過來念就不順
    To leave the building at one is everyone. (X)

    又另一種例句
    Mr. Johnson is the one to see.
    這個如果倒過來
    The one to see is Mr. Johnson.
    似乎也行
    這之中的些微差異該怎麼解釋呢?
    謝謝老師

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    1. 名詞補語必需和主詞(也是名詞)全等。因為全等,所以倒過來唸也是一樣。但to leave the building at once是不定詞片語當作形容詞補語使用,它只是修飾語,不能倒過來當主詞。

      另一句,主詞補語是the one(名詞片語),所以和主詞Mr. Johnson(全等)。即然全等,就可以倒過來唸。

      關鍵在於詞類:A是B=B是A,這時AB都得是名詞。

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  25. 嗨老師,
    請問以下這句
    Teaching English to school children is fairly common in Taiwan now.
    如果還原
    是不是 That People teach English to school children is fairly common in Taiwan now. 呢?
    但一般that放句首不是認知無法化減子句?

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    1. 1
      還原正確
      2
      連接詞that放在句首是不能省略。但整個名詞子句減化,仍然是可以的

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  26. 作者已經移除這則留言。

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  27. 老師您好
    The most important lesson in Buddhism is understanding that desire is the root of pain, and that the path to no pain is to not have any desires. Wouldn't a true Dalai Lama turn down the Nobel Peace Prize and not hold out hope for a return to his birthplace, as your article says he does? A celebrity he might be, which is an antonym of a Buddha.
    1 上文是對達賴不好的評價。但as your article says he does= as your article says he turns down...and not holds out... ,如果這個等式成立的話,感覺又怪怪的。畢竟他沒有拒絕和平獎,而且他也想回去他出生的地方 。

    More than politics is at stake in how Barr handles the close of the Mueller probe.
    2意思是 politics及 how Barr handles...這兩件事都at stake ?
    3可否寫成More than politics at stake is in how Barr handles the close of the Mueller probe ?

    Barr’s role in this drama is far from over. His next big decision will be over what details from the full Mueller report the White House can suppress. It’s an open question whether Barr will send the report to Trump’s lawyers before Congress so that they can decide whether to assert Executive privilege. White House spokeswoman Sarah Sanders said they need to “make sure we’re protecting the office of the presidency” as they consider Executive-privilege questions, and Democrats are worried that Barr’s belief in a strong executive will prompt him to defer to the White House on that score. “There has to be some reasonable opportunity to review and assert Executive privilege, but it should be denied as much as possible,” says Delaware Senator Chris Coons, a Democrat on the Judiciary Committee. “That’s where I think the ideological views of the Attorney General may have the greatest potential to threaten the transparency” of the report.
    4 on that score指的是 make sure we’re protecting the office of the presidency?
    5 That’s where I think的where是指 it should be denied as much as possible?

    The fictional Cathy was on a diet pretty much from when she first appeared until the strip ended–her battles with food were legendary. Excruciatingly insecure and endearingly persistent, she was the Charlie Brown of working women, battling workplace sexism and the cruel lighting of department-store dressing rooms with equal indignation, never quite succeeding. At 68, the real Cathy is honest enough to admit that some aspects of cartoon Cathy live on. “Even with all I know and have done, I still measure my self-worth in fat grams,” she writes.
    6 Even with all I know and have done, I still measure my self-worth in fat grams這句話的意思是 ?
    謝謝老師

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    1. 1
      as your article says he "holds out hope for a return to his birth place,"這樣解釋才通
      2
      how Barr handles the close...,這個問題所牽涉到的還不只是政治(另有別的)
      3
      意思是something is at stake in the question,不能改寫
      4
      on that score指的就是上文的to protect the office of the presidency
      5
      是上文的There has to be some reasonable opportunity to review and assert Executive privilege。司法部長Barr持這種看法,才會威脅到報告的透明度
      6
      卡通中的Cathy一直在減肥。真實世界的Cathy雖然比較有見識、有經驗,但仍然會受到體重過重而影響到自信

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  28. 嗨 老師,
    我在寫商務書信email, 有時會碰到以下問題
    如果我想表達 很多區域的跨部門同事
    我是寫成

    different location colleague

    但有數個不同的區域,與數個不同的同事

    這樣複數s應該怎麼加呢?

    different location"s" colleague
    different location colleague"s"
    different location"s" colleague"s"

    我的想法是,採取零冠詞來表所有的區域與所有的同事

    D= 空集合
    adj = different
    n = location 與 colleague
    但複數形就不曉得該不該加上去,如果該加又該怎麼理解加在哪邊?
    謝謝老師

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    1. 可寫成colleagues at different locations。寫成一個名詞片語有點勉強。若一定要那樣寫,那麼文法正確的寫法是:
      different-location colleagues
      colleagues採用零冠詞。different-location寫成複合形容詞,因為是形容詞所以沒有複數(location不能加s)

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  29. 老師您好
    Comic-book fans started speculating about Wonder Woman and Captain Marvel—the first two movies to feature women as -superheroes—months, even years, before they were released. Internet trolls, unhappy about the idea of too many feisty wimminfolk infiltrating the comic-book man cave, or something, entered the fray as well. Normal, sane people couldn’t help feeling protective of those films in -advance—to the point that when they landed, it was hard to talk about whether or not they worked as movies. Instead, we had to keep asking, What do they do for women?—a question that limits how we think about both movies and women.
    1 it was hard to talk about whether or not they worked as movies及 a question that limits how we think about both movies and women 都在說明如果protective of movies featuring women , 那麼一部電影的好壞(電影的內容,是否有票房)等這些問題就會被遺忘 。也就是protective 反而變成是重點了?


    Brie Larson and Samuel Jackson's second collaboration to debut in 2019 is as different from Captain Marvel as movies get.
    2上面的句子除了as movies get之外,我算能了解。不知在這如何解釋 ?

    Biden was close enough to running for President to tap a campaign manager..
    3to tap如何解釋 ? 感覺不是in order to tap


    And at what the historian Rayford W. Logan dubbed the “nadir” of American race relations—the time of political, economic, social and legal hardening—widspread violence, disenfranchisement and lynching coincided with a hardening of racist concepts of “race.” 4
    4racist concepts of “race.” 的race是不是多餘的,因為已經有racist這個字 ?

    謝謝老師

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    1. 1
      雙方都有預設立場。支持女超人電影的一方,預設立場是「保護」。但正因為一味的保護,反而造成模糊了焦點:電影的本身
      2
      Captain Marvel是指漫畫。那句的意思是The movie is as different from the comics as movies can be.
      3
      片語是enough...to(足以…)。「Biden雖未正式宣佈參選,但也非常接近了:甚至已經找來了競選總監」。tap的意思是「汲取、取用」
      4
      race有多種解釋。中性的解釋只是「血統、種族」,racist則有「歧視」的暗示,所以不算重複

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  30. 老師您好
    Experts must continue, as citizens, to advocate for those things they believe to be in the public interest, but the most important role they can play is defend a stark but considerate insistence on science and reason as the foundation for public policy.
    1.這裡的defend是不是不應該用原型
    2.a stark but considerate是不是修飾後面insistence,如果是,stark和considerate應該怎麼理解

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    1. 1
      因為左邊有they can play,右邊的defend看得出來是they can defend的省略,所以可以用原型動詞defend
      2
      是修飾insistence。意思是「他們的支持要非常堅定、但同時也要面面俱到」

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  32. 作者已經移除這則留言。

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  35. 老師講到不可數名詞的時候,說大部分動名詞(most gerunds)是不可數名詞。那就說明部分動名詞是可數名詞,能舉幾個例子來說明部分動名詞是可數名詞嗎?

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    1. 例如:
      There are three weddings at this restaurant today.
      I'll give the paper a going-over later.

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  36. 老師您好
    But Trump won't stop fighting this border battle. “Whatever amount of barrier is built before November 2020, the President has shown that he is willing to fight for it,” says Kobach, “even if it is not every mile that he might have wanted.”
    1 even if it is not every mile that he might have wanted.是在暗示 ?
    2mile 在這是指barrier的mile 還是 朝向既定目標(蓋barrier)旅程的mile ?

    What has replaced a desire to leave, however, could be just as hazardous for Europe: a plan to pick apart the fabric of the E.U., from Brussels itself. “They do not like anything to do with Europe, and they will do anything to destroy it,” says Fabrice Pothier, a former NATO policy-planning director and chief strategy officer at Rasmussen Global, a consultancy firm in Copenhagen. Pothier, who is French, is hoping to stand in the E.U. elections as part of French President Emmanuel Macron’s party. “European solidarity is something that has a very thin veneer.”
    3European solidarity is something that has a very thin veneer暗示 European solidarity已不再 ?


    The Matilda Effect goes hand in hand with another phenomenon: the Matthew Effect. Per the Gospel of Matthew, those who have plenty shall have more in abundance, while those who have little will find it taken away. Rossiter, now a professor emerita at Cornell University, thought there should be more focus on the fact that female scientists had for centuries ended up on the short end of this maxim. She wrote a paper introducing the term in 1993, and, she says, “it took on a life of its own.”
    4 雖然有查字典it took on a life of its own,但從上下文,我還是感受不出 it took on a life of its own在這的意思? 




