Hi 老師, 最新一期的time解讀，其中有一句是這樣的 ..and experts warn that fresh sense of panic could shake years of breakneck growth in Miami real estate and threaten a regional economy that depends on a robust real estate sector. 老師您解釋說為fresh sense是單數可數名詞，需要加a/the/this/that做限定詞，所以that其實是fresh sense of panic的限定詞
學生想請問的是
...could shake years of breakneck growth in Miami real estate and threaten a regional economy that depends on a robust real estate sector.
後面這句是以關係代名詞that or which所引導的關係子句？是否是修飾that fresh sense of panic這個名詞片語？
...experts warn (that) that fresh sense of panic could shake years of breakneck growth in Miami real estate and threaten a regional economy that depends on a robust real estate sector.
其中that fresh sense of panic could shake years of breakneck growth in Miami real estate and threaten a regional economy是名詞子句，前面還省略了從屬連接詞that。接下來that depends on a robust real estate sector是關係子句（形容詞子句），修飾先行詞a gegional economy
1. 老師您說過分析比較句法的第一步是寫成兩個平行對稱的子句，但是旋元佑文法裡把The theory raised more questions than it answered. 還原成The theory raised more questions than the questions that it answered. 連接詞than後面是名詞片語，不是句子，請問這是怎麼回事呢?
2. I interpreted his behavior as indicating that he disliked me. 這句可以還原成I interpreted his behavior as something that indicated that he disliked me.看起來跟準關係代名詞的省略很像。我是否能依樣畫葫蘆，省略重複的something跟that，把句子寫成「I interpreted his behavior as indicated that he disliked me.」?
3. Your help has been invaluable to me. Your help is invaluable to me. 就語意來說，用完成式跟現在式的差別在哪裡呢?
1 兩個單句是： The theory raised many questions. It answered many questions. 可以直接合併為 The theory raised more questions than it answered. 2 一般會把這個as視為介系詞，後面用動名詞當受詞。但是當作準關代也講得通，所以你的句子也可以。 3 has been表示「到現在為止」。is則是「事實敘述」，不受時間限制。
第一部分的例句 He likes basketball. So do I. 老師在《文法》P503說，助動詞do取代「動詞likes」。 老師在文法課堂卻說：do取代「述語likes basketball」。
第二部分的例句 Although the new regulations allow them to do 「it」, high school graduates seldom go abroad for higher education. 老師在寫作課第一堂講到這個句子，說「代名詞it找不到對應的先行詞（名詞）」，所以這裡的代名詞it要改為代副詞so，取代副詞abroad和介系詞片語for higher education。
問題： 1. （1）第一部分的例句中，助動詞do是取代「動詞likes」，還是取代「述語likes basketball」？ （2）如果（1）的結論是：助動詞do取代「動詞likes」，請問So do I.裡面為什麼沒有出現代名詞it（代名詞it取代先行詞basketball），变成So it do I.或者So do it I.？
2. 第二部分的例句中，如果把副詞so去掉（畢竟副詞只是可有可無的修飾語），變成： Although the new regulations allow them to do, high school graduates seldom go abroad for higher education. 可以嗎？
I am told that if you construct a perfectly fitted engine—the piston fitting the cylinder with absolute accuracy and the axles their sockets with no space between, &c.—it will not work, but be a lifeless mass of iron.
問題1 是否還原為： I am told that if you construct a perfectly fitted engine—the piston fitting the cylinder with absolute accuracy and the axles 「fitting」 their sockets with no space between, &c.—it will not work, but be a lifeless mass of iron.
問題2 （1）the piston fitting the cylinder with absolute accuracy，是否來自形容詞子句的減化：the piston which fits (注：the piston第三人稱單數，動詞加s) the cylinder with absolute accuracy？ （2）the axles 「fitting」 their sockets with no space，是否來自形容詞子句的減化：the axles which fit (注：axles複數，動詞不加s) their sockets with no space?
1 是 2 不是。還原為兩個限定子句the piston "fitted" the cylinder with absolute accuracy and the axles "fitted" their sockets with no space between。因為放在括弧式的一對破折號中，所以不需要連接詞 3 &c. 是拉丁文片語et cetera，可縮寫為etc.「等等」。et是拉丁文的and。另外，with no space between意思是with no space between the axles and their sockets。
寫作課堂的例句 You must be prepared to change everything about yourself—shape, size, color, species affiliation, everything—and to do so repeatedly.
問題1 是否還原為： You must be prepared to change everything about yourself—shape, size, color, species affiliation, everything—and you 「must be prepared」 to do so repeatedly.？
問題2 （1）如果還原為you 「must be prepared」 to do so repeatedly.，請問everything about yourself哪裡去了？ （2）to do so裡面的副詞so是替代什麼？ （助動詞do替代動詞change，只剩下代名詞everything和介繫詞片語about yourself沒有替代，副詞so貌似不能替代名詞everything和介系詞片語about yourself吧？）
寫作課例句 At a vast tract of uninhabited desert in southern Nevada, hundreds of moonlike craters dimple the wasteland, remnants of Cold War nuclear explosions that melted the bedrock and fused the sand to ensure that America could take part in the unthinkable: global thermonuclear war.
問題1 以下兩種還原方式，哪種對？ 第一種：At a vast tract of uninhabited desert in southern Nevada, hundreds of moonlike craters dimple the wasteland, 「which is」 remnants of Cold War nuclear explosions that melted the bedrock and fused the sand to ensure that America could take part in the unthinkable: global thermonuclear war. 第二種：At a vast tract of uninhabited desert in southern Nevada, hundreds of moonlike craters dimple the wasteland, 「which are」 remnants of Cold War nuclear explosions that melted the bedrock and fused the sand to ensure that America could take part in the unthinkable: global thermonuclear war.
寫作課例句 In the end, the global economy ushered in 2016 with Wall Street’s worst five-day start in history, one killer New Year’s hangover.
問題1 是否還原為： In the end, the global economy ushered in 2016 with Wall Street’s worst five-day start in history, 「which was」 one killer New Year’s hangover.？
問題2 如果問題1的還原方式正確，請問，one killer New Year’s hangover是什麼東西（看不懂什麼意思，好像是復合名詞）？
1 是 2 限定詞one有加強語氣功能（比a強），killer當形容詞使用，例如a killer storm「一個殺手級風暴」。名詞片語one killer New Year's hangover就是a terrible hangover on New Year's day because of heavy drinking on New Year's Eve。
寫作課的例句 Should tech companies be forced to equip their encrypted platforms with special “back doors” that allow government agents, armed with court orders, to peer in when necessary?
問題1 是否還原為： Should tech companies be forced to equip their encrypted platforms with special 「back doors」 that allow government agents, 「which are」 armed with court orders, to peer in when necessary?
問題2 如果問題1的還原方式正確，請問，為什麼這裡是which 「are」 armed with court orders，而不是which arm with court orders？ 我認為，which的先行詞是government agents，政府部門持有法院命令，應該是主動語態（which arm with court orders），而不是被動語態（which are armed with court orders）。
1 which are改為who are 2 arm當動詞是「武裝」，例如The bandit was armed with a rifle。可以這樣來看： The bandit(S) armed(V) himself(O) with a rifle.「強盜用a rifle武裝自己。」 因為主詞受詞都是the bandit，所以可以用被動態The bandit was armed (by himself) with a rifle。類似的情況像seat, dress, commit, devote等等，都是主詞受詞相同，所以可以用被動態（例如He is dressed in blue）。
He twisted her arms behind her back and clipped a pair of handcuffs on her wrists. 2clip on是「扣上、卡上」，則clipped a pair of handcuffs on的意思我還能理解。但 clipped a pair of handcuffs on her wrists. (多了wrists)這句的意思是 ?
The idea that government can be dangerous is encoded in the DNA of America, and so is the remedy: a tradition of dissent that holds the powerful to account. In the Trump era, amid virulent partisanship and calls for blind loyalty, it can often seem the space for dissent is shrinking. The fate of the public servants caught up in the Ukraine saga remains uncertain. Whatever Congress does with impeachment, the treatment of those who kept their oath will answer one essential question, asked in offices around the country: “What do I do now?” ３“What do I do now?”的意思是 ?
On July 18, a Trump political appointee informed Sandy that the President had put a hold on nearly $400 million in aid that Congress had committed to providing Ukraine in fiscal year 2019. When he asked why, Sandy couldn’t get an answer, but word from higher-ups was that the order came from the President himself. OMB officials pride themselves on nonpartisanship, and Sandy’s division set about making the directive happen.
The first challenge was that Pentagon lawyers said holding up the aid could be legally problematic. Congress required that the money be spent before the end of September, and the process of getting it out the door could take many weeks. Sandy found a way to stall for time by adding a footnote to the spending order that temporarily paused payment. He explained the need for the workaround to his chain of command, signaling that there could be legal issues and urging them to consult the OMB’s lawyers. Then, on July 30, the Trump political appointee took over control of the aid himself: something no one in the division remembers happening before. By mid-August, as the end of the fiscal year approached, the Pentagon lawyers were growing increasingly concerned about how to lawfully implement a lengthy hold.
4 在第1段中提到，OMB officials pride themselves on nonpartisanship, and Sandy’s division set about making the directive happen. 既然OMB officials是中立的，為什麼又making the directive happen. (directive 看來是Trump的order), 但這兩個句子中間又用and連接，感覺the directive是OMB自己的directive ?
5第2段應該是說: OMB對於撥款有疑慮，所以想盡辦法延後撥款(有別於Trump put had put a hold on nearly $400 million in aid，雖然Trump不給錢,OMB不撥款，但OMB及Trump的意圖是不一樣的 ) ?
1 應該有錯，改為palpable才通 2 扣上一副手銬在她的一雙手腕上 3 川普違法，要求公職人員盲目服從。有一些人當初奉公守法（kept their oath）並不盲從川普。如果因此而遭到秋後算帳，一定會讓這些人寒心而無所是從（What do I do now?就是不知該如何是好、無所是從）。The treatment...那句是在提省：在處理那些本著良心做事而得罪總統的公務員時，不要令這些人寒心 4 Sandy在OMB工作，整個OMB是中立的。Sandy想要在這樣的環境中做手腳、幫助總統搞拖延，就得想一些點子才能順利執行總統的指令 5 第2段講到的challenges是Sandy想要幫總統做手腳、搞拖延時面對的挑戰
老師您好 At night, lights twinkle in distant villages across the valleys. across the valleys.是lights twinkle across the valleys.還是distant villages across the valleys. 1 I was peering about me in the gloom.的意思是 ?
The entertainment business isn’t just about money, though. When Disney generates a successful franchise, the characters and myths it creates occupy the culture to a degree that they can amplify or dampen people’s understanding of who they are and what they stand for. Movies like Black Panther and Frozen take up so much of the national attention span that the communities and identities those films portray become less other, more central. 2the communities and identities become less other, more central.的意思是?
3Lizzo is everything you want her to be: loud, fun, effervescent, all the synonyms you can use for the words loud, fun, effervescent的意思是?
And yet the Trump presidency may well pivot on his forays into a world that typically interests him the way a shop window does—in passing and for his reflection in it. 4in passing and for his reflection in it.的意思是?
Thus did the year draw to a close with the U.S. House of Representatives preparing articles of impeachment that, even if voted down in the Senate, will define Trump in history. The question is: Will that matter in the realms the incumbent values most? There is still no person whom taxi drivers, news anchors, hairstylists, foreign leaders and voters talk about more. And for Trump, that may be enough. 5There is still no person 是不是改成There is still no OTHER person (表示除了Trump之外的人)會比較好 ?
He left nothing undone that needed attention 6意思是:他把那些不需要留意的事情放著不作 ?
He has abandoned that tradition, becoming instead a hero to Hindu extremists. 7 becoming=so he has become... ? (之前看過很多S+have pp..., V-ing ...的句子，我在想V-ing應該都是 have pp 的省略吧 ?像是Protesters had been marching in the capital, calling for the ouster of ... calling for 是while they had called for ... )
Not since somebody figured out that you could attach two black plastic disks to a skull cap and make everyone look like Mickey Mouse has a pair of ears sent such a buzz through a media executive. The new set were green, wing-shaped and attached to a baby space alien. The instant Disney CEO Bob Iger saw them, his heart leapt. 8 Not since... =a pair of ears has sent.... since somebody.... Until Now. ( Until Now是我自己加上的) 我的問題是 Until Now 的Now 是指當時嗎 ? 因為The new set were green... 等下面的句子是簡單過去式 ? 謝謝老師
1 看起來是修飾villages。 I was looking around me in the darkness. 2 不再是另類、邊緣，而是比較主流 3 在loud, fun, effervescent後面隨便加多少個同義字，她都是 4 路過一個櫥窗，腳步不停（in passing）順便看一下照出來的自己的影子（for his reflection in it），作者以此比喻川普對政治的興趣缺缺、只有自戀 5 邏輯上是要other，不過在此夠清楚，可以不提 6 「需要留意的事情他全都做完」 7 如果用having become，感覺會是在說has abandoned之前發生的事情，所以不行 8 應該是指現在（has是現在時間），表示比較基準是直到現在為止
寫作課的例句 Preparation of the proposal entails "determining the advertising medium to be used, preparing sample advertisements, and providing the client with cost estimates for the project".
是否還原為： Preparation of the proposal entails "that we determine" the advertising medium to be used, "prepare" sample advertisements, and "provide" the client with cost estimates for the project.?
寫作課的例句 Another newspaper complained that the Red Guards 「unsystematically arrest hundreds of people every day, and then don’t know what to do with them.」
是否還原為：Another newspaper complained that the Red Guards 「unsystematically arrest hundreds of people every day, and then don’t know what the Red Guards can do with them.」 我不解的地方在於，這裡還原為what they can do with them，兩個代名詞they和them是否會造成不清楚，不知其先行詞是the Red Guards還是hundreds of people？遇到這種情況應該怎麼辦？
寫作課的例句 "To be here now", alive in the twenty-first century and smart enough to know it, you also had to be the beneficiary of an extraordinary string of biological good fortune.
問題1 是否還原為： "In order that you can be here now", alive in the twenty-first century and smart enough to know it, you also had to be the beneficiary of an extraordinary string of biological good fortune.?
問題2 alive in … and smart …，如何分析句子成分？alive和smart 是否都是副詞子句動詞can be的補語？
寫作課的例句 Men were holding their breaths, intensely unconscious of the fact.
應該還原為以下哪種？ Men were holding their breaths, 「when they were」 intensely unconscious of the fact. Men were holding their breaths, 「because they were」 intensely unconscious of the fact. 如果以上都不對，應該如何還原？
寫作課的例句 A former Supreme Court litigator, Cruz is a polished orator and a canny tactician with a feel for the fears of the base. 請問此句如何還原？訴訟律師、演說家、戰術家好像沒啥邏輯上的關係，不知如何還原為副詞子句。
"Because he is" a former Supreme Court litigator, Cruz is a polished orator and a canny tactician with a feel for the fears of the base. 從前在最高法院當過律師的人，當然能言善道，而且為人精明、手段高超、摸透民眾心理。高級律師都是厲害角色。
寫作課的例句 The Iroquois peoples were predominantly agricultural, harvesting the "Three Sisters" commonly grown by Native American groups: maize, beans, and squash.
是否還原為： The Iroquois peoples were predominantly agricultural, 「so that they harvested」 the "Three Sisters" commonly 「which were」 grown by Native American groups: maize, beans, and squash.?
寫作課的例句 In that brief flash of a glance, his face held nothing of interest — it was as if she had called his name, and he'd looked up in involuntary response, already having decided not to answer.
是否還原為： In that brief flash of a glance, his face held nothing of interest — it was as if she had called his name, and he'd looked up in involuntary response, 「while he already had」 decided not to answer.？
寫作課的例句 "Philosophy" is a word which has been used in many ways, some wider, some narrower.
是否還原為： "Philosophy" is a word which has been used in many ways, 「in that some ways are」 wider, some 「ways are」 narrower.？ 不知還原的時候，兩個some之間是否需要加上連接詞and？ 如果以上錯了，請老師幫忙還原一下，謝謝。
寫作課的例句 His generals looking on stiffly, Trump launched into a jaw-dropping diatribe against the nation’s highest law-enforcement officers—all appointees of his—and the FBI for its raids earlier in the day of his lawyer’s home, office and hotel room.
是否還原為： 「While his generals were」 looking on stiffly, Trump launched into a jaw-dropping diatribe against the nation’s highest law-enforcement officers—all appointees of his—and the FBI for its raids earlier in the day of his lawyer’s home, office and hotel room.？
寫作課的例句 Federer could have walked away years ago, his reputation secure. But he kept at it, defying age and injury, and now he can’t seem to stop winning majors.
是否還原為： Federer could have walked away years ago, 「when his reputation was」 secure. But he kept at it, defying age and injury, and now he can’t seem to stop winning majors.？
With unemployment down to 4.1%, companies across the U.S. have had to scramble to find workers, driving wages up and forcing recruiters to get creative.
是否還原為： 「When unemployment is」 down to 4.1%, companies across the U.S. have had to scramble to find workers, driving wages up and forcing recruiters to get creative.？ 不太清楚副詞子句應該是：When unemployment 「is」，還是When unemployment 「was」。
《文法》P593-594 The student studied hard (in order) to get a scholarship. 還原為The student studied hard in order that he could get a scholarship. 老師說，「最後把無意義的連接詞that省略，結果就是in order to get a scholarship這個減化子句。如果選擇連in order也不留，結果就是不定詞片語to get a scholarship。所以，在閱讀的時候，經常會碰到to解釋成in order to，這就是因為它是副詞子句in order that …的減化，in order可以留下，也可以不留。」
問題： in order that 我知道是連接詞。不理解的是，in order 可否直接認定為連接詞？ 比如：The student studied hard in order to get a scholarship.，可否直接認定句子裡面的in order是連接詞？即：The student (S) studied (V) hard (C) in order (連接詞) to get a scholarship (不定詞片語).
寫作課的例句 The teacher happily greeted the students, entering the classroom. 老師說過，非限定子句在句尾，會造成主詞含糊不清。
《修辭高峰會》P86例7 Completed in May, the mayor named the new bridge after President Clinton.（誤） 老師說，這個句子是錯誤的。應該改為： The mayor named the new bridge, completed in May, after President Clinton.（正確）
問題： The mayor named the new bridge, completed in May, after President Clinton.（正確） 老師在書里說，減化子句completed in May插入主要子句之內，就可以解釋為形容詞子句which was completed in May的減化，修飾先行詞the new bridge。 可是介系詞片語after President Clinton是可有可無的修飾語，既然可有可無，相當於讀者可以把介系詞片語刪掉，變成：The mayor named the new bridge, completed in May.，於是，減化子句completed in May就落在句尾，同樣會造成主詞含糊不清，類似寫作課的例句。 《修辭高峰會》P86例7這種改法真的可行嗎？感覺一旦深究就會出現問題。
分詞構句出現的位置分為句首、句中、句尾。其中以句首位置最為清楚：只可能有「分詞構句」這一種解釋。句中、句尾兩個位置若有逗點隔開，理論上都可能有兩種解釋：關係子句減化與分詞構句，所以並不夠清楚。但是，一般讀者在這兩個位置看到分詞，通常會優先當作分詞構句解讀。如果顯然講不通，才會改作關係子句減化解讀。像The mayor named the new bridge, completed in May這句，completed in May當分詞構句解讀（the mayor was completed in May）顯然講不通，這時讀者會把它當作which was completed in May解讀。既然一般讀者都判斷得出來，這個句子就算是可以接受。
寫作課的練習 原句：The man was discovered accidentally to be in this city. 老師給的答案是，應改為： 句1：The man was accidentally discovered to be in this city. 句2：The man was accidentally to be discovered in this city.
問題1： 原句如同misplaced word的例句The man was reported clearly to be dying.，為何句2不能仿之改為：The man was discovered to be accidentally in this city.，而要改為句2？
寫作課的練習 The policeman had to split up with his partner, who had been wounded in the knee. 這是老師給的答案之一。
可是，總感覺who既可以指代the policeman，也可以指代his partner，不是特別清楚。是否改為：The policeman had to split up with his partner wounded in the knee.會更好？這樣就知道是夥伴傷到膝蓋了，而不是警察傷到膝蓋。
雙重比較 The less I see him, the better it suits me. The more you have, the more you want. Do it, the sooner the better. The longer a student stay with OKE English, the higher scores she gets at exam.
《問不倒》P220 句1：Rather than adapting to changes, global investors act only at selected moments. （全球投資者會選擇時機行動，也不願順應潮流。） 句2：He resigned rather than take part in such a dishonest deal. （他寧願辭職，也不願捲入這場不誠實的交易。）
問題1 句1可否看作是副詞子句減化為介繫詞片語？即： 還原為：Rather than they adapt to changes, global investors act only at selected moments. 減化為：Rather than adapting to changes, global investors act only at selected moments.
問題2 （1） 既然句2裡面的than是從屬連接詞，為何按照對等子句的省略方法對這個句子進行省略，即：省略相同的主詞he，變成：He resigned rather than 「take」 part in such a dishonest deal.？為何不按照從屬子句的減化方法進行減化，變成：He resigned rather than 「taking」 part in such a dishonest deal.？ 如果答案是：比較級有平行對稱的要求，可是從屬子句也有減化原則，為何取「比較級平行對稱要求」來省略句子，而不取「減化原則」來減化句子？平行對稱要求和減化原則有主次之分嗎？ （2） 句2，than後面的動詞應該是take，還是took？ 主要子句的動詞resigned是過去式，從屬子句的動詞為何是原形動詞take？
寫作課的練習 The fishermen were worried. A huge typhoon was coming. They brought in their boats early. The whole harbor was crowded up as a result.
Because the fishermen were worried that a huge typhoon was coming, the fishermen brought in their boats early, so that they (their boats) crowded up the whole harbor as a result. Worried that a huge typhoon was coming, the fishermen brought in their boats early, crowding up the whole harbor as a result. 應該是船（their boats）把港口擠滿了，而不是漁民（the fishermen）把港口擠滿了。主要子句的主詞是the fishermen，從屬子句的主詞是they (their boats)，主詞不一致，為何可以減化為：crowding up the whole harbor as a result？
老師在【2021年8月5日 上午10:24】回答說： He resigned rather than take part in such a dishonest deal.，句中不能用took part，因為那會變成「事實語氣」，可是事實上此人並沒有真正做出那個動作。用take part是原形動詞，表示一種「假設、並未實現」的情況。
不是一般文法書所謂的假設（非事實）語氣，那才要用過去表達。而是「未實現」的狀況，用原形動詞。此人並沒有真正take part，所以不能說rather than took part（那是事實語氣，他真的做了）。rather than take part相當於rather than "to" take part的語氣（但是這裏不能真正加上to，所以用原形動詞）
老師您好 Richey's not miming, he's playing very quiet guitar. 1 quiet guitar.的意思是 ?
I remember asking her to mime getting up in the morning 2 her to mime getting up意思是:她做起床這個動作，而不出聲?
Carter was dubiously convicted of shooting three White men in a bar 3 dubiously convicted背後的意思是:他有可能是被冤枉的 ?
4The scene was palpably intense to watch的意思是?
5 They were beyond the last straggling suburbs now的意思是?
The letter was a mistake, but one that gladdened hearts in Tehran. Getting U.S. forces out of Iraq was, after all, the mission Khamenei gave Soleimani. His mandate expanded to the equivalent of a four-star general, CIA chief and Secretary of State. The Shi’ite foreign legion of 50,000 he cultivated projected Iranian power across the Middle East. And if his vocation made it unlikely Soleimani would die a natural death–Khamenei had called him a “living martyr”–his assassination may prove to be a force multiplier. Sensing that the notion of the U.S. leaving Iraq has now become credible, Iranian leaders are upping the stakes, calling for the expulsion of U.S. forces from the entire Middle East.
6 His mandate expanded to the equivalent of a four-star general‧‧‧指他的權力相當於a four-star general… ?
if his vocation made it unlikely Soleimani would die a natural death–Khamenei had called him a “living martyr”–his assassination may prove to be a force multiplier. 7 不了解原句所要表達的意思? 8 if ... death 是現在非事實，his assassination may ..現在事實? 謝謝老師
老師您好 When Donald Trump ordered the death of Iranian general Qasem Soleimani, he played perhaps his strongest card in a weak strategic hand. He placed a bold bet that his strike would brush back the Iranian regime, place it on its heels, and deter future attacks. It’s a bet that he might lose (with terrible consequences), but it’s far too soon to judge the outcome. 1 he played perhaps his strongest card in a weak strategic hand的意思是 ?
The sudden, shocking killing of Iranian General Qasem Soleimani by a U.S. drone at the Baghdad airport is one of those moments when a big door swings violently on a seemingly small hinge. How can the death of one man, largely unknown to the U.S. public, cause such an extraordinary range of potentially dangerous outcomes? What are the options, both for Iran and the U.S. moving forward? 2 when a big door swings violently on a seemingly small hinge.的意思?
In times of currency crisis interest rates can raised as a sign that a government is in command 3 上面的句子是字典的例句。raised 前應該加個be，而且(raised =increased) ?
Trump’s re-election campaign has harnessed his supporters’ outrage over impeachment to raise buckets of money 4 to raise buckets of money=so that Trump’s re-election campaign could raise buckets of money ?
There was none of the drama and relief of a hostage release 5 意思是a hostage release這一件事平淡無奇，也沒有令人情緒起伏波動之類的 ?