    Then one day he opened an envelope and found a research paper. This appears to be where the website began to evolve into a polemic, as Simon dug into the technicalities of the world his wife had inhabited, detailing her innovations and publications, analyzing who was due credit for various discoveries.
    5 where=at a point where he opened an envelope and found a research paper ?


    謝謝老師

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    1. 1
      「即使屆時興建的長度不到他心目中想要的長度」。
      2
      mile就是圍牆的mile
      3
      字面上是「只塗上很薄一層亮光漆」,暗示非常薄弱、隨時可以拆穿。
      4
      此人創造了一個新詞彙。文中說這個詞彙took on a life of its own,就是說它「獲得了生命」,也就是說這個詞彙從此流傳開來。
      5
      This appears to be "the point" where the website began to evolve into a polemic,其中the point指的就是他拆開信封那個時間點。

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  37. 老師在「名詞片語」這次課講到:冠詞和所有格不能同時出現,只能出現一個。請問這是為什麼?這一結論有什麼邏輯分析過程嗎?

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    1. 中位限定詞是主要的限定詞,本來就只能使用一個

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  38. 老師在「修飾語」這次課講到這麼一個例句:His ideas are generally very helpful.,老師解釋道,generally是頻率副詞,用來修飾動詞are,我覺得這種解釋有點難以理解。
    問題一:請問,generally能否理解為程度副詞,用來修飾形容詞helpful?
    問題二:如果generally不能作程度副詞來修飾形容詞helpful,如何理解generally是頻率副詞這種解釋?

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    1. generally, usually, frequently這些字通常都歸類為頻率副詞,這是由語意決定的

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  39. 關於介繫詞片語在句中作形容詞還是副詞,一直判斷不出來。我在這裡困惑半年了,請老師詳細幫我解答。
    1.
    Odd birds like kiwis run on land.
    這裡的介繫詞片語like kiwis是當作「副詞」來修飾名詞片語Odd birds,還是當作「形容詞」來修飾名詞片語Odd birds?為什麼(這裡很重要,請老師說明一下原因,我百思不得其解)?
    2.
    He cooked some meat for dinner with his family.
    (1)這裡的for dinner為什麼是介繫詞片語作「副詞」來修飾動詞cooked(老師在課堂說過,這裡是介繫詞片語作副詞來修飾動詞)?為什麼不能理解為:for dinner是介繫詞片語作「形容詞」來修飾名詞片語some meat,從而「some meat for dinner」翻譯為:晚餐(晚上的就餐)?
    (2)這裡的with his family為什麼是介繫詞片語作「形容詞」來修飾名詞dinner(老師在課堂說過,這裡是介繫詞片語作形容詞來修飾名詞)?為什麼不能理解為:with his family是介繫詞片語作「副詞」來修飾動詞cooked,從而「cooked with his family」翻譯為:和家人一起做晚餐?
    3.
    That sounds like a good idea.
    這裡的介繫詞片語like a good idea為什麼是作「形容詞」來修飾代名詞that(老師在課堂說過,這裡是介繫詞片語作形容詞來修飾名詞),為什麼不能理解為:作「副詞」來修飾動詞sounds/is?
    4.
    The company is in trouble.
    這裡的介繫詞片語in trouble為什麼是作「形容詞」來修飾名詞片語The company(老師在文法進階這本書第108頁說過,這裡是介繫詞片語作形容詞來修飾名詞),為什麼不能理解為:作「副詞」來修飾動詞is(理由很重要,請老師說明一下,我在這裡百思不得其解)?
    5.
    The final game is on next weekend.
    這裡的介繫詞片語on next weekend為什麼是作「副詞」來修飾名詞片語The final game(老師在課堂說過,這裡是介繫詞片語作副詞來修飾動詞),為什麼不能理解為:作「形容詞」來修飾修飾名詞片語The final game?
    6.
    如果最後得出結論:只有當介繫詞片語作補語的時候,介繫詞片語才作形容詞,請問為什麼問題2(2)中,with his family最後是介繫詞片語作「形容詞」來修飾名詞dinner,dinner和family中間不能加is呀?
    7.
    Strawberries are in season now.
    這裡的介繫詞片語in season是作「形容詞」修飾名詞Strawberries,還是作「副詞」修飾「名詞」Strawberries,還是作「副詞」修飾「動詞」are?為什麼?
    8.
    The boy is in school now.
    這裡的介繫詞片語in school是作「形容詞」修飾名詞boy,還是作「副詞」修飾「名詞」boy,還是作「副詞」修飾「動詞」is?為什麼?
    9.
    Mrs. Lindsey, together with her sons, is on a European tour.
    這裡的介繫詞片語with her sons是作「形容詞」修飾名詞Mrs. Lindsey,還是作「副詞」修飾「名詞」Mrs. Lindsey,還是作「副詞」修飾「動詞」is?為什麼?
    together這個副詞,最後修飾了哪個詞?
    10.
    在哪種情況下,介繫詞片語在句中作形容詞?
    在哪種情況下,介繫詞片語在句中作副詞?

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    1. 1
      是形容詞,因為修飾的對象是名詞片語odd birds
      2
      for表示「目的」,當作副詞修飾動詞cooked比較合理。with his family則是當作形容詞俢飾dinner比較合理,主要由語意判斷
      3
      因為sounds是連綴動詞(聽起來是),後面需要主詞補語,所以like a good idea就是主詞補語,修飾代名詞that,所以它是形容詞
      4
      原因和3相同:is是連綴動詞,後面需要主詞補語
      5
      修飾名詞的,通常都是形容詞。但如果是「時間、地方」這兩種修飾語,一般都稱為副詞,包括修飾名詞的也算是時間副詞與地方副詞。這只是文法的慣例
      6
      介系詞片語只要是修飾名詞(不一定要當補語),就稱為形容詞,除了時間副詞、地方副詞、以及介副詞(這3種修飾名詞仍然稱為副詞)
      7
      當形容詞補語、修飾主詞strawberries,因為動詞are是連綴動詞,後面需要主詞補語。in season意思是「當令」,不屬於時間副詞,拿來修飾名詞strawberries就得算是形容詞
      8
      in school意思是「在上學」,不屬於地方副詞,拿來修飾名詞the boy就是形容詞。它用在連綴動詞is後面,就是主詞補語
      9
      形容詞,修飾名詞Mrs. Lindsey。介系詞片語一般都是後位修飾語,修飾它前面的對象。因為前面是名詞Mrs. Lindsey,所以它就是形容詞
      10
      介系詞片語若修飾名詞,通常都是當形容詞使用,除了時間副詞、地方副詞、介副詞這3種例外(修飾名詞仍然稱為副詞)。介系詞片語若修飾其它,都是副詞

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  40. 嗨 老師,

    有兩個小問題

    1. 名詞片語中由 D/a/n 所組成

    以講義範例而言
    My uncle lives in a three-story mansion. 我舅住在一間三層樓的大廈
    a = 限定詞
    three-story = 複合形容詞
    mansion = 名詞
    請問有可能改為
    three stories mansion 嗎?
    three = 限定詞
    stories = a
    mansion = n
    變成 My uncle lives in three stories mansion.

    2. 關於which子句的寫作清楚性
    講義有這麼一句例句
    The whole house was overrun with ants, which frightened the visitor.
    這樣的寫法無法指出是螞蟻令到訪者害怕,還是房子爬滿螞蟻此事令人害怕

    故改成
    The whole house was overrun with ants, nasty insects which frightened the visitor.
    想請問老師,可以改成以下的方式嗎? 我不確定逗號應該怎麼加入比較好
    The whole house was overrun with ants, nasty insects, which frightened the visitor.

    謝謝老師

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    1. 1
      不行。名詞片語中的形容詞只能是單字(包括複合字如three-story),不能用片語(如three stories)、也不能用複數(只有名詞才有複數)
      2
      若nasty insects前後都有逗點,就會構成一組括弧,整個句子等於是變成The whole house was overrun with ants (...) which frightened the visitor. 這時which的先行詞仍然是ants,意思還是清楚的

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  41. Mrs. Lindsey, together with her sons, is on a European tour.
    裡面的副詞together,是修飾名詞Mrs. Lindsey,還是修飾形容詞(介繫詞片語作形容詞)with her sons?還是修飾動詞is?

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  42. 老師您好
    Loving Michelle Obama wasn't much of a choice. It was something that came naturally.
    1 wasn't much of a choice的意思是 ?

    During the time we’ve worked together, I’ve observed the great regard and curiosity he has for acting. The enjoyment he takes creating the characters and the stories they tell. Delighting in watching the actors bring them to life—an extension of his imagination. Ryan seems to possess a sixth sense of what you need and deserve as an actor. What would thrill you, and what kind of character could meet you head-on.
    2 The enjoyment he takes...可以寫成I’ve observed the great regard and curiosity he has for acting and the enjoyment he takes... ? 為什麼The enjoyment he takes要獨立出來,在寫作上有何用意 (以及What would thrill you也都獨立出來)? Delighting in watching...感覺是 The enjoyment he takes creating ...and the enjoyment he takes delighting … ?



    Though the United Arab Emirates is nominally ruled by President Khalifa bin Zayed, it is his younger brother, Abu Dhabi’s Crown Prince Mohamed bin Zayed, who calls the real shots. And what shots those are. 
    3 And what shots those are.的意思是 ? (這個句型是不是等同what handsome boys they are?,在強調這些男孩有多帥)

    Harnessing that is no small undertaking. But it is one that my friend Fred Swaniker committed to early, to become one of Africa’s foremost leaders.
    4 to become=so that he became … ?