Her approach is a stark departure from how the GOP handled Barack Obama’s presidency–opposing Obama at every turn, determined not to give him victories even on uncontroversial matters. Pelosi and Schumer have found ways to work with Trump, particularly on trade, prescription drugs and infrastructure, an approach that rankles the left. “Democrats should not be giving Donald Trump wins that normalize his presidency and give him a set of accomplishments to campaign on,” says Brian Fallon of the liberal group Demand Justice. “He benefits vastly more from a bipartisan trade deal than they do.” In a stroke of irony, the Speaker whose moderate colleagues tried to get rid of her for fear she struck heartland voters as too far left is now hailed–or derided–as a moderating force. 6 In a stroke of irony… 這句為何不寫成moderate colleagues in her party tried to get rid…. ? 按照原句的寫法，the Speaker whose… 這個句子沒有主要動詞，不清楚是有何用意 ? (原句的寫法感覺是在強調the Speaker。而moderate colleagues及a moderating force.的對比反而被消落了)
7 He is on dialysis 表他正在洗腎。但是如果他現在沒有在洗腎，只是要述明”他有在洗腎”，不知英文要如何表達 ?
寫作課的例句 However much the students may complain that it’s their right to wear long hair and that the Education Ministry supports that right, the school insists that they keep their hair short.
1, 2 是副詞子句的連接詞，相當於no matter how。如果當副詞使用，相當於on the other hand, nevertheless 3 The students may complain very much that...，句中的much是副詞，修飾動詞may complain。在much前面可以加程度副詞so much，再把so改為疑問副詞就成為how much，引導疑問句。再加上no matter成為no matter how much（等於however much）就成為連接詞引導副詞子句
寫作課的練習 The host prepared more food than was required.
問題 1 這個復句如果改寫為兩個簡單句如下，對嗎？ The host prepared much food. Much food was required. 2 如果可改寫為以上兩個簡單句，為何主詞不同，卻可以在連接詞than後面省略主詞Much food，變成：The host prepared more food than was required.？
寫作課的練習 John is both a perfect gentleman and a considerate boyfriend. (Besides) 老師給的答案是：Besides being a perfect gentleman, John is also a considerate boyfriend.
請問，把being去掉，改為如下句子對嗎？ Besides a perfect gentleman, John is also a considerate boyfriend.
問題1 An essay is well organized and well developed, 「using」 clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications and/or details. 還原為下面的句子對嗎？ An essay is well organized and well developed, 「because it uses」 clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications and/or details. 不理解的地方在於，從屬子句的主詞是we還是it (An essay)？好像應該是我們使用恰當的解釋，文章不是人，文章怎麼會自己使用恰當的解釋？
An essay displays consistent facility in the use of language, 「demonstrating」 syntactic variety, appropriate word choice and idiomaticity, though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors. 還原為下面的句子對嗎？ An essay displays consistent facility in the use of language, 「because it demonstrates」 syntactic variety, appropriate word choice and idiomaticity, though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors.
The Hut, as it was universally known, was quite unsuitable as regards lighting. 請問老師，as引導的子句看似準關代的用法，還原的話應該是as the thing which it was universally known "as"，為何原句沒有as呢?謝謝。
例如：The US, as everyone knows, enjoys nuclear supremacy.句中的as是外加的從屬連接詞，as everyone knows是個副詞子句（knows的受詞被省掉了）。若改為被動就是as it is known by everybody。另外，若寫成as is known by everybody，這個as就可以稱為準關代。
老師您好 His super-clean image gave a veneer of respectability to the new professional set-up的意思是 ? 1 如果一項藥品的安全性是有疑慮的，而藥商找來形象清新的專業醫師來代言其廣告，不知是否可用上述的例句?
That was the message British students like Mendes took from the writings of Seigfried Sassoon, Robert Graves and others who survived a war that, by way of announcing a brutal new modern world, emptied a nation of its young men. “For us it’s a lost generation,” Mendes says. “And if you go through all the small villages and towns of England you’ll find many more memorials to the lost of World War I than World War II. It throws a bigger cultural shadow.” He points out that during the Second World War, movies were already a dominant medium, and films were made both about the conflict and, as The History Channel reminds us, of it. But poetry, literature and art were all that was available to record the experiences of 1914-1919, all in retrospect, and among the things 1917 communicates is the sense of an idyll interrupted. The natural world features in the film, both the nourishment of its beauty—a wooded glade behind the front line, a lone tree on a rolling plain—and in its defilement by trenches and craters aswim with body parts. The reality of the First World War may defy metaphor, but if you keep moving, as the couriers must, a lot of ground can be covered.
“I wanted something that had the quality of a dream at times, but had real-life stakes,” Mendes says. “Any narrative, any fiction is a compression in time, a compression of character. You’re trying to find the tip of an iceberg. And if the tip is well done, the iceberg becomes clear. You don’t have to see it if you know it’s there.”
2 The natural world features in the film, both the nourishment of its beauty—a wooded glade behind the front line, a lone tree on a rolling plain—and in its defilement by trenches and craters aswim with body parts.是否等於The natural world features in the film, (are )both the nourishment of (the natural world’s )beauty—a wooded glade behind the front line, a lone tree on a rolling plain—and in (the natural world’s ) defilement by trenches and craters aswim with body parts. ?
3 in its defilement的意思是:以defilement這個形式呈現 ? 4 You don’t have to see it if you know it’s there的意思是 ?
This legislation could not be more on point. 5上述的意思是This legislation is very on point ? 如果原句的more去掉，可以嗎 ?
U.S. unemployment figures for March showed the jobless rate stuck at 7 per cent. 6 Showed後面接的是”事情”，那麼stuck 改成being stuck 會不會更好( showed (that )the jobless rate was stuck at 7 per cent ) ?
7 What right had the crowd to revile the team for something they could not help?的意思是? 原句的had為何不改成did, to revile改成revile ? 原句不用did的寫法不知其目的為何 ?
Inskeep, 51, is tall and has the looks and presence to be on television, which he sometimes is, doing interviews in the field with regular people on a feature called Three Meals for CBS 8 has the looks and presence to be on television的to be 的意思是 ? (如果把to be去掉，句子又怪怪的)
It’s one of the reasons Inskeep writes books. Maybe it was mostly coincidence that his previous one, Jacksonland, published in 2015, centered on the populist President whom Donald Trump would declare his favorite upon taking office two years later. But it’s no less likely that from the place he has made in the news cycle, Inskeep was responding to deep tones that sound through generations 9 no less likely的意思是 ? 謝謝老師
1 可以 2 The natural world(S) features(V) in the film, both (in) the nourishment of its beauty...and in its defilement.句中的features是動詞。另外，前面應該加個in比較好 3 是。修飾features 4 看到冰山之一角，不用看到整座冰山也知道冰山在那裏 5 是。去掉more意思會變相反 6 你的還原正確，但是不加being意思也一樣 7 意思是What right did the crowd have to revile...「群眾有何權利去誣衊…」。用had the crowd是英式英文的疑問句法 8 就是has the look and presence so that he can be on TV，簡單說就是「很上相」 9 equally likely, also likely
上次我問了老師底下這句話的 as 用法: The Hut, as it was universally known, was quite unsuitable as regards lighting. 老師說 as 是副詞連接詞，我想知道在這裡的意思是「如同、就像」嗎?還有此句的 it 是指前面出現過的先行詞還是就是 the Hut?
Solving the phase problem, as it came to be called, would be the key to ... 這一句的 as 也跟上一句一樣囉?該句的 it 應該就是指之前出現過的先行詞了吧?
寫作課的例句 Standing at the top of the mountain looking down, one finds everything tiny. 這個句子我知道還原為：When one is standing at the top of the mountain looking down, one finds everything tiny. 我不明白的地方在於，looking down如何還原？如果還原為，When one is standing at the top of the mountain 「and」 looking down，那麼減化的時候應該是Standing at the top of the mountain 「and」 looking down，而不是例句裡面的Standing at the top of the mountain looking down。
寫作課的例句 The retail chain doubled revenues by opening 20 new outlets within the past year. 這個句子我知道還原為：The retail chain doubled revenues because it (the retail chain) opened 20 new outlets within the past year. 我不明白的地方在於，副詞子句的主詞為什麼可以是it (the retail chain)，難道不應該是「人」去開20個銷售點嗎？
寫作課的練習 I have ever been to Hawaii and don’t feel like going again any time soon. 改為：I have been to Hawaii and don’t feel like going again any time soon.
寫作課的練習 If I had spent half as much time reading as 「I did watching TV」, I would have graduated a lot sooner. 這個句子是否可以把I did也去掉，變成：If I had spent half as much time reading as 「watching TV」, I would have graduated a lot sooner.？
寫作課的例句 Trying to keep the boat afloat in the storm, a lot of cargo was thrown into the sea. 老師說過，上句存在懸蕩修飾語問題，可改成：Trying to keep the boat afloat in the storm, the sailors threw a lot of cargo into the sea. 請問老師，除了上面的改法，是否可改為獨立名詞片語？即：The sailors trying to keep the boat afloat in the storm, a lot of cargo was thrown into the sea.
看到老師說，for the year ended December 31, 2019，意思是for the year that has ended Dec. 31, 2019。 我也陷入思考，這跟減化原則「普通動詞一律加上- ing做詞類變化」相衝突。如果按照減化原則來處理，for the year that has ended Dec. 31, 2019，減化之後應該是：for the year having ended December 31, 2019，而不是for the year ended December 31, 2019 如果把having省略掉是可以的，請問下面這個句子減化成「句2」，對嗎？ Anyone that has visited Bali once will want to return. 減化為句1：Anyone 「having visited」 Bali once will want to return. 減化為句2：Anyone 「visited」 Bali once will want to return.（這句對嗎？）
寫作課的例句 On display instead were crowns of a different sort—ascending head wraps made of various African fabrics. 問題 1.如果不倒裝，是否寫成句1，還是句2，還是都不對？ 句1：Crowns of a different sort—ascending head wraps made of various African fabrics, were on display 「instead」. 句2：Crowns of a different sort—ascending head wraps made of various African fabrics, were 「instead」on display . 2.副詞instead是修飾動詞were，還是修飾介繫詞片語on display？
老師好 It seems to me that everywhere you look these days, there’s a new diet that will change how you look and feel after you lose a little or a lot of weight. 此句來自某國外出版社英語教學教材中的文章，看起來that everywhere you look these days, there’s a new diet是名詞子句的部份，但我覺得文法有誤，因此名詞子句中需再區分主要與次要，主要為there’s a new diet，但次要無連接詞，everywhere及 these days都只是副詞而已, 所以應改成 It seems to me that when you look everywhere these days, there’s a new diet that… 請教老師的看法
寫作課的例句 "Technology will solve our problems." This is an expression of faith about the future, and therefore based on a supposed track record of technology having solved more problems than it created in the recent past. Underlying this expression of faith is the implicit assumption that, from tomorrow onwards, technology will function primarily to solve existing problems and will cease to create new problems.
問題 1.以上哪句是倒裝句，如何還原？ 2.以下這句話的句型是什麼？為什麼開頭是based，後面又是having solved，看不懂。 Therefore based on a supposed track record of technology having solved more problems than it created in the recent past. 3.Underlying為什麼加上-ing？是哪個子句減化而來？
1 倒裝句是Underlying...(C) is(V) the implicit assumption...(S)。還原為：The implicit assumption that, from tomorrow onwards, technology will function primarily to solve existing problems and will cease to create new problems is underlying this expression of faith. 2 and therefore (it is) based on a supposed track record that technology has solved more problems than it created in the recent past。後面的that子句改寫為介系詞片語of technology having solved... 3 見1
寫作課的例句 Four years ago, Chloe Kim qualified for the U.S. team in Sochi—but she was still two years shy of 15, the minimum age to compete. 請問，shy是形容詞「害羞的」嗎，為什麼可以用在這裡，shy修飾什麼？shy是什麼意思？
寫作課的例句 Not only have you been lucky enough to be attached since time immemorial to a favored evolutionary line, but you have also been extremely—make that miraculously—fortunate in your personal ancestry. 如果不倒裝，是不是寫成下面的句子？ You 「not only have been」 lucky enough to be attached since time immemorial to a favored evolutionary line, 「but」 you have 「also」 been extremely—make that miraculously—fortunate in your personal ancestry.
要對稱，如下： You "have been not only" lucky enough to be attached since time immemorial to a favored evolutionary line, but "also" extremely—make that miraculously—fortunate in your personal ancestry. 對等連接詞相關字組not only A but also B當中的A和B要對等。上句中A是形容詞片語lucky enough...，B是形容詞片語extremely...fortunate...。 倒裝之後，not only移到句首，A變成一個有主詞動詞的限定子句，所以B就得改為同樣擁有主詞動詞的限定子句
寫作課的例句 Instead of 「consuming」 electricity 「used」 to heat water, one can install a solar-energy water heater and have all the hot water one needs. 老師修改為：Instead of 「using」 electricity to heat water, one can install a solar-energy water heater and have all the hot water one needs.
請問，可以修改為句1、句2嗎？ 句1，省略used，即： Instead of 「consuming」 electricity to heat water, one can install a solar-energy water heater and have all the hot water one needs. 句2，省略consuming，即： Instead of electricity 「used」 to heat water, one can install a solar-energy water heater and have all the hot water one needs.
…a white hotel theatrically set along a ridge 1 theatrically set是不是說這個飯店的所在位置似乎只有在電影上才可以看得到 ( 但實際上也是在那個位置 ) ?
Is your publication purposely trying to put Donald Trump in a good light? He is right about your choice for Person of the Year: it is ridiculous. Choosing a child whose achievement in life is to theatrically recite whatever melodramatic script is written for her is an insult to all the hard-working scientist who have spent years researching the subject.
2 He is right about your choice for Person of the Year: it is ridiculous.中的冒號如果改為分號(;)嗎，效果是不是都一樣?
3 it is ridiculous中的it是指He is right about your choice for Person of the Year ? 4 whose achievement in life is to theatrically recite…中的is to的意思是”等於” ?
Caprice refers to a sudden, impulsive, apparently unmotivated turn of mind 5Unmotivated turn應該指來自於”自身”，非外在因素上的刺激 ?
He was leaning out of the unshuttered window 6意思是:把頭伸出窗外，手靠在窗邊上
...hormones that have a narcotic effect on the immune system 7 a narcotic effect是會讓人想睡。那a narcotic effect on the immune system是使免疫系統起不了作用嗎 ?
The colours of the spectrum - red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet - can be seen in a rainbow. 8 The colours of the spectrum及the spectrum of the colours分別的意思是 ?
He has been an opponent of birthright citizenship and last fall told reporters that he doesn’t believe a constitutional amendment would be needed to end it . 9 he doesn’t believe… 意思是說: 他現在的立場贊成birthright citizenship ?
Being American isn’t just a state of being, whether native or acquired. 10 a state of being: 是一種存在的狀態 ? 11 native or acquired 與a state of being的關係為同位格 ?
three convictions before court for stealing cars means three months’ loss of liberty 12before court 應該是指trial proceedings 而不是指審判前 ? 謝謝老師
老師您好 In many ways, it’s the voice of reason. Inskeep has a way of approaching a topic that projects both curiosity and openness to new information, which is another way of saying he models responsible civic behavior. He does this so well that during live interviews, Inskeep can get away with quick asides to correct something incorrect that a guest has just asserted, and then just continue the interview. It’s particularly impressive at National Public Radio, a world-class news organization sometimes confused with its stereotyped listener: a liberal with a furrowed brow and a canvas tote. The reality, especially in remote parts of the country, is far more nuanced, and Inskeep holds no truck with the notion that the appetite for thoughtful and thorough reporting is governed by political inclination
1 It’s particularly impressive at National Public Radio, a world-class news organization sometimes confused with its stereotyped listener: a liberal with a furrowed brow and a canvas tote. 不了解這句話所要表達的意思 ?
2 The reality, especially in remote parts of the country, is far more nuanced既然是reality的話，怎麼又會有nuanced的情形 ? (對同一件事鄉村及城市的reality會相同才對 )
NPR headquarters stands a few blocks north of the U.S. Capital, in what had been a warehouse for the local telephone company. 3 what had been是不是也可以改成what has been ?(用has been也可表示過去曾發生的事 )
The world of news is not everyone’s. It’s one of the reasons Inskeep writes books. Maybe it was mostly coincidence that his previous one, Jacksonland, published in 2015, centered on the populist President whom Donald Trump would declare his favorite upon taking office two years later. But it’s no less likely that from the place he has made in the news cycle, Inskeep was responding to deep tones that sound through generations
4 from the place he has made in the news cycle, Inskeep was responding to deep tones that sound through generations所要傳達的意思是 ?
5 from the place he has made (WHAT) 從上面的句子感覺看不出來WHAT指的是什麼 ? 謝謝老師
1 NPR電台的典型聽眾形象：眉頭深鎖（嚴肅）、肩跨帆布袋（務實）的左派人士 2 上文講的是NPR的典型聽眾形象，下文說「其實絕沒有那麼簡單」，也就是說NPR的聽眾不見得都是左派，尤其在偏鄉（有許多右派聽眾） 3 這裏是暗示before it became NPR headquarters, it had been... 4 上文說Inskeep那本2015年的書寫的是19世紀的民粹總統Jackson，而兩年後川普說他最喜歡的就是Jackson，這兩件事或許只是巧合。但更大的可能是：Inskeep因為在即時新聞界已經聲名顯赫，所以轉向更長遠的歷史脈絡去發掘，這才要寫古人Jackson總統 5 the news cycle指的是the 24-hour news cycle「24小時即時新聞輪播」
寫作課的例句 Fragments (incomplete sentences) If the only way to alleviate national suffering is to impose it elsewhere—even if the people who must pay reside among us—then that is the price that [Trump] believes must be paid. The families will be bombed. The Muslims banned. The oil taken. The trade relationships upended. The protesters challenged. 這段話怎麼看出來哪個是不完整句，為什麼？
老師好 Sometimes, bullying is an Internet event, ___ when someone puts mean words about you on Facebook. A. as B. such C. so D. as if 以上是某高中的測驗題, 答案是A, as when兩者都是連接詞, 為何可放在一起呢? bullying is an Internet event為主要子句, as引導副詞子句, 然在此副詞子句中, 又分when someone…為次要, 但沒有主要部分, 該如何解釋這樣的用法呢? 另as做連接詞用時, 有”當”, “隨著”, “因為”, “雖然”之意, 好像都不太適用在此句子?
老師好 Although the economy finally began to improve, many British working people grew to hate the “Iron Lady,” as she became known. In May 1430 Joan of Arc, as she became known, was captured by French nobles. 關於這兩個句子當中的as she became known, 有一說法是as為準關代, 引導形容詞子句, 補充說明先行詞, 然形容詞子句的連接詞同時在整個子句中必須有個位置, 然as she became known的as, 找不出它的位置 我看準關代的其他例句如: It is preferable to use such material as (主詞位置) can be recycled. Read such books as (動詞的受詞位置) successful people recommend. 依此用準關代的說法, 好像遇到了盲點?
在as與than這兩個連接詞後面的子句往往可以大量省略（因為有平行對稱的要求所以會出現重複，故可以省略）。可以這樣來理解： Many British people grew to hate the "Iron Lady." She became known as the "Iron Lady."
所以，真正的關係子句應該是這樣的： Many British people grew to hate the "Iron Lady," as which she became known. 因為在as後面可以大量省略，所以把重複的which省掉了。這是as與than後面的特殊省略情況，一般的關係子句不能這樣省略。
He died at sixty-one, four years short of his pensionable age.
問題 1. 是不是可以還原為以下的句子？ He died at sixty-one, 「which is」 four years short of his pensionable age. He died at sixty-one, 「which are」 four years short of his pensionable age. 哪句對？都不對的話，怎麼分析後半句（four years short of his pensionable age）的成分？ 2. （1）如果問題1成立，裡面的which是指sixty-one這個數字嗎？ （2）short of裡面的short是形容詞，還是副詞？ （3）four years是做副詞，修飾short嗎？
老師您好 the possibility that the party may implode in opposition. 1 In是指以….的形式 ?
The treatment accorded to a United Nations official was little short of insulting 2was little short of insulting= came close to insulting ?
Premium 的意思是: a sum in advance of or in addition to the nominal value of something 3 a sum in advance of表示a sum before the nominal value of something，即premium不包括the nominal value of something但a sum in addition to the nominal value of something，也就是premium包括the nominal value of something。不知以上的理解是否正確
The demand for oil was growing like gangbusters to fuel a global economic expansion 4 to fuel …=so that the demand fueled … ?
Page’s respond to the suggestion that this might be sour grapes because his company lost the bid is: “Life is too short for that.” 5“Life is too short for that.”是在暗示: 這種流言不值得留意 ?
Fossil fuels receive roughly 5 trillion annually in government subsidies, a figure that includes the cost of environmental damage caused by industry that's left to everyone else to clean up 6意思是 : 如果水源受到污染，而讓水源回復到以往的水準所需要的成本應由工廠來負擔，現在則由政府間接補貼給廠商 ?
Is your publication purposely trying to put Donald Trump in a good light? He is right about your choice for Person of the Year: it is ridiculous. Choosing a child whose achievement in life is to theatrically recite whatever melodramatic script is written for her is an insult to all the hard-working scientist who have spent years researching the subject.
7 He is right about your choice for Person of the Year是在暗示TIME選Trump為Person of the Year 實在是名不符實;但Trump與TIME認為名符其實?
8 whose achievement in life is to theatrically recite = is that she will dutifully recite.. 我有個疑問dutifully=theatrically嗎
9 A dogged air of confidence exuded A dogged air of confidence的意思是:信心的氛圍不退散 ? 謝謝老師
1 「在…的過程中」 2 是 3 其實in advance of和in addition to意思差不多，前者是「比…多出」，後者是「除了…還要加上」 4 to fuel a global economic expansion相當於in order to fuel...，可還原為in order that it could fuel...，修飾動詞was growing 5 是。「人生苦短，怎麼會浪費在『酸葡萄心態』上頭」 6 是 7 Time選了環保小將Greta Thunberg為年度風雲人物，川普說「選得太離譜（應該選我）」。這位讀者投書表示川普說得對：Time不該選一個照本宣科的小屁孩為風雲人物 8 dutifully = obediently 9 dogged有「盲目固執」的意思。a dogged air of confidence表示「不顧一切、無視現實，就是自信滿滿」
寫作課的例句 ask X to do Y The boss asked me to type a letter for him.
問題1 上述句子應還原為句1、句2還是句3？ 句1：The boss asked 「if/whether」 I 「could type」 a letter for him. 句2：The boss asked that I 「typed」 a letter for him. 句3：The boss asked that I 「type」 a letter for him.（間接命令句） 問題2 如果應還原為句1，為何減化之後不是：The boss asked me 「whether」 to type a letter for him.，而是：The boss asked me to type a letter for him.，我記得老師在名詞子句減化的時候舉例如下： Whether we should go on (or not) will have to be decided soon. 可以減化為：「Whether」 to go on or not will have to be decided soon. 問題3 如果應還原為句2，為何不能看做是間接命令句使用原形動詞type，因為ask就有命令的語氣在裡面了？
問題1 be known as 可否理解為被動語態？即： 主動語態：We know Abraham Lincoln as the Great Emancipator. 被動語態：Abraham Lincoln is known as the Great Emancipator.
問題2 be known to N 可否理解為被動語態？即： 主動語態：Every American alive knows Abraham Lincoln. 被動語態：Abraham Lincoln is known 「by」 every American alive. 把known看作形容詞，介系詞變成to，即：Abraham Lincoln is known 「to」 every American alive.
問題3 be known to V 可否理解為被動語態？即： 復句：We know the war hero must have killed many enemy soldiers. 減化為：We know the war hero to have killed many enemy soldiers. 被動語態：The war hero is known to have killed many enemy soldiers.
寫作課的例句 have a mandate to The President-elect has a mandate to revive the economy.
以下還原的句子哪個對？如果都錯誤，請問怎麼還原？ The President-elect has a mandate that he must revive the economy. The President-elect has a mandate, so that he must revive the economy.
寫作課的例句 order X to do Y The boss ordered everybody to come to the party.
問題1 上述句子應還原為句1、句2還是句3？如果都錯誤，請問怎麼還原？ 句1：The boss ordered that everybody 「must come」 to the party. 句2：The boss ordered 「if/whether」 everybody 「must come」 to the party. 句3：The boss ordered that everybody 「come」 to the party.（間接命令句） 問題2 如果應還原為句1或者句2，為何不能看做是間接命令句使用原形動詞come，因為ordered表示命令，應該屬於命令語氣的範疇？
老師您好 to vindicate is to clear a person through evidence of the unfairness of the charge 1 要clear 某人怎麼可能用the unfairness of the charge的證據？
2 ...anything to take our minds off that gap and the brown, churning water below的意思是 ?
His sentence is to run concurrently with a sentence he is already serving. 3to run...可否煩請老師還原 ?
He was jailed for 33 months to run concurrently with a sentence he is already serving for burglary 4to run...可否煩請老師還原 ?
The churning , pressing crowds made her feel claustrophobic的5 pressing該如何解釋 ?
They used elaborate secret codes, as when the names of trees stood for letters. 6 as 是"例如、像是" 的意思 ?
performative : made or done for show (as to bolster one's own image or make a positive impression on others) 7 as 是"例如、像是" 的意思 ? 8 as to bolster 看起來不像是 as to which road to take 的as to ?
indeed, the show has thoughtful lessons for audiences of all ages about the search for belonging, both inside and outside the bedroom. As Jean reminds one client:" Sex doesn't make us whole , so could you ever be broken ?" 9 Sex doesn't make us whole , so could you ever be broken這一句話跟belonging看起來好像沒有關係吧 ?
Premium 的意思是: a sum in advance of or in addition to the nominal value of something 11老師您的解答是其實in advance of和in addition to意思差不多，前者是「比…多出」，後者是「除了…還要加上」 總價是15元， nominal value是10元， a sum in advance of the nominal value of something，表示a sum 是5元=premium=5元 ?