    I think she’s excited for her growth as an actor but also the other side: being a director, being a leader, having a production company. Because that changes the game: the power of what’s on the page is going to change how people of color and women are seen in the business.
    It’s like they say: what the caterpillar calls the end of the world, the master calls the butterfly. I think Regina is morphing into the most beautiful butterfly.
    5what the caterpillar calls the end of the world, the master calls the butterfly.的意思是 ?

    Glenn is a major talent, an actor who is deeply committed to her craft. She doesn’t play roles as much as she transforms herself into them, never allowing her own personality or celebrity to get in the way.
    6 She doesn’t play roles as much as she transforms herself into them的意思是 ?
    謝謝老師

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    1. 1
      字面上是「沒有多少選擇」,意思是說一般人「身不由己、自然就會love Michelle Obama。
      2
      這裏採用不完整句,是比較口語化、不正式的語氣。
      3
      句型相同。what是感嘆詞,例如What a beautiful day (this is)!。原句What shots they are強調They are extremely important shots。
      4
      so that he could become...
      5
      毛蟲蛻變為蝴蝶,對毛蟲本身而言卻是世界末日(毛蟲死亡)
      6
      play roles是「扮演角色」,transform herself into them是「把自己變成角色」。前者還帶有斧鑿痕跡,後者則天衣無縫

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  43. 老師,這是黃金文法課堂一道改錯題。The technician said she (A) has to (B) find out what went wrong exactly (C) before she knew (D) how to fix the problem.
    請問是否把 (A) has to改為had had to才是正確的?為什麼?

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    1. 改為had to就行了。因為時態要求一致:另外的動詞said, went, knew都是過去時間,所以要搭配同屬過去時間的had to find out。

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  44. 老師,如果把世界理解為只有兩種狀態:真、非真。那麼,語氣分為兩大類:事實語氣(直說語氣)、非事實語氣(包含:條件語氣、假設語氣)。請問,剩下的「祈使語氣」應該分類進入真的事實語氣,還是非事實語氣?我個人認為,祈使語氣的動詞看起來尚未發生,好像不是真實的,但是又會發生,好像又是真實的,很難從哲學角度分類進「真」與「非真」,想聽聽老師的看法。

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    1. 祈使語氣不屬於「真」、亦不屬於「非真」。在兩者之外還有「條件」與「祈使」這兩種語氣,所以總共有四種語氣

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  45. 老師你好。「疑問句」、「感嘆句」應該歸入英文文法體系裡面的哪個知識點?
    我看到有些文法書把疑問句和感嘆句分別歸入疑問語氣、感嘆語氣,但是在你的書和課堂上,語氣只有直說語氣、條件語氣、假設語氣、祈使語氣這四種,並沒有詳細講過疑問句和感嘆句應該歸入整個文法體系的哪個知識點,然而坊間很多文法書都會涉及到疑問句和感嘆句。
    實在非常困惑,希望老師能解答我的問題,謝謝。

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    1. 疑問句與感嘆句不屬於語氣,而是比較基本的文法構造,應單獨看待

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  46. 請問「疑問句」、「感嘆句」是否從屬於四大語氣(直說語氣、條件語氣、假設語氣、祈使語氣)?如果是,那麼「疑問句」、「感嘆句」分別屬於哪種語氣?

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  47. He was dressed by his valet this morning.
    老師說過,把be動詞單獨看,be動詞後面的dressed看作形容詞補語,也就是S-V-C句型。
    傳統文法說,文法助動詞包括be,do,have這三個。如果使用老師的文法體系,我們可否可以這麼說,文法助動詞只有do和have這兩個,沒有be,因為我們把be當作動詞單獨看待?

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  48. 老師說過,wish和hope有區別,wish表示不大可能實現的事,常常用於非事實語氣。但是,人們卻常用它來表示祝願,如:We wish you a Merry Christmas.。既然用於不太可能實現的事,為何又用於祝福?

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    1. 「祝願」就是禱告上蒼、非人力所能控制。

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  49. 老師在《問不倒文法》第192頁講到這麼一個句子:He writes as if he was left-handed.(看他寫字有可能是左撇子。)[可能]。
    問題是:
    1.這個句子為什麼用過去式was?
    2.這個句子為什麼是介於事實與非事實之間的「可能」?如果是可能,那就是不確定語氣(條件語氣)了,可是我在這裡看不到任何語氣助動詞的存在。

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    1. 若此人不是左撇子,卻假裝左撇子寫字,應該說he writes as if he were left-handed。句中採用was,本身是比較不正式的用法,沒有很明確地表達「非事實」。這只是「沒有講清楚」,和「表達不確定語氣」不同。

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  50. 老師在《問不倒文法》第193頁講到這麼一個句子:It was high time he went to bed.(他早該上床了。)
    問題是:
    1.為什麼不用it is high time…?我認為,這裡用事實語氣很正常。
    2.為什麼不用he had gone to bed.?我認為,這裡用過去完成來表達過去時間的非事實語氣,也很合理。

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    1. 若是現在時間,應該是it is high time he went to bed。若是過去時間,就可以說it was high time he had gone to bed

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  51. 老師在《問不倒文法》第152頁和153分別講到這麼兩個句子:
    He is not a friend of mine.
    This car cann't go any faster than 120.
    老師僅僅說這裡的not是副詞用來做否定句。
    如果按照老師在課堂講的副詞種類:方法狀態的副詞、頻率副詞、分離副詞、地方副詞、時間副詞、介副詞、強調範圍的副詞、程度副詞、加強語氣的副詞、連接副詞。請問,這裡的not是裡面的哪一種副詞,是頻率副詞,還是程度副詞,還是其他?

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  52. 老師在《問不倒文法》第77頁講到,在某一段時間內,陸續有人死亡,那麼die這個動作就可以用完成式。如果說he has died for two years.,感覺好像是說「死亡」這個動作持續了兩年,這不是很準確的說法。
    但是,我經常看到有人使用die的完成式,比如CNBC有這麼一則新聞:Janet Reno, former US attorney general, has died.
    網址是https://www.cnbc.com/2016/11/07/janet-reno-former-us-attorney-general-has-died.html
    請問這又是為何?

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    1. 報這則新聞就是要通知觀眾「某人剛死了」,所以採用完成式是合理的

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  54. 關於「as if的非事實語氣」的提問。
    老師在《問不倒文法》第193頁講過這麼一個例句,He looked as if he were sick.,這是非事實語氣。如果用過去完成式的as if he had been sick,可以表達「似乎他在那時之前曾經生過一場病」,仍然是個事實的敘述,而非非事實語氣,最後老師用了were這個詞來清楚表達非事實語氣。這個解析我非常認可。
    1.
    We remember the accident vividly as if it happened only yesterday.
    看到某本文法書說,這裡用happened是非事實語氣。
    我的疑問是,事實應該是:it didn't happen only yesterday.改為非事實語氣應該是:it had happened only yesterday.。為什麼文法書說happened是非事實語氣?
    如果採取老師在《問不倒文法》第193頁講述的方法,使用過去式happened,會不會也不能清楚地表達非事實語氣(容易看成是事實語氣)?
    2.
    She was sitting quietly in the garden as if nothing had happened to her.(……好像沒有發生什麼事似的。)
    The woman talked eloquently about the accident as though she had witnessed the whole thing.(……好像她親眼看見這一事故。)
    文法書說,這兩個句子都是非事實語氣。
    請問,這兩個句子的had happened和had witnessed,難道不會像《問不倒文法》第193頁講過的那樣嗎,如果用過去完成式,也可以表達「在她坐在花園之前就發生了事、在她描述之前就發生了事故」,仍然是個事實的敘述,而不是非事實語氣?出現這種含糊不清的情況,非事實語氣應該怎麼辦?

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    1. 1
      比較正式的說法應該是had happened
      2
      你說的兩種詮釋,剛好表達方式相同,這就只能靠上下文與意思來區分:這兩句所說的顯然都不是事實(事實上something had happened; she had not witnessed the whole thing)。

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  55. 看到文法書說下面這兩個句子是非事實語氣。
    The door was pushed open; who should come in but the woman they were talking about.(門被推開了,進來的原來是他們正在談論的那個女人。)
    He stepped into a carve and what should he see but a tigress with her baby tigers.(他步入洞穴,你道他看見了什麼?——一隻母虎,帶著幾只虎仔。)
    我看不出,第一句的should come、第二句的should,哪裡有非事實語氣?請老師幫我看看這兩句話是否非事實語氣,如何判斷的。

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    1. 書上說錯了。這兩句都不屬於非事實語氣。should在此表達「出乎意料、竟然」,但發生的仍是事實。

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  56. 請問旋老師:
    Under no circumstances did John realize how easy it was.
    這句有錯嗎?