12 a sum in addition to the nominal value of something 總價是15元， nominal value是10元，表示a sum 是5元而premium=15元 ? 謝謝老師
1 證明「指控不公」，等於還其清白 2 比喻為俯視一幅難看的景像，很想要有別的東西可以轉移注意、不再去看那幅景像 3 His sentence will run concurrently with... 4 He was jailed for 33 months which would run concurrently... 5 擁擠的 6 是 7 是 8 不同。後者相當於concerning 9 如果此人一直在searching for belonging inside the bedroom，意思就是searching for belonging through sex 11 是 12 a sum是5元，premium也是5元（這句就是在定義premium，所以premium等於a sum）
1 Older people comprise a large proportion of those living in poverty. 我上次問老師older people跟old people的差異，老師說older指比一般人還要老，我想再問older people跟old people哪一種說法的人比較老呢?我想說老人家，英文要用原級還是比較級? 2 The equator divides the earth into Northern and Southern Hemispheres. 請問老師普通名詞hemispheres為何沒用定冠詞呢?名詞大寫有什麼作用?
老師在「2021年9月8日 上午10:38」回復說： The boss required us to work overtime tonight.，還原為：The boos required that we work overtime tonight.，屬於間接命令句。 我不理解的是，原句明明是不確定語氣（to work overtime），為什麼還原之後就變成另一種語氣——命令語氣（work overtime），這完全是兩種不同的語氣！
又如，老師在「2021年9月8日 上午10:35」回復說： 原句：The boss asked me to type a letter for him. 既可以還原為「不確定語氣」：The boss asked whether I could type a letter for him. 又可以還原為「命令語氣」：The boss asked that I type a letter for him. 這裡也不解，原句明明是不確定語氣（to type），為什麼可以還原為變成命令語氣，這完全是兩種不同的語氣！
He asked if I could do something.和 He asked that I do something. 這兩句的語氣不盡相同。前者是「詢問」，問我「能不能、願不願意」，屬於不確定語氣，所以採用語氣助動詞。後者則是「要求」，屬於間接命令句語氣，所以採用原形動詞。不過兩句減化的結果相同，都是變成He asked me to do something。語氣助動詞減化的結果成為不定詞to V。命令句的原形動詞減化的結果也是成為不定詞to V。
The equator divides the earth into Northern and Southern Hemispheres. 老師上次說這裡的名詞是複數，可以用零冠詞，但旋元佑文法裡說複數名詞配零冠詞表示「不加限定」、「無限」，但這句的形容詞標示出是哪一個hemisphere，還是說只要是複數名詞，就算有限定的意思，不加定冠詞也可以嗎?謝謝。
老師您好 The world of news is not everyone’s. It’s one of the reasons Inskeep writes books. Maybe it was mostly coincidence that his previous one, Jacksonland, published in 2015, centered on the populist President whom Donald Trump would declare his favorite upon taking office two years later. But it’s no less likely that from the place he has made in the news cycle, Inskeep was responding to deep tones that sound through generations
1 老師您的解答是上文說Inskeep那本2015年的書寫的是19世紀的民粹總統Jackson，而兩年後川普說他最喜歡的就是Jackson，這兩件事或許只是巧合。但更大的可能是：Inskeep因為在即時新聞界已經聲名顯赫，所以轉向更長遠的歷史脈絡去發掘，這才要寫古人Jackson總統。 我的問題是 but it’s no less likely=equally likely, 而在老師的解答中”但更大的可能是”，這樣子在語意上(no less likely=equally likely=同樣的可能性)是不是不相同 ?
Although she acknowledges that she stopped drinking because she struggled with alcoholism, she no longer calls herself an alcoholic. “Alcoholism was a word that invited other people to use me as their own personal navigation system,” she writes. 2因為she stopped drinking, 所以(she no longer calls herself an alcoholic)是很理所當然的。為什麼還要特別強調she no longer calls herself an alcoholic ? (她早就不喝洒了，現在根本不是alcoholic, 感覺好像是stating the obvious)
3 Alcoholism … system 的意思是 ?
All he needs to do is make one phone call and I'm a marked man 4看不出來All he needs to do is make one phone call 及I'm a marked man在語意上有什麼關係 ?
He was jailed for 33 months to run concurrently with a sentence he is already serving for burglary
=He was jailed for33 months which would run concurrently with a sentence he is already serving for burglary 5 which的先行詞是33 months, 而33 months跟 a sentence是不同的意思，雖然整句的語意可以讓人了解，但考試時可以這樣子寫嗎 ?
indeed, the show has thoughtful lessons for audiences of all ages about the search for belonging, both inside and outside the bedroom. As Jean reminds one client:" Sex doesn't make us whole , so could you ever be broken ?" 6 Sex doesn't make us whole , so could you ever be broken是在暗示:應該找尋比sex更有意義的事，才能使人的生命活得有意義，活得圓滿
Lack of support for young artists creates resentment where there could be beauty, originality and change 7 resentment 怎麼可能跟beauty, originality and change有關聯 ?
...a further need to democratize the life of society as a whole. 8如果公共運輸很貴，則to democratize the life of society as a whole.表示價格應該更低，使全民能夠享有公共運輸的方便 ?
Grim betrayals, chilling dream sequences, assassins dressed as monks: this is muscular, invigorating filmmaking, a counterpart of sorts to Martin Scorsese’s The Irishman 9不了解Grim betrayals, chilling dream sequences, assassins dressed as monks: this is muscular, invigorating filmmaking所要表達的意思 ?
Maybe the devolution of free viewing options doesn’t seem like such a tragedy; anyone can borrow a book from a library, after all . 10 devolution= the passing ? 謝謝老師
1 字面上是「同樣可能」，不過語氣顯然有強調後者（前者只不過是個「讓步」） 2 關鍵是用字。雖然她承認自己有alcoholism的問題，但不願被稱為an alcoholic 3 Alcoholism was a word that invited other people to use me as their own personal navigation system, 用alcoholism一字來說我，等於把我當作別人如何解決酗酒問題的參考 4 「他只消打通電話，我就完了！」a marked man字面上是「被做了記號」，也就是「成了過街老鼠」 5 which的先行詞看起來是he was jailed for 33 months這整句 6 有這種暗示 7 在「本來應該有beauty...等等」的地方，卻創造出了resentment。where子句是地方副詞子句，修飾creates 8 是 9 Grim betrayals, chilling dream sequences, assassins dressed as monks這些是電影情節，this is muscular, invigorating filmmaking這是對具有這些情節的電影的評論 10 passing down
作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除Hi 老師,
回覆刪除最新一期的time解讀，其中有一句是這樣的
..and experts warn that fresh sense of panic could shake years of breakneck growth in Miami real estate and threaten a regional economy that depends on a robust real estate sector.
老師您解釋說為fresh sense是單數可數名詞，需要加a/the/this/that做限定詞，所以that其實是fresh sense of panic的限定詞
學生想請問的是
...could shake years of breakneck growth in Miami real estate and threaten a regional economy that depends on a robust real estate sector.
後面這句是以關係代名詞that or which所引導的關係子句？是否是修飾that fresh sense of panic這個名詞片語？
...experts warn (that) that fresh sense of panic could shake years of breakneck growth in Miami real estate and threaten a regional economy that depends on a robust real estate sector.
刪除其中that fresh sense of panic could shake years of breakneck growth in Miami real estate and threaten a regional economy是名詞子句，前面還省略了從屬連接詞that。接下來that depends on a robust real estate sector是關係子句（形容詞子句），修飾先行詞a gegional economy
1.
回覆刪除老師您說過分析比較句法的第一步是寫成兩個平行對稱的子句，但是旋元佑文法裡把The theory raised more questions than it answered. 還原成The theory raised more questions than the questions that it answered. 連接詞than後面是名詞片語，不是句子，請問這是怎麼回事呢?
2.
I interpreted his behavior as indicating that he disliked me. 這句可以還原成I interpreted his behavior as something that indicated that he disliked me.看起來跟準關係代名詞的省略很像。我是否能依樣畫葫蘆，省略重複的something跟that，把句子寫成「I interpreted his behavior as indicated that he disliked me.」?
3.
Your help has been invaluable to me.
Your help is invaluable to me.
就語意來說，用完成式跟現在式的差別在哪裡呢?
1
刪除兩個單句是：
The theory raised many questions.
It answered many questions.
可以直接合併為
The theory raised more questions than it answered.
2
一般會把這個as視為介系詞，後面用動名詞當受詞。但是當作準關代也講得通，所以你的句子也可以。
3
has been表示「到現在為止」。is則是「事實敘述」，不受時間限制。
第一部分的例句
回覆刪除He likes basketball.
So do I.
老師在《文法》P503說，助動詞do取代「動詞likes」。
老師在文法課堂卻說：do取代「述語likes basketball」。
第二部分的例句
Although the new regulations allow them to do 「it」, high school graduates seldom go abroad for higher education.
老師在寫作課第一堂講到這個句子，說「代名詞it找不到對應的先行詞（名詞）」，所以這裡的代名詞it要改為代副詞so，取代副詞abroad和介系詞片語for higher education。
問題：
1.
（1）第一部分的例句中，助動詞do是取代「動詞likes」，還是取代「述語likes basketball」？
（2）如果（1）的結論是：助動詞do取代「動詞likes」，請問So do I.裡面為什麼沒有出現代名詞it（代名詞it取代先行詞basketball），变成So it do I.或者So do it I.？
2.
第二部分的例句中，如果把副詞so去掉（畢竟副詞只是可有可無的修飾語），變成：
Although the new regulations allow them to do, high school graduates seldom go abroad for higher education.
可以嗎？
1
刪除do是助動詞，取代動詞like。so do I是倒裝句，還原為I do so，片語do so則是取代整個敘述like basketball，這和另一句的do so相同（取代整個敘述go abroad for higher education）。
2
不行（do what不清楚）
老師好，反身代名詞用於受詞跟主詞相同時，如果受詞是介系詞的受詞，也要用反身代名詞嗎?
回覆刪除例: I achieved success for me/myself and the company.
你那個例子也要用myself比較好。
刪除寫作課堂的疑問
回覆刪除I am told that if you construct a perfectly fitted engine—the piston fitting the cylinder with absolute accuracy and the axles their sockets with no space between, &c.—it will not work, but be a lifeless mass of iron.
問題1
是否還原為：
I am told that if you construct a perfectly fitted engine—the piston fitting the cylinder with absolute accuracy and the axles 「fitting」 their sockets with no space between, &c.—it will not work, but be a lifeless mass of iron.
問題2
（1）the piston fitting the cylinder with absolute accuracy，是否來自形容詞子句的減化：the piston which fits (注：the piston第三人稱單數，動詞加s) the cylinder with absolute accuracy？
（2）the axles 「fitting」 their sockets with no space，是否來自形容詞子句的減化：the axles which fit (注：axles複數，動詞不加s) their sockets with no space?
問題3
（1）&c.是什麼？
（2）between, &c.又是什麼？
1
刪除是
2
不是。還原為兩個限定子句the piston "fitted" the cylinder with absolute accuracy and the axles "fitted" their sockets with no space between。因為放在括弧式的一對破折號中，所以不需要連接詞
3
&c. 是拉丁文片語et cetera，可縮寫為etc.「等等」。et是拉丁文的and。另外，with no space between意思是with no space between the axles and their sockets。
作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除寫作課堂的例句
回覆刪除There was a sharp turn at every twenty or thirty yards, and at each turn a novel effect.
是否還原為：
There was a sharp turn at every twenty or thirty yards, and at each turn 「there was」 a novel effect.？
是
刪除寫作課堂的例句
回覆刪除You must be prepared to change everything about yourself—shape, size, color, species affiliation, everything—and to do so repeatedly.
問題1
是否還原為：
You must be prepared to change everything about yourself—shape, size, color, species affiliation, everything—and you 「must be prepared」 to do so repeatedly.？
問題2
（1）如果還原為you 「must be prepared」 to do so repeatedly.，請問everything about yourself哪裡去了？
（2）to do so裡面的副詞so是替代什麼？
（助動詞do替代動詞change，只剩下代名詞everything和介繫詞片語about yourself沒有替代，副詞so貌似不能替代名詞everything和介系詞片語about yourself吧？）
1
刪除是
2
這個問題和你前面提出的一個問題相同：do so代表整個敘述change everything about yourself
寫作課例句
回覆刪除At a vast tract of uninhabited desert in southern Nevada, hundreds of moonlike craters dimple the wasteland, remnants of Cold War nuclear explosions that melted the bedrock and fused the sand to ensure that America could take part in the unthinkable: global thermonuclear war.
問題1
以下兩種還原方式，哪種對？
第一種：At a vast tract of uninhabited desert in southern Nevada, hundreds of moonlike craters dimple the wasteland, 「which is」 remnants of Cold War nuclear explosions that melted the bedrock and fused the sand to ensure that America could take part in the unthinkable: global thermonuclear war.
第二種：At a vast tract of uninhabited desert in southern Nevada, hundreds of moonlike craters dimple the wasteland, 「which are」 remnants of Cold War nuclear explosions that melted the bedrock and fused the sand to ensure that America could take part in the unthinkable: global thermonuclear war.
問題2
第一種裡面的which指的是：單數名詞the wasteland？
第二種裡面的which指的是：複數名詞moonlike craters，還是複數名詞hundreds？
因為名詞補語remnants是複數，主詞應該是複數，所以which的先行詞是craters。若將hundreds of視為限定詞看待，整個名詞片語就是hundreds of moonlike craters，當作先行詞
刪除寫作課例句
回覆刪除In the end, the global economy ushered in 2016 with Wall Street’s worst five-day start in history, one killer New Year’s hangover.