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    1. 文法沒錯,但意思不是很完整。例如:
      Under no circumstances should you leave the patient.
      「任何情況之下都絕不能離開病人身邊。」
      意思是「絕不可如何」,但你問的那個句子不是這個邏輯。

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  57. 旋老師您好,我之前提問:「疑問句」、「感嘆句」是事實語氣還是其他語氣。你一開始回復說,屬於事實語氣,後來又說不屬於語氣。我更困惑了。
    我想,英文的語氣既然能分為四大類,那麼說明每一個英文句子都逃不出四大語氣的範疇,可是你一開始說「疑問句」、「感嘆句」屬於事實語氣,後來又說不屬於。

    匿名 2019年7月27日 上午8:11
    請問「疑問句」、「感嘆句」是否從屬於四大語氣(直說語氣、條件語氣、假設語氣、祈使語氣)?如果是,那麼「疑問句」、「感嘆句」分別屬於哪種語氣?
    旋元佑 2019年8月2日 上午1:30
    仍屬於事實語氣

    匿名 2019年7月27日 上午8:06
    老師你好。「疑問句」、「感嘆句」應該歸入英文文法體系裡面的哪個知識點?
    我看到有些文法書把疑問句和感嘆句分別歸入疑問語氣、感嘆語氣,但是在你的書和課堂上,語氣只有直說語氣、條件語氣、假設語氣、祈使語氣這四種,並沒有詳細講過疑問句和感嘆句應該歸入整個文法體系的哪個知識點,然而坊間很多文法書都會涉及到疑問句和感嘆句。
    實在非常困惑,希望老師能解答我的問題,謝謝。
    旋元佑 2019年8月2日 上午1:32
    疑問句與感嘆句不屬於語氣,而是比較基本的文法構造,應單獨看待

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    1. 我沒講清楚。語氣只有直說語氣、條件語氣、假設語氣(非事實)、祈使語氣這4種。疑問句與感嘆句並不構成一種新語氣,而都是屬於直說語氣(事實)

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  58. 老師您好
    Buttigieg has been ubiquitous by design. The campaign’s goal is to “break down the wall that exists between presidential candidates and the media, and therefore the public,” Smith says.
    1 先break down the wall that exists between presidential candidates and the media,然後才break down the wall that exists between presidential candidates and the public ?

    In the end, Buttigieg’s biggest gamble is his bet that voters are sick of a divided America and hungry for reconciliation. He believes independents and moderate conservatives could get behind a happily married Christian veteran. And he may be right. “Pete has a way of rallying people and getting them to come along with him,” says Jake Teshka, former executive director of the St. Joseph County GOP and the only Republican on the South Bend city council. “That’s what makes him dangerous as a candidate for the rest of the Democratic field. I can’t sit here and tell you that if he makes it through and he’s on the ballot in 2020 that I would vote for Pete. But I also can’t tell you that I won’t.”
    2 I can’t tell you that I would vote for Pete. But I also can’t tell you that I won’t.所要傳達的意思是 ?


    Today I’m here to talk to Ensler about a particularly difficult subject: her claim that her father physically and sexually assaulted her throughout her childhood, a topic she has historically evaded in interviews but is finally ready to address head-on. Thirty-one years after her father’s death, Ensler has written an apology to herself in his voice. That letter, spanning 112 pages, fills her physically slight but emotionally weighty book, The Apology, out May 14.

    ...Because every woman knows what it’s like to do a man’s emotional labor for him, and I’ve grown weary of that. Sure, I could write a fantasy of an apology. But I’d rather have no apology at all.
    3 do a man’s emotional labor for him是 write an apology to herself in his voice嗎?

    Divorce is the metaphor of the hour in the U.K., now three years in to a half-hearted attempt to extricate itself from the European.
    4Divorce is the metaphor of the hour的意思是 ?

    Though the characters are archetypal opposites, as scripted by Hornby and portrayed by the likable leads, they're also longtime spouses with a distinctive shared language of imagination and overanlysis.
    5as scripted的as感覺在這是多餘的 ? 因為這一個影集本來就是scripted by Hornby and portrayed by the likable leads,在此處又不是二個不同的影集的比較之類的 (as 有如同,像是的意思)
    謝謝老師

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    1. 1

      2
      Buttigieg是民主黨,說話的人是共和黨。他說的是Buttigieg的好處,然後加上一句「這樣說並不表示我會投他一票」(因為黨派不同),又說「也並不表示一定不投給他」(因為Buttigieg確實不錯)。
      3
      主要是如此。emotional labor主要是「心理的折磨、苦工」,但labor也有「產痛」的暗示。
      4
      「離婚是當紅的比喻」,表示大家都拿離婚來比喻「脫歐」。
      5
      還原為副詞子句as they are scripted by Hornby and portrayed by...「在Hornby編劇、某些人主演之下」,暗示「因為Hornby等人的創作所以才如此」。

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  59. 旋老師您好,我上了您的文法課之後,再搭配廣讀法,目前英文閱讀水平大大提高,IELTS已考到7.0。但是,我的Speaking很差,連讀弱讀爆破語流都搞不懂。
    您能給我推薦關於英文語音的教材或課程嗎?我希望能夠系統學習有關語音語調的知識,並且能改善我的Speaking,爭取發音更加native,說出來的句子更加好聽。

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    1. 建議先搜尋VOA learning English,到裏面去下載一些mp3檔來聽。都能夠聽懂之後,再去下載一些英文的有聲書來聽。聽了幾本有聲書之後,聽力沒有問題了,再來練習Speaking。

      屆時可以搜尋language exchange,會找到一些語言交換網站,屬於媒合平台的性質。上面可以找到一些英美人士想要學中文的。你可以用中文和他們交換。也就是:你教他們中文,他們教你英文,主要是練習會話。

      最好照上面的順序去做,才會比較紮實。

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  62. 老師,我之前問了一個問題(見下),我理解了你回復的兩個句子關於動詞的用法,但我仍然不理解老師在《問不倒文法》第193頁講到的這個「非事實語氣」的句子:It was high time he went to bed.(他早該上床了。)
    如果按照老師說的,這裡的It was high time表達過去時間,那麼為什麼要用he went to bed,而不是he had gone to bed?老師在書里說,這種句型不論主要子句的時態如何,從屬子句都是用過去式來表達「非事實」,請問這種解釋如何理解?

    wen 2019年7月31日 上午2:02
    老師在《問不倒文法》第193頁講到這麼一個句子:It was high time he went to bed.(他早該上床了。)
    問題是:
    1.為什麼不用it is high time…?我認為,這裡用事實語氣很正常。
    2.為什麼不用he had gone to bed.?我認為,這裡用過去完成來表達過去時間的非事實語氣,也很合理。

    旋元佑 2019年8月2日 上午1:25
    若是現在時間,應該是it is high time he went to bed。若是過去時間,就可以說it was high time he had gone to bed.

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    1. 正式的文法要求是說It was high time he had gone to bed.,但是在口語中很多人說went,雖不符合正式文法要求,但也可以接受。

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  64. 看到坊間的文法書說下面兩個句子是「非事實語氣」。
    To think that he would marry such a nasty woman!(想想看,他竟要和那種下流女人結婚!)
    To think that he should have deserted his wife and children!(想想看,他竟然離棄了老婆孩子!)
    問題1:
    第一句的would marry、第二句的should have deserted,有無「非事實語氣」?
    我的思考過程:
    我有時覺得,這兩個句子跟老師在2019年8月2日上午1:16解答的句子是一樣的思路,這兩句都不屬於非事實語氣。would和should在此表達「出乎意料、竟然」,但發生的仍是事實。請問老師,我這麼理解這兩個句子對嗎?
    有時又覺得,第一句想說的難道不是「他不該和女人結婚」嗎?第二句想說的,難道不是「他不應該離棄老婆孩子」嗎?如果這樣理解,那麼就是「說反話」,那麼他們應該歸入「非事實語氣」呀。
    問題2:
    如果第二句是「事實語氣」,為什麼要用should have deserted,不直接用should desert?

    問題3:
    That she should forget me so quickly was rather a shock.(她竟會這麼快地忘記我真人震驚。)
    There is not the remotest possibility of anyone's calling upon me, and that I should call upon anyone else is a thing undreamt of.(不可能有人來訪問我,至於我去拜訪別人,那是做夢也想不到的。)
    That I should see college student arrested for stealing!(我看到一位大學生因偷竊被捕,真是令人深思呀!)
    問題3的句子中,should forget、should call upon、should see是「非事實語氣」,還是should只表達「出乎意料、竟然」,但發生的仍是「事實」?為什麼?

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    1. 1
      我認為這兩句不屬於非事實語氣,而是「意外、想不到」,屬於語氣助動詞的猜測用法。
      2
      因為should無法表達「過去」。猜測用法的語氣助動詞,要搭配完成式才能「猜過去」。
      3
      與前面相同,屬於語氣助動詞的猜測用法,不屬於非事實語氣(因為真正發生了),而是表達「想不到竟然會…、猜不到…」

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  65. 老師說not是否定副詞,那麼我們是否應該在老師給出的10大副詞種類(方法狀態的副詞、頻率副詞、分離副詞、地方副詞、時間副詞、介副詞、強調範圍的副詞、程度副詞、加強語氣的副詞、連接副詞)裡面再添加一類:否定副詞,最終副詞共11種?還是,not本來就是10大副詞種類的某一種?如果not是10大副詞種類的某一種,請問是哪一種?

    wen 2019年7月31日 下午1:15
    老師在《問不倒文法》第152頁和153分別講到這麼兩個句子:
    He is not a friend of mine.
    This car cann't go any faster than 120.
    老師僅僅說這裡的not是副詞用來做否定句。
    如果按照老師在課堂講的副詞種類:方法狀態的副詞、頻率副詞、分離副詞、地方副詞、時間副詞、介副詞、強調範圍的副詞、程度副詞、加強語氣的副詞、連接副詞。請問,這裡的not是裡面的哪一種副詞,是頻率副詞,還是程度副詞,還是其他?

    旋元佑 2019年8月2日 上午1:23
    一般文法書稱為否定副詞

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  67. God bless you!
    God damn you! (該死的!)
    Heaven forbid! (天理不容!)
    Devil take him! (混蛋!)
    So be it. (但願如此/就這樣吧。)
    這裡不用blesses、damns、forbids、takes、is,是為何?動詞使用原形,貌似是「祈使語氣」?如果不是「祈使語氣」,請問這是什麼語氣?

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    1. 是祈使語氣,所以用原形動詞。也可以用May God bless you!來理解。

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  68. 老師你好,在黃金文法班講到「語態——何時需要被動態」這個知識點的時候,第一個例子講的是連貫性:由於主詞不一致所以不連貫。而且你說這裡講到的連貫性、清楚性、簡潔性都與修辭有關。
    後來我看了《修辭高峰會》這本書,你又講到,修辭的兩大准則是:清楚和簡潔,全書圍繞這清楚和簡潔兩大准則展開講述。

    我想問的問題是:「連貫性」是否從屬於「清楚性」或「簡潔性」?
    既然連貫性與修辭有關,在《修辭高峰會》裡面又講到修辭的兩大准則,所以連貫性應該是從屬於清楚性或簡潔性裡面的一個吧?感覺連貫性就是為了讓主詞一致,最終通過減化達到簡潔性的目的,我說的對嗎?

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    1. 沒錯。不過,具有連貫性的文字,本身也比較清楚。

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  69. 旋老師說過,現在分詞可表達主動語態、進行狀態。
    Though knowing the answer, he didn't say anything.
    (Though he knew the answer, he didn't say anything.)
    這個句子的現在分詞knowing並沒有進行的含義,請問為什麼說「現在分詞本身可以表達進行狀態」?

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    1. 現在分詞可以表達進行,但不一定要表達進行。它可達的是「主動and/or進行」,可作3種解釋:1.主動。2.進行。3.主動而且進行。

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  70. The door was pushed open; who should come in but the woman they were talking about.(門被推開了,進來的原來是他們正在談論的那個女人。)
    老師在2019年8月2日 上午1:16回復說, should在此表達「出乎意料、竟然」,但發生的仍是事實。
    問題1:請問這裡說的「但發生的仍是事實」,是指這個句子屬於事實語氣,抑或不確定語氣?
    為什麼這個句子讀了幾遍(那個女人已進來了呀),還是感受不到有「不確定」的含義?

    To think that he should have deserted his wife and children!(想想看,他竟然離棄了老婆孩子!)
    老師在2019年8月7日 下午2:24回復說,這個句子不屬於非事實語氣,而是「意外、想不到」,屬於語氣助動詞的猜測用法。
    問題2:既然是語氣助動詞的猜測用法,那麼就是不確定語氣了。為什麼這個句子讀了幾遍(他背棄老師孩子了呀),還是感受不到有「不確定」的含義?

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    1. 1
      字面上是「再也猜不到是誰走了進來」。當然「此人走進來」是事實,不過在走進來之前是「猜不到」,屬於語氣助動詞的猜測用法
      2
      和前面相同:「想不到他竟然會…」。事情是已經做了,是事實,但若不知道這件事,是絕對猜不出來的

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  71. 老師說not是否定副詞,那麼我們是否應該在老師給出的10大副詞種類(方法狀態的副詞、頻率副詞、分離副詞、地方副詞、時間副詞、介副詞、強調範圍的副詞、程度副詞、加強語氣的副詞、連接副詞)裡面再添加一類:否定副詞,最終副詞共11種?還是,not本來就是10大副詞種類的某一種?如果not是10大副詞種類的某一種,請問是哪一種?

    wen 2019年7月31日 下午1:15
    老師在《問不倒文法》第152頁和153分別講到這麼兩個句子:
    He is not a friend of mine.
    This car cann't go any faster than 120.
    老師僅僅說這裡的not是副詞用來做否定句。
    如果按照老師在課堂講的副詞種類:方法狀態的副詞、頻率副詞、分離副詞、地方副詞、時間副詞、介副詞、強調範圍的副詞、程度副詞、加強語氣的副詞、連接副詞。請問,這裡的not是裡面的哪一種副詞,是頻率副詞,還是程度副詞,還是其他?

    旋元佑 2019年8月2日 上午1:23
    一般文法書稱為否定副詞

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  72. 老師,像這樣的句子,如何分析句型?
    Knives are used to cut food, not to lift food to your mouth.
    The Inuit are used to living on ice.
    I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.
    句子一我認為是S(Knives)+V(are)+C(used),但是後面的to cut food, not to lift food to your mouth不知道如何分析。
    句子二我認為是S(The Inuit)+V(are)+C(used),但是後面的to living on ice不知道如何分析。
    句子三我認為是S(I)+V(am)+C(looking forward),但是後面的to hearing from you soon不知道如何分析。

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    1. 1
      Knives(S) are(V) used(C) to cut food...
      後面的to cut food是不定詞片語,修飾動詞are的目的,可以還原為副詞子句so that one can cut food...,表示「可以做什麼」
      2
      The Inuit(S) are(V) used(C) to living on ice.
      後面的to living on ice是介系詞片語,修飾used,表示「對…習慣了」。
      3
      I(S) am(V) looking(C) forward to hearing from you...
      後面的forward是介副詞,修飾looking(表示「向前看」)。to hearing...是介系詞片語,修飾looking(表示「朝著什麼看去」)

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  75. 老師講到「對等連接詞」的時候,說過這麼一句話:yet、otherwise、so可做連接詞,也可以做副詞,所以不算真正的連接詞。
    問題1
    這裡說yet、otherwise、so不算真正的連接詞,是指不算真正的「對等連接詞」,還是不算真正的「從屬連接詞」?
    問題2
    如果說它們不算真正的對等連接詞(由於具備兩個詞類),也就是暗示了他們如果做連接詞的時候具有對等意味,可是so實在看不出來有對等意味,有的話請能給我寫個例句嗎?韋氏詞典也查不到so有對等意味
    https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/so
    問題3
    otherwise在韋氏詞典查不到具有「連接詞」的詞類,但是在劍橋詞典能查到具有連接詞的詞類。想問詞典的問題,韋氏詞典查不到otherwise具有連接詞的詞類,是收錄不全面,還是「otherwise具有連接詞詞類」有爭議?
    https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/otherwise

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    1. 1
      有些文法書稱之為semi-coordinate conjunctions「準對等連接詞」
      2
      韋氏字典so底下1a的詞類是conjunction,但沒有分是對等還是從屬。把so稱為semi-coordinate conjunction是許多文法書裏面的分類
      3
      「對錯」往往並非絕對。有許多人這樣用,就可以認為是對的,有些字典就會收錄。但也有些人不這樣用。像是The Collins Dictionary of English Usage這種字典,會列出有百分之多少的人接受某種用法

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  76. Fliers (A)touting various candidates covered bulletin boards, students (B)discussing and debated hot (C)topics and a week (D)without some sort of political rally was a rarity.
    這個句子為什麼錯在B?B應該改成什麼?
    整句是什麼意思?我翻譯為「貼在公告欄吹噓各種候選人的傳單,討論和辯論熱門話題的學生,和沒有某種政治集會的一周是罕見的。」正確嗎?

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    1. 本題重點在於「對等連接詞要求平行對稱」。B應改為discussed and debated,成為3個對等的子句,如下:
      Fliers(S) ... covered(V) bulletin boards(O).
      Students(S) ... discussed and debated (V) hot topics(O).
      A week(S) ... was(V) a rarity(C).
      這3個對等子句可以用對等連接詞and連接成為一組合句。其中第2句discussed and debated需要兩個動詞,因為中間又有一個對等連接詞。
      你的翻譯正確。

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  80. 看到坊間有些書分類為四種:Yes/No questions、information questions、Alternative Question、Tag Question。
    可是也有人說只有兩種:Yes/No questions、information questions。而所謂的Alternative Question是根據「Yes/No questions+連接詞or」和「information questions+連接詞or」衍生的,Tag Question是減化後的Yes/no question。
    問題1
    新的文法觀念應該怎麼看待疑問句的分類?

    問題2
    That clock is slow, isn't it?
    這種Tag Question中間的「,」是否應該改為「.」?兩個限定子句之間沒有連接詞貌似是錯誤的,但是教科書都這麼寫。為什麼?

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    1. 1
      這取決於要分得多細,可以不必深究
      2
      tag question的逗點,功能有如括弧,裏面的tag question相當於一個插入句,可以有動詞

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  81. 老師您好
    Populists come in two stripes: those who are of the people they represent (Erdogan in Turkey, Bolsonaro in Brazil), and those who are merely exploiting the passions of those they are not actually part of
    1 those who are of the people為何要加個of,有of跟沒of在語意上有何差別 ?


    Taking a swipe at the socialist state, he famously said, “Government has no business being in business.”
    2與socialist相對的是capitalist, 所以Government has no business being in business的意思是政府不應干預經濟 ?