問題1
是否還原為：
In the end, the global economy ushered in 2016 with Wall Street’s worst five-day start in history, 「which was」 one killer New Year’s hangover.？
問題2
如果問題1的還原方式正確，請問，one killer New Year’s hangover是什麼東西（看不懂什麼意思，好像是復合名詞）？
1
刪除是
2
限定詞one有加強語氣功能（比a強），killer當形容詞使用，例如a killer storm「一個殺手級風暴」。名詞片語one killer New Year's hangover就是a terrible hangover on New Year's day because of heavy drinking on New Year's Eve。
寫作課的例句
回覆刪除Should tech companies be forced to equip their encrypted platforms with special “back doors” that allow government agents, armed with court orders, to peer in when necessary?
問題1
是否還原為：
Should tech companies be forced to equip their encrypted platforms with special 「back doors」 that allow government agents, 「which are」 armed with court orders, to peer in when necessary?
問題2
如果問題1的還原方式正確，請問，為什麼這裡是which 「are」 armed with court orders，而不是which arm with court orders？
我認為，which的先行詞是government agents，政府部門持有法院命令，應該是主動語態（which arm with court orders），而不是被動語態（which are armed with court orders）。
1
刪除which are改為who are
2
arm當動詞是「武裝」，例如The bandit was armed with a rifle。可以這樣來看：
The bandit(S) armed(V) himself(O) with a rifle.「強盜用a rifle武裝自己。」
因為主詞受詞都是the bandit，所以可以用被動態The bandit was armed (by himself) with a rifle。類似的情況像seat, dress, commit, devote等等，都是主詞受詞相同，所以可以用被動態（例如He is dressed in blue）。
老師您好
回覆刪除1 The scene was palpably to watch 的意思是?
He twisted her arms behind her back and clipped a pair of handcuffs on her wrists.
2clip on是「扣上、卡上」，則clipped a pair of handcuffs on的意思我還能理解。但 clipped a pair of handcuffs on her wrists. (多了wrists)這句的意思是 ?
The idea that government can be dangerous is encoded in the DNA of America, and so is the remedy: a tradition of dissent that holds the powerful to account. In the Trump era, amid virulent partisanship and calls for blind loyalty, it can often seem the space for dissent is shrinking. The fate of the public servants caught up in the Ukraine saga remains uncertain. Whatever Congress does with impeachment, the treatment of those who kept their oath will answer one essential question, asked in offices around the country: “What do I do now?”
３“What do I do now?”的意思是 ?
On July 18, a Trump political appointee informed Sandy that the President had put a hold on nearly $400 million in aid that Congress had committed to providing Ukraine in fiscal year 2019. When he asked why, Sandy couldn’t get an answer, but word from higher-ups was that the order came from the President himself. OMB officials pride themselves on nonpartisanship, and Sandy’s division set about making the directive happen.
The first challenge was that Pentagon lawyers said holding up the aid could be legally problematic. Congress required that the money be spent before the end of September, and the process of getting it out the door could take many weeks. Sandy found a way to stall for time by adding a footnote to the spending order that temporarily paused payment. He explained the need for the workaround to his chain of command, signaling that there could be legal issues and urging them to consult the OMB’s lawyers. Then, on July 30, the Trump political appointee took over control of the aid himself: something no one in the division remembers happening before. By mid-August, as the end of the fiscal year approached, the Pentagon lawyers were growing increasingly concerned about how to lawfully implement a lengthy hold.
4 在第1段中提到，OMB officials pride themselves on nonpartisanship, and Sandy’s division set about making the directive happen. 既然OMB officials是中立的，為什麼又making the directive happen. (directive 看來是Trump的order), 但這兩個句子中間又用and連接，感覺the directive是OMB自己的directive ?
5第2段應該是說: OMB對於撥款有疑慮，所以想盡辦法延後撥款(有別於Trump put had put a hold on nearly $400 million in aid，雖然Trump不給錢,OMB不撥款，但OMB及Trump的意圖是不一樣的 ) ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除應該有錯，改為palpable才通
2
扣上一副手銬在她的一雙手腕上
3
川普違法，要求公職人員盲目服從。有一些人當初奉公守法（kept their oath）並不盲從川普。如果因此而遭到秋後算帳，一定會讓這些人寒心而無所是從（What do I do now?就是不知該如何是好、無所是從）。The treatment...那句是在提省：在處理那些本著良心做事而得罪總統的公務員時，不要令這些人寒心
4
Sandy在OMB工作，整個OMB是中立的。Sandy想要在這樣的環境中做手腳、幫助總統搞拖延，就得想一些點子才能順利執行總統的指令
5
第2段講到的challenges是Sandy想要幫總統做手腳、搞拖延時面對的挑戰
老師您好
回覆刪除At night, lights twinkle in distant villages across the valleys.
across the valleys.是lights twinkle across the valleys.還是distant villages across the valleys.
1 I was peering about me in the gloom.的意思是 ?
The entertainment business isn’t just about money, though. When Disney generates a successful franchise, the characters and myths it creates occupy the culture to a degree that they can amplify or dampen people’s understanding of who they are and what they stand for. Movies like Black Panther and Frozen take up so much of the national attention span that the communities and identities those films portray become less other, more central.
2the communities and identities become less other, more central.的意思是?
3Lizzo is everything you want her to be: loud, fun, effervescent, all the synonyms you can use for the words loud, fun, effervescent的意思是?
And yet the Trump presidency may well pivot on his forays into a world that typically interests him the way a shop window does—in passing and for his reflection in it.
4in passing and for his reflection in it.的意思是?
Thus did the year draw to a close with the U.S. House of Representatives preparing articles of impeachment that, even if voted down in the Senate, will define Trump in history. The question is: Will that matter in the realms the incumbent values most? There is still no person whom taxi drivers, news anchors, hairstylists, foreign leaders and voters talk about more. And for Trump, that may be enough.
5There is still no person 是不是改成There is still no OTHER person (表示除了Trump之外的人)會比較好 ?
He left nothing undone that needed attention
6意思是:他把那些不需要留意的事情放著不作 ?
He has abandoned that tradition, becoming instead a hero to Hindu extremists.
7 becoming=so he has become... ? (之前看過很多S+have pp..., V-ing ...的句子，我在想V-ing應該都是 have pp 的省略吧 ?像是Protesters had been marching in the capital, calling for the ouster of ... calling for 是while they had called for ... )
Not since somebody figured out that you could attach two black plastic disks to a skull cap and make everyone look like Mickey Mouse has a pair of ears sent such a buzz through a media executive. The new set were green, wing-shaped and attached to a baby space alien. The instant Disney CEO Bob Iger saw them, his heart leapt.
8 Not since... =a pair of ears has sent.... since somebody.... Until Now. ( Until Now是我自己加上的) 我的問題是 Until Now 的Now 是指當時嗎 ? 因為The new set were green... 等下面的句子是簡單過去式 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除看起來是修飾villages。
I was looking around me in the darkness.
2
不再是另類、邊緣，而是比較主流
3
在loud, fun, effervescent後面隨便加多少個同義字，她都是
4
路過一個櫥窗，腳步不停（in passing）順便看一下照出來的自己的影子（for his reflection in it），作者以此比喻川普對政治的興趣缺缺、只有自戀
5
邏輯上是要other，不過在此夠清楚，可以不提
6
「需要留意的事情他全都做完」
7
如果用having become，感覺會是在說has abandoned之前發生的事情，所以不行
8
應該是指現在（has是現在時間），表示比較基準是直到現在為止
寫作課的例句
回覆刪除Preparation of the proposal entails "determining the advertising medium to be used, preparing sample advertisements, and providing the client with cost estimates for the project".
是否還原為：
Preparation of the proposal entails "that we determine" the advertising medium to be used, "prepare" sample advertisements, and "provide" the client with cost estimates for the project.?
可以。若用第3人稱，可以說that one determines...
刪除作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除寫作課的例句
回覆刪除Another newspaper complained that the Red Guards 「unsystematically arrest hundreds of people every day, and then don’t know what to do with them.」
是否還原為：Another newspaper complained that the Red Guards 「unsystematically arrest hundreds of people every day, and then don’t know what the Red Guards can do with them.」
我不解的地方在於，這裡還原為what they can do with them，兩個代名詞they和them是否會造成不清楚，不知其先行詞是the Red Guards還是hundreds of people？遇到這種情況應該怎麼辦？
一般說來，減化子句的主詞應該和主要子句主詞相同比較清楚，所以what to do的主詞應該是the Red Guards。假如還原為代名詞，則可以說and then they don't know what to do with these people。
刪除寫作課的例句
回覆刪除"To be here now", alive in the twenty-first century and smart enough to know it, you also had to be the beneficiary of an extraordinary string of biological good fortune.
問題1
是否還原為：
"In order that you can be here now", alive in the twenty-first century and smart enough to know it, you also had to be the beneficiary of an extraordinary string of biological good fortune.?
問題2
alive in … and smart …，如何分析句子成分？alive和smart 是否都是副詞子句動詞can be的補語？
問題3
… to know it，代名詞it的先行詞是什麼？
1
刪除是
2
還原為副詞子句while you are alive...
3
and smart enough to know that you are alive
寫作課的例句
回覆刪除Men were holding their breaths, intensely unconscious of the fact.
應該還原為以下哪種？
Men were holding their breaths, 「when they were」 intensely unconscious of the fact.
Men were holding their breaths, 「because they were」 intensely unconscious of the fact.
如果以上都不對，應該如何還原？
沒有標準答案。減化子句不留連接詞，就是沒有清楚交代是什麼邏輯關係，而只做一個模糊的暗示
刪除寫作課的例句
回覆刪除A former Supreme Court litigator, Cruz is a polished orator and a canny tactician with a feel for the fears of the base.
請問此句如何還原？訴訟律師、演說家、戰術家好像沒啥邏輯上的關係，不知如何還原為副詞子句。
"Because he is" a former Supreme Court litigator, Cruz is a polished orator and a canny tactician with a feel for the fears of the base.
刪除從前在最高法院當過律師的人，當然能言善道，而且為人精明、手段高超、摸透民眾心理。高級律師都是厲害角色。
寫作課的例句
回覆刪除The Iroquois peoples were predominantly agricultural, harvesting the "Three Sisters" commonly grown by Native American groups: maize, beans, and squash.
是否還原為：
The Iroquois peoples were predominantly agricultural, 「so that they harvested」 the "Three Sisters" commonly 「which were」 grown by Native American groups: maize, beans, and squash.?
可以
刪除寫作課的例句
回覆刪除In that brief flash of a glance, his face held nothing of interest — it was as if she had called his name, and he'd looked up in involuntary response, already having decided not to answer.
是否還原為：
In that brief flash of a glance, his face held nothing of interest — it was as if she had called his name, and he'd looked up in involuntary response, 「while he already had」 decided not to answer.？
可以。順序改為while he had already decided...
刪除寫作課的例句
回覆刪除After a month of nothing but trouble, Armansky sent for her, fully intending to let her go.
是否還原為：
After a month of nothing but trouble, Armansky sent for her, 「because she fully intended」 to let her go.？
改為while he fully intended比較貼切
刪除作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除寫作課的例句
回覆刪除"Philosophy" is a word which has been used in many ways, some wider, some narrower.
是否還原為：
"Philosophy" is a word which has been used in many ways, 「in that some ways are」 wider, some 「ways are」 narrower.？
不知還原的時候，兩個some之間是否需要加上連接詞and？
如果以上錯了，請老師幫忙還原一下，謝謝。
連接詞in that改為while可能好些。比較完整的寫法是中間要有個and。
刪除寫作課的例句
回覆刪除His generals looking on stiffly, Trump launched into a jaw-dropping diatribe against the nation’s highest law-enforcement officers—all appointees of his—and the FBI for its raids earlier in the day of his lawyer’s home, office and hotel room.
是否還原為：
「While his generals were」 looking on stiffly, Trump launched into a jaw-dropping diatribe against the nation’s highest law-enforcement officers—all appointees of his—and the FBI for its raids earlier in the day of his lawyer’s home, office and hotel room.？
是
刪除寫作課的例句
回覆刪除Federer could have walked away years ago, his reputation secure. But he kept at it, defying age and injury, and now he can’t seem to stop winning majors.
是否還原為：
Federer could have walked away years ago, 「when his reputation was」 secure. But he kept at it, defying age and injury, and now he can’t seem to stop winning majors.？
可以
刪除寫作課的例句
回覆刪除He was pacing the room swiftly, eagerly, with his head sunk upon his chest and his hands clasped behind him.
是否還原為：
He was pacing the room swiftly, eagerly, 「while his head was」 sunk upon his chest and his hands 「were」 clasped behind him.？
是
刪除With unemployment down to 4.1%, companies across the U.S. have had to scramble to find workers, driving wages up and forcing recruiters to get creative.