    Once hatred has been sanctioned, it is not always easy to isolate its target, and what the BJP has discovered to its dismay is that the same people who are willing to attack Muslims are only too willing to attack lower-caste Hindus as well.
    3 it is not always easy to isolate its target的意思是 ?


    Modi’s record on women’s issues is spotty. On the one hand, he made opportunity for women and their safety a key election issue (a 2018 report ranked the country the most dangerous place on earth for women); on the other hand, his attitude and that of his party men feels paternalistic. He caused outrage in 2015 when he said Sheikh Hasina, Bangladesh’s Prime Minister, had a good record on terrorism, “despite being a woman”; Modi’s deputy, Amit Shah, speaks of women as having the status of deities, ever the refuge of the religious chauvinist who is only too happy to revere women into silence. Yet Modi also appointed a woman Defense Minister.
    4 revere women into silence的意思是 ?


    If these contradictions are part of the unevenness of a society assimilating Western freedoms, it must be said that under Modi minorities of every stripe–from liberals and lower castes to Muslims and Christians–have come under assault. Far from his promise of development for all, he has achieved a state in which Indians are increasingly obsessed with their differences. If in 2014 he was able to exploit difference in order to create a climate of hope, in 2019 he is asking people to stave off their desperation by living for their differences alone
    5 If these contradictions …have come under assault.意思是: 造成these contradictions真正的原因是 under Modi minorities of every stripe–from liberals and lower castes to Muslims and Christians–have come under assault. ?

    6 obsessed with their differences.的their differences.是指iberals and lower castes to Muslims and Christians及Hindu 嗎?


    What Modi cannot–or will not–do is tell India the hard truth that if she wishes to be a great power, and not a Hindu theocracy, the medieval Indian past, mired in superstition and magic, must go under. It is not enough to be more truly oneself. “In India, as in Europe,” wrote the great Sri Lankan historian A.K. Coomaraswamy, “the vestiges of ancient civilization must be renounced: we are called from the past and must make our home in the future. But to understand, to endorse with passionate conviction, and to love what we have left behind us is the only possible foundation for power.” The desperation that underlies Modi’s India is that of people clinging to the past, ill-equipped for the modern world, people in whom the zealous love of country stands in for real confidence.
    7既然It is not enough to be more truly oneself,那為什麼還要 the vestiges of ancient civilization must be renounced?感覺很矛盾 ?因為more truly oneself不是指the medieval Indian past嗎

    8 The desperation that underlies Modi’s India is that of people為何要加of ,不加可以嗎
    謝謝老師

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    1. 1
      若說those who are the people,那麼those就是the people(名詞補語要和主詞全等)。若說those who are of the people,意思相當於those who are among the people,主詞補語是介系詞片語的修飾語,就不必全等了
      2
      是。直譯是「政府不該做生意」
      3
      「一旦採用仇恨為手段,就很難局限仇恨的對象」。政府准許人民仇恨A,但人民接下來很可能會去仇恨B
      4
      把婦女奉為神明,所以婦女就不再是人、不能再發表意見了
      5
      有因果關係,但不是太明顯。「這些矛盾可以說是社會變遷之下無法避免的現象,但是也別忘了,Modi的統治大幅加深了各種的矛盾」
      6
      their的先行詞是Indians,所以包括所有的印度人
      7
      這跟文革時代「打倒孔家店」的主張一樣:儒家思想是truly Chinese,但是not enough,所以需要改革、需要現代化:引進西方的民主與科學
      8
      that的先行詞是desperation,所以句子就是the desperation that underlies Modi's India is the desperation of a certain kind of people...

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  82. As far as I know, your friend had no part in the scandal.
    As long as there is ammunition left, we will fight on.
    旋老師您好,以上兩個句子裡面的副詞子句As far as I know和As long as there is ammunition left,如果一定要還原比較級,請問每個句子如何還原成兩個平行對稱的單句?
    我感覺還原太難了,我還原不出來兩個平行對稱的單句。

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    1. as far as和as long as分別已經成為一組連接詞,不需要還原

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  83. 老師講過,當so that表達目的,so可以省略。比如:The school decided to send more examiners (so) that the students wouldn't cheat.。
    我想請問,當so that表達結果,so可以省略嗎?比如:There were three examiners in the small room, so that no student dared to cheat.

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    1. 若表示結果,只可省略that,成為so...

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  84. 問題1
    You can stay on for as many days as you like.
    副詞子句as you like是修飾程度副詞as,還是修飾限定詞many?我認為,片語as many裡面,many為主要元素,看作副詞子句as you like修飾限定詞many更合理,我的觀點對嗎?
    還是應該理解為:從屬子句as you like先修飾程度副詞as,從而成為「as … as」的副詞子句,然後「as … as」的副詞子句再修飾限定詞many?

    問題2
    It was so cold that the lake was frozen through.
    副詞子句that the lake was frozen through是修飾程度副詞so,還是修飾形容詞cold?我認為,形容詞片語so cold裡面,形容詞cold為主要元素,看作副詞子句that the lake was frozen through修飾形容詞cold更合理,我的觀點對嗎?
    還是應該理解為:從屬子句that the lake was frozen through先修飾程度副詞so,從而形成「so … that」的副詞子句,然後「so … that」的副詞子句再修飾形容詞cold?

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    1. 1
      副詞子句as you like修飾程度副詞as,後者修飾限定詞many
      2
      that子句修飾程度副詞so造成的結果,後者修飾形容詞cold

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  85. 老師講授副詞種類的時候,列出了十種副詞:方法狀態的副詞、頻率副詞、分離副詞、地方副詞、時間副詞、介副詞、強調範圍的副詞、程度副詞、加強語氣的副詞、連接副詞。
    但是在講到副詞子句的時候,出現一些as long as表示條件的副詞子句、because表示原因的副詞子句、In case (that)表示目的的副詞子句、in that作解說之用的副詞子句、only that表示讓步的副詞子句、so that表示結果的副詞子句。
    這些副詞子句的種類和副詞的種類並非一一對應,這讓我對副詞的種類和副詞子句的種類很困惑,感覺紛繁複雜難以掌握。
    請問老師,副詞子句的種類和副詞的種類有何關係?還是沒有關係的?

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    1. 一般文法書對副詞子句的分類,採用的是它表示的邏輯關係。只要知道連接詞的意思,這些分類並不重要

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  86. 旋元佑 2019年8月16日 下午6:42
    1
    副詞子句as you like修飾程度副詞as,後者修飾限定詞many
    2
    that子句修飾程度副詞so造成的結果,後者修飾形容詞cold

    請問老師,你這裡回復說的「後者」,是指1.as … as(後者)修飾限定詞many,還是程度副詞as(後者)修飾限定詞many?2.so that(後者)修飾形容詞cold,還是程度副詞so(後者)修飾形容詞cold?

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    1. 1
      後者指的是程度副詞as:as修飾many,後接as you like
      2
      後者指的是程度副詞so:so修飾cold,後接that

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  88. 以下是坊間某文法書講述「准關係代名詞」的5個例句,句1至句3是as,句4至句5是but,我無法理解。

    1.This is the same watch as I lost last week.(這個表和我上個禮拜弄丟的表一樣。)
    2.Don't eat such food as will make you fat.(不要吃會讓你變胖的食物。)
    3.He is as great a thinker as ever lived.(身為一個思想家,他和史上其他思想家一樣偉大。)

    4.There is no rule but has exceptions.(沒有沒有例外的規則。)
    5.I know of no kid but loves Harry Potter.(據我所知,沒有不喜歡哈利波特的小孩。)

    問題:

    句1的as是什麼?有何作用?引導的子句是什麼子句?

    句2的as是什麼?有何作用?引導的子句是什麼子句?句2可否看作as引導原因副詞子句(省略了主詞food)?

    句3,第一步還原成兩個平行對稱的簡單句是:He is a great thinker. The great thinkers ever lived.;第二步:用連接詞連接兩個單句,變成復句,即:He is as great a thinker as the great thinkers ever lived.;第三步:觀察比較點(great),如果比較點重復,就要省略從屬子句裡面的比較點;第四步:精簡。
    不理解的地方是第三步和第四步。請問最終的句子He is as great a thinker as ever lived.,應該算第三步省略比較點還是第四步精簡?因為第三步比較點所在的名詞片語a great thinker和the great thinkers並不重復,前者指一個思想家,後者指所有思想家,我想著,是否把最終的句子看作第四步精簡(省略主詞the great thinkers)變化得來會更好?

    句4和句5的but如何理解,是否由哪些句子減化而來的?

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    1. 有些文法書中有「準關係代名詞」一說,我認為只是省略的結果。提出「準關代」一說的人主張:準關係代名詞有than, as, but這三個。它的功能很像關係代名詞,但是又不完全一樣,所以稱之為準關係代名詞。以下分別處理。

      Than

      先看一下這個例子:

      The theory raised more questions than it answered.
      這個理論,引起的問題比它解答的問題更多。

      從屬子句than it answered中,及物動詞answered需要有受詞(questions),句型才算完整。如果認定than兼具連接詞與代名詞的功能、代表先行詞questions,在從屬子句中擔任answered的受詞角色,那麼這種雙重角色就很像關係代名詞的雙重角色,因此有人主張把這個than稱為準關係代名詞。

      不過,深入探討這個句子的結構,把省略的部分還原,可以發現它原本是下面這個句子:

      The theory raised more questions than the questions [that it answered].
      1 2 3 關係子句

      比較級的連接詞than要求平行對稱:問題只能與問題相比(看是哪邊比較多)。所以,than的前面本來是many questions,後面也是同一個名詞the questions,中括弧內的關係子句修飾先行詞,裏面的關係代名詞that還是代表the questions。上句中標示出1, 2, 3的部分,就是連續三次的重複。碰到這種情況,通常會把2, 3兩個位置省略,只留下1,結果就成為The theory raised more questions than it answered.,也就是原來那個句子。所以,上句中標出第3的那個that才是真正的關係代名詞。than原本是比較級副詞子句外加的從屬連接詞。只是經過省略之後,原始面貌看不清楚了,than才會看起來有點像關係代名詞。

      As

      As的情況與than基本上相同:

      Her performance is as good as can be expected.
      她的表現和可以預期的一樣。

      從屬子句as can be expected裏面看起來沒有主詞,而唯一有可能當主詞的as又是個連接詞。如果認定as兼具連接詞與代名詞的功能、代表先行詞her performance,在從屬子句中擔任主詞的角色,這種雙重角色就很像關係代名詞,因此才會產生準關係代名詞一說。

      如果把省略的部分還原,可以發現它原本是下面這個句子:

      Her performance is as good as the performance [that can be expected].
      1 2 3 關係子句

      比較級連接詞as和than一樣,也要求平行對稱:performance就要與performance相比(看是哪邊比較好)。所以,as的前後(1與2的位置)分別有兩個performance拿來相比,而位置3的that則是真正的關係代名詞、代表先行詞(位置2的the performance),中括弧內是真正的關係子句。同樣的,因為標示出1, 2, 3的部分造成連續三次的重複,所以要把2, 3兩個位置省略,只留下1,結果就成為Her performance is as good as can be expected.,也就是原來那個句子。所以,as原本是副詞子句外加的從屬連接詞。經過省略之後才會看起來有點像關係代名詞。

      But

      第三個準關係代名詞是but,它是個對等連接詞。but與前面兩個than和as,之間有個共同點:比較級要求平行對稱、連等連接詞也要求平行對稱,所以後面再搭配關係子句時容易產生出連續三次的重複,經過省略之後就會造成準關係代名詞的假像。例如:

      There is no one but knows this.
      此事無人不知。

      乍看之下,but knows this這個部分缺了主詞。如果認定but這個連接詞兼具有代名詞功能、代表先行詞one、擔任子句主詞的角色,那麼這種雙重角色就很像關係代名詞,所以稱之為準關係代名詞。

      要真正理解這個句子的構造,應該先把被省略掉的部分還原,就可以清楚看到它的原貌:

      There is no one but the one [who knows this].
      1 2 3 關係子句

      對等連接詞but要求平行對稱,所以造成1, 2這兩個位置是重複的one。後面的who(位置3)是真正的關係代名詞、代表先行詞the one,因而造成第三次重複,中括弧內是真正的關係子句、修飾先行詞the one。因為一連三次的重複,所以要把位置2與3省略,造成的結果就是There is no one but knows this.,也就是原來那個句子。

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  89. Both my brother and his wife are computer programmers.
    請問老師,以上這個句子中的both是副詞還是限定詞還是其他詞類,有何用途(如果是副詞,那麼both是修飾名詞brother and wife還是動詞are?如果是限定詞,那麼是構成名詞片語both my brother的一部分嗎?)?
    我在上課筆記旁邊寫了副詞,後來查了詞典,發現both並沒有副詞功能。

    In his spare time he either reads novels or browses the internet.
    這個句子的either是什麼詞類,有何作用?

    Neither he nor his wife voted in the last election.
    這個句子的neither是什麼詞類,有何作用?

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    1. 韋氏字典是把both...and, either...or, neither...or分別視為一組連接詞,也就是在both my brother and his wife中,both與and都是連接詞。也有些文法書把and當作連接詞、both當作副詞

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  90. Can you hurry up? I don’t have a lot of time.

    問題1
    a lot和lots是表示多少的詞。請問老師,它們是後位限定詞嗎?
    如果它們不是限定詞,那麼它們是什麼詞性?應該作何理解,有何用途?
    我在韋氏詞典和劍橋詞典查到a lot和lots都是名詞,但是在劍橋詞典的文法裡面查到,它也可以是限定詞,這讓我非常困惑,無法確定這樣的句子中a lot of究竟是什麼東西: I don’t have a lot of time.。
    https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/lot?q=a+lot+of

    https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/quantifiers/much-many-a-lot-of-lots-of-quantifiers
    「We use the quantifiers much, many, a lot of, lots of to talk about quantities, amounts and degree. We can use them with a noun (as a ‘determiner’) or without a noun (as a pronoun).」

    問題2
    老師講過介繫詞片語「of+n」當無生物時的所有格,如果把介繫詞片語of time看作所有格的一種,可是所有格是中位限定詞,表示多少的a lot是後位限定詞(如果承認a lot是後位限定詞的話),為什麼可以先後位再中位,即「後位限定詞(a lot)+中位限定詞(of)+名詞(time)」?

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    1. 1
      有兩種看法。第1,若把lot當作名詞,那麼a lot就是個名詞片語,意思是「一堆」。後面如果接of books,那是介系詞片語,修飾a lot。第2,把a lot of視為片語形狀的限定詞,功能如同a few, some, several,也就是字典中所謂的quantifier(量詞),那麼a lot of books就是一個名詞片語,其中a lot of是限定詞、books是名詞。這兩種看法都有道理。
      2
      無生物的所有格用介系詞片語表示,那是像books of the library「圖書館的書」這種情況。但並非所有的介系詞片語都是無生物的所有格。在a lot of time當中,若把of time視為介系詞片語,那就是一個修飾語,用來形容a lot,並非所有格

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  92. 老師您好
    The nuance was wasted on MBS. Beginning in March 2018, the crown prince would spend weeks touring the U.S. in a charm offensive meant to rebrand the desert kingdom as a startup worthy of Western investment. But to Saudis, he showed an iron fist, jailing scores of advocates and independent thinkers, including female activists who supported his most famous reform, allowing Saudi women to drive.
    1 the crown prince would spend weeks…是正面的形象(1),而he showed an iron fist…是負面形象(2)。因為在正面的形象中,有charm offensive,所以(1)就顯得有有負面的意思。所以(1)跟(2)都有負面的意思,但有些許的差別,這個就是首句的The nuance 。 而且又有charm offensive等字眼,所以就是wasted了。不知上列的分析是否正確?


    (1)It still wasn’t enough. Maura and Lena were born on March 2, about two months after their dad was discharged. They were just over 3 lb. each, and both suffered from a minor brain bleed. Lyles exhausted her allotted paid maternity leave before the girls even came home from the neonatal intensive-care unit in April. Though the couple is anxious about the coming deluge of medical bills, Lyles has little choice but to use unpaid leave now too, to care for her premature twins.
    (2) Lyles saved all her paid leave to care for the twins, but it barely lasted beyond their hospital stay.

    2 (1)是雜誌的內文,而(2)是caption。可是在(1)中說. Lyles exhausted her allotted paid maternity leave before the girls even came home from the neonatal intensive-care unit。但(2)說paid leave剛好可以lasted beyond their hospital stay.。感覺(1)與(2)不一致 ?



    For some, Klaver and Baudet are mirror images on opposite ends of the political spectrum: young, charismatic and often too eager to portray complex politics in black-and-white terms .
    3冒號後面是兩個人共同的特點,但為何有說on opposite ends … 如果是on opposite ends …,不就表示兩人的特點差很大嗎?

    Of course it’s nice to have a show that can serve as a cultural lingua franca, especially now that Americans of different ages, races, religions, regions, countries of origin, genders, sexualities and education levels so rarely seem to understand each other. Yet I can’t say I’ll really miss that shared experience when all we’re ever talking about is whether an ice dragon can kill a fire dragon and who (if anyone) will end up on the Iron Throne. In any case, amid a TV landscape whose dizzying expansion has fostered scores of “niche” shows that speak to so many different kinds of people, it seems crazy to go to pieces over the loss of Game of Thrones. If the price of variety and visibility is consensus, I’m happy to pay it.
    4 If the price of variety and visibility is consensus, I’m happy to pay it.
    的意思是 ?

    Not that all of the attention has made her terribly impressed. She indulges a brief smile at a mention of President Barack Obama’s tweet in praise of her, but she returns quickly to her larger message. “I believe that once we start behaving as if we were in an existential crisis, then we can avoid a climate and ecological breakdown,” she says. “But the opportunity to do so will not last for long. We have to start today.”
    5Not all of the attention是並非所有的attention。那原句Not that all of..有that. 感覺就對that all of the attention has made her terribly impressed這一句話加了個否定,也就是all of the attention has Not made her terribly impressed. ?