回覆刪除是否還原為：
「When unemployment is」 down to 4.1%, companies across the U.S. have had to scramble to find workers, driving wages up and forcing recruiters to get creative.？
不太清楚副詞子句應該是：When unemployment 「is」，還是When unemployment 「was」。
還原為Because unemployment is比較好。
刪除作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除《文法》P593-594
回覆刪除The student studied hard (in order) to get a scholarship.
還原為The student studied hard in order that he could get a scholarship.
老師說，「最後把無意義的連接詞that省略，結果就是in order to get a scholarship這個減化子句。如果選擇連in order也不留，結果就是不定詞片語to get a scholarship。所以，在閱讀的時候，經常會碰到to解釋成in order to，這就是因為它是副詞子句in order that …的減化，in order可以留下，也可以不留。」
問題：
in order that 我知道是連接詞。不理解的是，in order 可否直接認定為連接詞？
比如：The student studied hard in order to get a scholarship.，可否直接認定句子裡面的in order是連接詞？即：The student (S) studied (V) hard (C) in order (連接詞) to get a scholarship (不定詞片語).
連接詞應該是that，至於in order只是介系詞片語，屬於可有可無的副詞類。另外，句型是：
刪除The student (S) studied (V) hard (副詞) in order (副詞) to get a scholarship (不定詞片語).
《文法》P120
回覆刪除The man was seen to be clearly dying.
是否還原為：
The man was seen 「when he might be clearly dying」.?
意思不同。你的句子是說「在…時候被人看到」。原句意思是「有人看到他很明顯快死了」。
刪除可還原為
刪除Someone(S) saw(V) that the man might clearly be dying(O).
減化為
Someone(S) saw(V) the man(O) to be clearly dying(C).
再改為被動態
The man was seen...
寫作課的例句
回覆刪除The teacher happily greeted the students, entering the classroom.
老師說過，非限定子句在句尾，會造成主詞含糊不清。
《修辭高峰會》P86例7
Completed in May, the mayor named the new bridge after President Clinton.（誤）
老師說，這個句子是錯誤的。應該改為：
The mayor named the new bridge, completed in May, after President Clinton.（正確）
問題：
The mayor named the new bridge, completed in May, after President Clinton.（正確）
老師在書里說，減化子句completed in May插入主要子句之內，就可以解釋為形容詞子句which was completed in May的減化，修飾先行詞the new bridge。
可是介系詞片語after President Clinton是可有可無的修飾語，既然可有可無，相當於讀者可以把介系詞片語刪掉，變成：The mayor named the new bridge, completed in May.，於是，減化子句completed in May就落在句尾，同樣會造成主詞含糊不清，類似寫作課的例句。
《修辭高峰會》P86例7這種改法真的可行嗎？感覺一旦深究就會出現問題。
分詞構句出現的位置分為句首、句中、句尾。其中以句首位置最為清楚：只可能有「分詞構句」這一種解釋。句中、句尾兩個位置若有逗點隔開，理論上都可能有兩種解釋：關係子句減化與分詞構句，所以並不夠清楚。但是，一般讀者在這兩個位置看到分詞，通常會優先當作分詞構句解讀。如果顯然講不通，才會改作關係子句減化解讀。像The mayor named the new bridge, completed in May這句，completed in May當分詞構句解讀（the mayor was completed in May）顯然講不通，這時讀者會把它當作which was completed in May解讀。既然一般讀者都判斷得出來，這個句子就算是可以接受。
刪除寫作課的練習
回覆刪除原句：The man was discovered accidentally to be in this city.
老師給的答案是，應改為：
句1：The man was accidentally discovered to be in this city.
句2：The man was accidentally to be discovered in this city.
問題1：
原句如同misplaced word的例句The man was reported clearly to be dying.，為何句2不能仿之改為：The man was discovered to be accidentally in this city.，而要改為句2？
問題2:
句2是如何由原句變化而來的？
句2錯了，應該是The man was discovered to be accidentally in the city.
刪除寫作課的練習
回覆刪除John, in great surprise, found his wife was reading his diary.
In great surprise, John found his wife was reading his diary.
請問，這兩個句子有何區別？
我覺得介系詞片語in great surprise都做副詞修飾動詞found，沒有區別，對嗎？
對，意思一樣
刪除作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除寫作課的練習
回覆刪除John said goodnight to his children, who were yawning in exhaustion.
這是老師給的答案之一，是一個「非限制性關係子句」。
請問，是否還可以改為：John said goodnight to his children yawning in exhaustion.？這樣，這個句子可還原為「限制性關係子句」。
文法可以成立，但感覺稍嫌勉強。句子沒錯
刪除寫作課的練習
回覆刪除The policeman had to split up with his partner, who had been wounded in the knee.
這是老師給的答案之一。
可是，總感覺who既可以指代the policeman，也可以指代his partner，不是特別清楚。是否改為：The policeman had to split up with his partner wounded in the knee.會更好？這樣就知道是夥伴傷到膝蓋了，而不是警察傷到膝蓋。
雙重比較
回覆刪除The less I see him, the better it suits me.
The more you have, the more you want.
Do it, the sooner the better.
The longer a student stay with OKE English, the higher scores she gets at exam.
1
老師說過，雙重比較是復句句型。
請問，雙重比較是復句句型中的哪一種（名詞子句、形容詞子句、副詞子句）？為什麼？
2
在雙重比較裡面，如何判斷哪個是主要子句，哪個是從屬子句？
3
在雙重比較裡面，the的詞類是什麼？是限定詞、副詞（在韋氏字典查到是副詞），還是連接詞？
4
如果the不是連接詞，是不是通過倒裝的方式來取代連接詞，成為復句？為什麼可以通過倒裝來取代連接詞？
這是一種特殊句型，所以不能用一般句型分析來解釋。勉強可以這樣分析：the less I see him是副詞子句、the better it suits me是主要子句。the修飾less，所以是副詞。連接詞從缺，由倒裝句型取代
刪除作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除《問不倒》P220
回覆刪除句1：Rather than adapting to changes, global investors act only at selected moments.
（全球投資者會選擇時機行動，也不願順應潮流。）
句2：He resigned rather than take part in such a dishonest deal.
（他寧願辭職，也不願捲入這場不誠實的交易。）
問題1
句1可否看作是副詞子句減化為介繫詞片語？即：
還原為：Rather than they adapt to changes, global investors act only at selected moments.
減化為：Rather than adapting to changes, global investors act only at selected moments.
問題2
（1）
既然句2裡面的than是從屬連接詞，為何按照對等子句的省略方法對這個句子進行省略，即：省略相同的主詞he，變成：He resigned rather than 「take」 part in such a dishonest deal.？為何不按照從屬子句的減化方法進行減化，變成：He resigned rather than 「taking」 part in such a dishonest deal.？
如果答案是：比較級有平行對稱的要求，可是從屬子句也有減化原則，為何取「比較級平行對稱要求」來省略句子，而不取「減化原則」來減化句子？平行對稱要求和減化原則有主次之分嗎？
（2）
句2，than後面的動詞應該是take，還是took？
主要子句的動詞resigned是過去式，從屬子句的動詞為何是原形動詞take？
改為rather than taking part...也行，那是把rather than等同於instead of，當作介系詞來看待。
刪除as與than是比較級的從屬連接詞，比較級因為有平行對稱的要求，所以as與than往往可以大量省略，例如He has more money than necessary與He has more money than is necessary都對。
He resigned rather than take part in such a dishonest deal.，句中不能用took part，因為那會變成「事實語氣」，可是事實上此人並沒有真正做出那個動作。用take part是原形動詞，表示一種「假設、並未實現」的情況。
寫作課的練習
回覆刪除The nurses don’t have the kind of confidence in the new president as they do in the doctors.
這個句子是比較級嗎？比較級「小於」有三種形式：less … than、not so … as、not as … as。
這個句子只有not … as，而不是not so … as、not as … as，也可以看做比較級嗎？為什麼？
那是the same...as或not the same...as，屬於「等於」的邏輯關係，也是比較級
刪除寫作課的練習
回覆刪除The Japanese hunt whales for meat.
Many people find this disgusting.
請問可否合併為：The Japanese hunt whales for meat, which many people find disgusting.，用which代替前面整件事（The Japanese hunt whales for meat）？
那會有點不清楚：which可以指前面整件事，但也可以指meat。應該這樣說：The Japanese hunt whales for meat, a practice which many people find disgusting.
刪除寫作課的練習
回覆刪除The fishermen were worried.
A huge typhoon was coming.
They brought in their boats early.
The whole harbor was crowded up as a result.
Because the fishermen were worried that a huge typhoon was coming, the fishermen brought in their boats early, so that they (their boats) crowded up the whole harbor as a result.
Worried that a huge typhoon was coming, the fishermen brought in their boats early, crowding up the whole harbor as a result.
應該是船（their boats）把港口擠滿了，而不是漁民（the fishermen）把港口擠滿了。主要子句的主詞是the fishermen，從屬子句的主詞是they (their boats)，主詞不一致，為何可以減化為：crowding up the whole harbor as a result？
so that "this" crowded up the whole harbor，主詞this指的是整個主要子句（the fishermen brought in their boats early），可以減化
刪除作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除老師在【2021年8月5日 上午10:24】回答說：
回覆刪除He resigned rather than take part in such a dishonest deal.，句中不能用took part，因為那會變成「事實語氣」，可是事實上此人並沒有真正做出那個動作。用take part是原形動詞，表示一種「假設、並未實現」的情況。
1
請問，你說的「假設、並未實現」的情況是「假設語氣」嗎？
2
老師說的「事實上此人並沒有真正做出那個動作」，這個動作指的是resign，還是take part？
3
假設語氣共通的原則是動詞要採用過去表達非事實語氣，如果此人沒有真正做出那個動作是take part，為什麼動詞不是假設語氣的過去動詞took part，而是原形動詞take part，還是不理解。
不是一般文法書所謂的假設（非事實）語氣，那才要用過去表達。而是「未實現」的狀況，用原形動詞。此人並沒有真正take part，所以不能說rather than took part（那是事實語氣，他真的做了）。rather than take part相當於rather than "to" take part的語氣（但是這裏不能真正加上to，所以用原形動詞）
刪除老師在【2021年8月5日 上午10:26】回答：
回覆刪除那是the same...as或not the same...as，屬於「等於」的邏輯關係，也是比較級
可是這個句子The nurses don’t have the kind of confidence in the new president as they do in the doctors.沒有出現the same。看不懂老師的回答。
the kind of意思和the same差不多
刪除老師您好
回覆刪除Richey's not miming, he's playing very quiet guitar.
1 quiet guitar.的意思是 ?
I remember asking her to mime getting up in the morning
2 her to mime getting up意思是:她做起床這個動作，而不出聲?
Carter was dubiously convicted of shooting three White men in a bar
3 dubiously convicted背後的意思是:他有可能是被冤枉的 ?
4The scene was palpably intense to watch的意思是?
5 They were beyond the last straggling suburbs now的意思是?
The letter was a mistake, but one that gladdened hearts in Tehran. Getting U.S. forces out of Iraq was, after all, the mission Khamenei gave Soleimani. His mandate expanded to the equivalent of a four-star general, CIA chief and Secretary of State. The Shi’ite foreign legion of 50,000 he cultivated projected Iranian power across the Middle East. And if his vocation made it unlikely Soleimani would die a natural death–Khamenei had called him a “living martyr”–his assassination may prove to be a force multiplier. Sensing that the notion of the U.S. leaving Iraq has now become credible, Iranian leaders are upping the stakes, calling for the expulsion of U.S. forces from the entire Middle East.
6 His mandate expanded to the equivalent of a four-star general‧‧‧指他的權力相當於a four-star general… ?
if his vocation made it unlikely Soleimani would die a natural death–Khamenei had called him a “living martyr”–his assassination may prove to be a force multiplier.
7 不了解原句所要表達的意思?
8 if ... death 是現在非事實，his assassination may ..現在事實?
謝謝老師
1
刪除看來就是「小聲彈吉它」
2
叫她表演起床的動作
3
是
4
這個場面看起來驚心動魄
5
都市外圍是suburb，越往外去房舍就越零星，而他們現在的位置已經連零星的房舍都看不到了
6
他獲得更大的授權，相當於…
7
他幹這一行本來就難得善終（被稱為活烈士），但是現在真的被刺殺了，可能會令他犧牲所造成的影響倍增
8
此人現在已經死了，if ... death說的是他在世的時候，所以是「過去時間事實語氣」。後面的his assassination may ...則是「現在時間條件語氣」（may是可能性的推斷）
你的改法，意思是「得和他那個膝蓋受傷的夥伴分開」，和原句稍有不同
回覆刪除Hi 老師,
回覆刪除想請問一下，如果我要述說
所有文件均透過掛號方式寄出
All documents have been sent by registered mail.
還是
All documents have been sent by the registered mail.