    謝謝老師

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    1. 1
      the nuance所指的應該是上文所說:某人表示支持MBS,但有些保留、甚至帶一點點諷剌。接下來說the nuance was wasted on MBS,就是MBS根本聽不懂話中的諷刺,因為他雖然對西方國家展開笑臉攻勢,但是在國內依舊是施展鐵腕,完全沒有悔改的跡象。
      2
      barely是否定語氣(勉強、幾乎不能),所以這兩處的內容雖有點不一致,但是還不嚴重。
      3
      兩人在政治光譜上分處兩端,意思是一個是極左派、一個是極右派。但是兩人的行事作風卻很相似。
      4
      「付出『共識』為代價、以求換取『多樣性』與『能見度』」。美國有各色人種、各種不同的文化、不同的政治立場,但是所有的美國人都愛看A Song of Ice and Fire,所以這個能夠打造共識劇集終於播完了是很可惜的事。但是電視界五花八門、百家爭鳴,少了一部A Song of Ice and Fire,讓許許多多不同的節目能夠出頭,這還是划得來的買賣。
      5
      not that是it is not that「倒不是說…」的省略。例如:I'm voting for Trump in the coming election. Not that I like the man. I'm voting for him because he can handle the economy well.

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  95. 旋老師你好。
    「人稱代名詞的所有格」my/our/your/his/her/its/their都是「限定詞」,為什麼這些詞也叫「人稱代名詞」?我理解的代名詞應該是替代名詞的詞,這些詞僅僅是限定詞,無法直接替代名詞,稱這些詞為「人稱代名詞」是錯誤的說法嗎?

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    1. 例如the student ... his books的搭配。其中his代替的名詞(先行詞)是the student,所以相當於the student's。用his替代,所以仍然具有代名詞的功能

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  96. 請問老師,既然復合關係代名詞是由「空的先行詞+關係代名詞」合併而成的,那麼,為什麼不用這個思路來分析Whenever, wherever, however呢,卻用wh-ever = no matter wh-來分析?比如課堂上的例句:

    Whenever (or no matter when) he gets angry, he counts to 10.
    = He counts to 10 at the time when he gets angry.(at the time when = whenever)

    You'll never find a place like home, wherever (or no matter where) you go.
    = You'll never find a place like home at any place where you go.(at any place where = wherever)

    He can never beat his rival, however hard (or no matter how hard) he tries.
    = He can never beat his rival in any way how hard he tries.(in any way how = however)

    請問,以上Whenever, wherever, however這些詞可否叫做復合關係副詞?能否用上述我提出的方法來分析?老師在課程上不按照復合關係代名詞的分析邏輯來分析復合關係副詞,是有什麼考量嗎(是這種分析方法不夠周延嗎)?

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    1. 這樣講似乎也通,但沒有人這樣講過

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  97. There are (A) way few jobs in banking (B) at the moment that you're not (C) really in a position (D) to pick and choose.
    請問老師,這道題(A) way應該怎麼改才是正確的?

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    1. 改為so。因為so...that的搭配也是一組相關字組,屬於從屬連接詞

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  98. books of the library「圖書館的書」,其中,介繫詞片語of the library是限定詞。
    請問老師,限定詞也屬於修飾語中的一種嗎?我記得老師之前說過修飾語可以做形容詞和副詞,但很少說過修飾語可以做限定詞。

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    1. 若把of the library視為「無生物的所有格」,那麼它的功能相當於所有格限定詞,就不是一般的修飾語了。若把它視為普通的介系詞片語,那它就是一般的修飾語

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  99. Both my brother and his wife are computer programmers.
    如果把both當作副詞,請問,both是修飾名詞brother and wife還是動詞are?

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    1. 字典上多半把both...and視為一組連接詞看待。若把both視為副詞,應該是修飾my brother and his wife

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  100. 旋老師你好,請問對等連接詞的相關字組(Correlatives)包括not … but …嗎?比如:
    It's not you but George who is to blame.(該受責備的不是你,而是喬治。)
    The key was not on the table but in the drawer.(鑰匙不是在桌上,而是在抽屜裡。)
    He quit not because he wanted to but because he had to. (他之所以辭職,並不是因爲他想辭職,而是因爲他不得不辭職。)

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  102. 1.
    This university cannot take in as many students as meet its requirements.
    這裡的副詞子句「as meet its requirements.」很容易看出來省略了主詞many students,我們也不會從倒裝的角度考慮。

    2.
    My uncle loves his cat more than his wife, who keeps a singing canary and two talking parrots, does.
    我認為這種句子最好不要倒裝,把動詞does放到副詞子句的主詞後面就是最好的,即:My uncle loves his cat more than his wife does, who keeps a singing canary and two talking parrots.
    如果改成這樣的句子:My uncle loves his cat more than does his wife, who keeps a singing canary and two talking parrots.,會造成模稜兩可的情況。我們乍一看,既可以如同句1的分析思路理解為:My uncle loves his cat more than (my uncle) does his wife, who keeps a singing canary and two talking parrots.(舅舅愛老婆。),也可以理解為「My uncle loves his cat more than his wife, who keeps a singing canary and two talking parrots, does.(老婆愛貓。)」倒裝後的句子。

    請問老師,我在「2.」裡面的說法正確嗎?我始終覺得這種句子按照老師說的倒裝做法不太好,最好是不倒裝。

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    1. 你的寫法也正確。但是,只有寫成my uncle loves his cat more than he does his wife才能解釋為「愛老婆」。若倒裝成為my uncle loves his cat more than does his wife就只能解釋為「老婆愛貓」。

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  103. 句子1:It is important that one be honest.
    句子2:It is important to be honest.
    復習以前的筆記時,發現這裡有疑問。記得當時老師說過這裡的命令語氣be honest最接近不確定語氣should be honest。
    可是,命令語氣終究不是不確定語氣,句子1為什麼能減化為句子2的不定詞片語to be honest?

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    1. 除了選擇最接近的,沒有別的辦法

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  104. 1.
    The husband worked overtime in order that he could support a big family.
    The husband worked overtime (in order) to support a big family.
    2.
    The speaker raised his voice in order that everyone might hear him.

    旋老師您好,「1」可以把從屬子句(in order that …)減化為(in order) to,是因為主詞相同才可以這麼減化嗎?
    「2」裡面主詞不同,是否就無法把從屬子句(in order that …)減化為(in order) to?「2」這種句子有什麼辦法進行減化嗎?
    最後,我們能否得出這樣的文法規則:in order that引導的從屬子句,如果主詞相同,就可以減化為(in order) to,如果主詞不同,就只能保留從屬子句(in order that …)?

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    1. 可以這樣減化:in order for everyone to hear him。這個情況和I'm looking for a motorcycle for my wife to ride一樣:不定詞的主詞是誰,只要會意即可,不一定要和主要子句的主詞相同。但如果需要交代,可以用for somebody to do something來表示

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  107. 句1:This question is difficult to answer.(問題太難,不能解答。)
    句2:This question is too difficult to answer.(問題太難,以至於不能解答。)
    句3:This question is so difficult that we can’t answer.(問題太難,以至於我們不能解答。)
    句4:This question is too difficult to be answered.(問題太難,以至於不能解答。)
    句5:This question is so difficult that it can’t be answered.(問題太難,以至於不能解答。)

    句6:This question is easy to answer.(問題太簡單,可以解答。)
    句7:This question is too easy for a college student to answer.(問題對一個大學生而言太容易回答了。)

    問題一
    老師說過,副詞子句減化為不定詞,對於主詞相同的要求比較低,只要意思清楚,主詞可以不必相同。
句2是否為句3的減化結果?
    如果是,句2是否可以理解為:This question is too difficult (for us) to answer.,即:省略了介繫詞片語for us?如此理解是否具有周延性?
    如果承認這種理解,那麼副詞子句減化為不定詞,對「主詞相同的要求比較低」這一說法也可以修正了,可以說成:既可以保持主詞相同,也可以主詞不同,如果主詞不同,那麼就是省略了介繫詞片語for sb。

    問題二
    句2的「too … to」翻譯為「太……以至於不能……」,句7的「too … to」卻翻譯為「太……可以……」?句型都一樣,翻譯卻不同,為什麼?如何理解?

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    1. 1
      所謂要求較低,意思就是不嚴格要求一定要相同,只要能夠會意即可,這和你的詮釋其實是一樣的
      2
      too同樣都表示「過度」。若是too difficult「難得過度」,就會答不出來。若是too easy「簡單過度」,就是不必找大學生來回答

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  108. 句1:If the river rises above the red line, the village will be evacuated.
    句2:In case of the river rising above the red line, the village will be evacuated.

    不太明白rising above the red line究竟是什麼,忽然出現在名詞後面,感到很奇怪。
    請問老師,句2裡面的rising above the red line,是作"後位修飾的形容詞"修飾前面的名詞the river(我們在「單元三 修飾語」講到「後位修飾的形容詞」時,沒有講過像rising above the red line這種片語可以作為後位修飾的形容詞)?還是作關係子句that is rising above the red line的減化?

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    1. 分詞片語,修飾the river。單元三:修飾語中說到的形容詞位置,指的是單字形狀的形容詞。rising above the red line是片語,不能放在名詞前面

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  109. Holding the philosophy that medicine is a human experience, Dr. Mars placed the course 「Medicine in Society」 in the core curriculum of the medical school.

    問題1
    請問以上這個句子是否還原為:Because he hold the philosophy that medicine is a human experience, Dr. Mars placed the course 「Medicine in Society」 in the core curriculum of the medical school.

    問題2
    請問He hold the philosophy that medicine is a human experience.,是句型S-V-O,還是句型S-V-O-C?
    這個句子裡面,that medicine is a human experience是作為the philosophy的同位格,還是作為受詞the philosophy的補語?

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    1. 1
      he hold改為he holds,其餘正確
      2
      SVO,後面的that子句是同位格

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