我的想法是，可能有普通掛號，或者限時掛號，所以應該加限定詞
但沒有很有把握，想請問老師怎麼寫會比較好？
謝謝
不用加冠詞。用法相當於by mail, by phone，裏面的名詞（mail, phone等等）其實是當作抽象名詞使用（代表一種通訊方式）。類似的情況有by bus, by train, on foot, go to school等等
刪除老師您好
回覆刪除When Donald Trump ordered the death of Iranian general Qasem Soleimani, he played perhaps his strongest card in a weak strategic hand. He placed a bold bet that his strike would brush back the Iranian regime, place it on its heels, and deter future attacks. It’s a bet that he might lose (with terrible consequences), but it’s far too soon to judge the outcome.
1 he played perhaps his strongest card in a weak strategic hand的意思是 ?
The sudden, shocking killing of Iranian General Qasem Soleimani by a U.S. drone at the Baghdad airport is one of those moments when a big door swings violently on a seemingly small hinge. How can the death of one man, largely unknown to the U.S. public, cause such an extraordinary range of potentially dangerous outcomes? What are the options, both for Iran and the U.S. moving forward?
2 when a big door swings violently on a seemingly small hinge.的意思?
In times of currency crisis interest rates can raised as a sign that a government is in command
3 上面的句子是字典的例句。raised 前應該加個be，而且(raised =increased) ?
Trump’s re-election campaign has harnessed his supporters’ outrage over impeachment to raise buckets of money
4 to raise buckets of money=so that Trump’s re-election campaign could raise buckets of money ?
There was none of the drama and relief of a hostage release
5 意思是a hostage release這一件事平淡無奇，也沒有令人情緒起伏波動之類的 ?
Her approach is a stark departure from how the GOP handled Barack Obama’s presidency–opposing Obama at every turn, determined not to give him victories even on uncontroversial matters. Pelosi and Schumer have found ways to work with Trump, particularly on trade, prescription drugs and infrastructure, an approach that rankles the left. “Democrats should not be giving Donald Trump wins that normalize his presidency and give him a set of accomplishments to campaign on,” says Brian Fallon of the liberal group Demand Justice. “He benefits vastly more from a bipartisan trade deal than they do.” In a stroke of irony, the Speaker whose moderate colleagues tried to get rid of her for fear she struck heartland voters as too far left is now hailed–or derided–as a moderating force.
6 In a stroke of irony… 這句為何不寫成moderate colleagues in her party tried to get rid…. ? 按照原句的寫法，the Speaker whose… 這個句子沒有主要動詞，不清楚是有何用意 ? (原句的寫法感覺是在強調the Speaker。而moderate colleagues及a moderating force.的對比反而被消落了)
7 He is on dialysis 表他正在洗腎。但是如果他現在沒有在洗腎，只是要述明”他有在洗腎”，不知英文要如何表達 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除用的是打牌的比喻：拿到一手爛牌（a weak hand），但打出最強一張王牌（the strongest card）。a strategically weak hand是說從戰略（大局）角度來看，美國面對伊朗是處於劣勢
2
「鉸鍊小、門大，又是用力摔門」，暗示「門很可能垮掉」。比喻美國刺殺伊朗將領的動作做得太粗暴，可能造成不可收拾的後果
3
是
4
是
5
人質獲得釋放，這種事情應該是高潮起、而且事後各方面都會鬆一口大氣，但這次卻沒有
6
有動詞：the Speaker(S) who ... is now hailed (V) as ...，其中who...的內容與as...的內容構成對比
7
同樣是說on dialysis
作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除寫作課的例句
回覆刪除However much the students may complain that it’s their right to wear long hair and that the Education Ministry supports that right, the school insists that they keep their hair short.
問題
1.however在這裡是連接詞還是副詞？韋氏字典查到however的詞類有連接詞和副詞兩種，劍橋字典和牛津字典僅查到however的詞類是副詞。
2.如果句子里的however是副詞，為何兩個限定子句之間用「,」，而不用「；」？
3.這裡的much是may complain much裡面的much進行倒裝嗎？這裡的much是副詞，還是名詞片語裡面的限定詞？
1, 2
刪除是副詞子句的連接詞，相當於no matter how。如果當副詞使用，相當於on the other hand, nevertheless
3
The students may complain very much that...，句中的much是副詞，修飾動詞may complain。在much前面可以加程度副詞so much，再把so改為疑問副詞就成為how much，引導疑問句。再加上no matter成為no matter how much（等於however much）就成為連接詞引導副詞子句
寫作課的練習
回覆刪除Just because I drive a truck doesn’t mean I’m a truck driver.
老師給的答案是：The mere fact that I drive a truck doesn’t mean I’m a truck driver.
請問，可以改為以下的句子嗎？
That I drive a truck doesn’t mean I’m a truck driver.
可以
刪除寫作課的練習
回覆刪除The host prepared more food than was required.
問題
1
這個復句如果改寫為兩個簡單句如下，對嗎？
The host prepared much food.
Much food was required.
2
如果可改寫為以上兩個簡單句，為何主詞不同，卻可以在連接詞than後面省略主詞Much food，變成：The host prepared more food than was required.？
比較級要求平行對稱，因而容易產生重複，造成的結果就是than與as引導的子句可以大量省略。可以說more food than was required，也可以說more food than required，這是比較級的特色
刪除寫作課的練習
回覆刪除John is both a perfect gentleman and a considerate boyfriend. (Besides)
老師給的答案是：Besides being a perfect gentleman, John is also a considerate boyfriend.
請問，把being去掉，改為如下句子對嗎？
Besides a perfect gentleman, John is also a considerate boyfriend.
不夠清楚。being somebody是一種「身分」，somebody則是一個「人」，在此需要交代的是「身分」
刪除問題1
回覆刪除An essay is well organized and well developed, 「using」 clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications and/or details.
還原為下面的句子對嗎？
An essay is well organized and well developed, 「because it uses」 clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications and/or details.
不理解的地方在於，從屬子句的主詞是we還是it (An essay)？好像應該是我們使用恰當的解釋，文章不是人，文章怎麼會自己使用恰當的解釋？
還原正確。其實the essay uses explanations...也通。
刪除An essay displays consistent facility in the use of language, 「demonstrating」 syntactic variety, appropriate word choice and idiomaticity, though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors.
回覆刪除還原為下面的句子對嗎？
An essay displays consistent facility in the use of language, 「because it demonstrates」 syntactic variety, appropriate word choice and idiomaticity, though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors.
正確
刪除The Hut, as it was universally known, was quite unsuitable as regards lighting.
回覆刪除請問老師，as引導的子句看似準關代的用法，還原的話應該是as the thing which it was universally known "as"，為何原句沒有as呢?謝謝。
連接詞as與than往往可以大量省略，有時是準關代的用法，有時不是。
刪除例如：The US, as everyone knows, enjoys nuclear supremacy.句中的as是外加的從屬連接詞，as everyone knows是個副詞子句（knows的受詞被省掉了）。若改為被動就是as it is known by everybody。另外，若寫成as is known by everybody，這個as就可以稱為準關代。
Watching the birds fly was the classical Greek method of augury.
回覆刪除請問老師這句話裡的鳥為何要用定冠詞修飾呢?意思不是所有的鳥都可以，沒有指定的意味嗎?
不加the也行。古希臘占卜時，看的是特定的鳥類（每個神有代表性的鳥類，例如鷹代表天神宙斯）。
刪除老師您好
回覆刪除His super-clean image gave a veneer of respectability to the new professional set-up的意思是 ?
1 如果一項藥品的安全性是有疑慮的，而藥商找來形象清新的專業醫師來代言其廣告，不知是否可用上述的例句?
That was the message British students like Mendes took from the writings of Seigfried Sassoon, Robert Graves and others who survived a war that, by way of announcing a brutal new modern world, emptied a nation of its young men. “For us it’s a lost generation,” Mendes says. “And if you go through all the small villages and towns of England you’ll find many more memorials to the lost of World War I than World War II. It throws a bigger cultural shadow.” He points out that during the Second World War, movies were already a dominant medium, and films were made both about the conflict and, as The History Channel reminds us, of it. But poetry, literature and art were all that was available to record the experiences of 1914-1919, all in retrospect, and among the things 1917 communicates is the sense of an idyll interrupted. The natural world features in the film, both the nourishment of its beauty—a wooded glade behind the front line, a lone tree on a rolling plain—and in its defilement by trenches and craters aswim with body parts. The reality of the First World War may defy metaphor, but if you keep moving, as the couriers must, a lot of ground can be covered.
“I wanted something that had the quality of a dream at times, but had real-life stakes,” Mendes says. “Any narrative, any fiction is a compression in time, a compression of character. You’re trying to find the tip of an iceberg. And if the tip is well done, the iceberg becomes clear. You don’t have to see it if you know it’s there.”
2 The natural world features in the film, both the nourishment of its beauty—a wooded glade behind the front line, a lone tree on a rolling plain—and in its defilement by trenches and craters aswim with body parts.是否等於The natural world features in the film, (are )both the nourishment of (the natural world’s )beauty—a wooded glade behind the front line, a lone tree on a rolling plain—and in (the natural world’s ) defilement by trenches and craters aswim with body parts. ?
3 in its defilement的意思是:以defilement這個形式呈現 ?
4 You don’t have to see it if you know it’s there的意思是 ?
This legislation could not be more on point.
5上述的意思是This legislation is very on point ? 如果原句的more去掉，可以嗎 ?
U.S. unemployment figures for March showed the jobless rate stuck at 7 per cent.
6 Showed後面接的是”事情”，那麼stuck 改成being stuck 會不會更好( showed (that )the jobless rate was stuck at 7 per cent ) ?
7 What right had the crowd to revile the team for something they could not help?的意思是? 原句的had為何不改成did, to revile改成revile ? 原句不用did的寫法不知其目的為何 ?
Inskeep, 51, is tall and has the looks and presence to be on television, which he sometimes is, doing interviews in the field with regular people on a feature called Three Meals for CBS
8 has the looks and presence to be on television的to be 的意思是 ? (如果把to be去掉，句子又怪怪的)
It’s one of the reasons Inskeep writes books. Maybe it was mostly coincidence that his previous one, Jacksonland, published in 2015, centered on the populist President whom Donald Trump would declare his favorite upon taking office two years later. But it’s no less likely that from the place he has made in the news cycle, Inskeep was responding to deep tones that sound through generations
9 no less likely的意思是 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除可以
2
The natural world(S) features(V) in the film, both (in) the nourishment of its beauty...and in its defilement.句中的features是動詞。另外，前面應該加個in比較好
3
是。修飾features
4
看到冰山之一角，不用看到整座冰山也知道冰山在那裏
5
是。去掉more意思會變相反
6
你的還原正確，但是不加being意思也一樣
7
意思是What right did the crowd have to revile...「群眾有何權利去誣衊…」。用had the crowd是英式英文的疑問句法
8
就是has the look and presence so that he can be on TV，簡單說就是「很上相」
9
equally likely, also likely
上次我問了老師底下這句話的 as 用法:
回覆刪除The Hut, as it was universally known, was quite unsuitable as regards lighting.
老師說 as 是副詞連接詞，我想知道在這裡的意思是「如同、就像」嗎?還有此句的 it 是指前面出現過的先行詞還是就是 the Hut?
Solving the phase problem, as it came to be called, would be the key to ...
這一句的 as 也跟上一句一樣囉?該句的 it 應該就是指之前出現過的先行詞了吧?
as的意思是「如同、就像」。it應該是更前面出現過的先行詞。
刪除這句也是一樣，it也是更前面的先行詞。
寫作課的例句
回覆刪除Standing at the top of the mountain looking down, one finds everything tiny.
這個句子我知道還原為：When one is standing at the top of the mountain looking down, one finds everything tiny.
我不明白的地方在於，looking down如何還原？如果還原為，When one is standing at the top of the mountain 「and」 looking down，那麼減化的時候應該是Standing at the top of the mountain 「and」 looking down，而不是例句裡面的Standing at the top of the mountain looking down。
那是兩層的分詞構句，還原為：When one is standing at the top of the mountain while one is looking down
刪除寫作課的例句
回覆刪除The retail chain doubled revenues by opening 20 new outlets within the past year.
這個句子我知道還原為：The retail chain doubled revenues because it (the retail chain) opened 20 new outlets within the past year.
我不明白的地方在於，副詞子句的主詞為什麼可以是it (the retail chain)，難道不應該是「人」去開20個銷售點嗎？
連鎖店也可以開分店
刪除寫作課的練習
回覆刪除I have ever been to Hawaii and don’t feel like going again any time soon.
改為：I have been to Hawaii and don’t feel like going again any time soon.
請問，為什麼去掉ever？不懂為什麼要這樣改。
ever可以搭配最高級：
刪除That's the best movie I have ever seen.
也可以用在疑問句：
Have you ever been to Hawaii?
但是在一般的直述句中不能使用
寫作課的練習
回覆刪除If I had spent half as much time reading as 「I did watching TV」, I would have graduated a lot sooner.
這個句子是否可以把I did也去掉，變成：If I had spent half as much time reading as 「watching TV」, I would have graduated a lot sooner.？
也可以
刪除寫作課的例句
回覆刪除Trying to keep the boat afloat in the storm, a lot of cargo was thrown into the sea.
老師說過，上句存在懸蕩修飾語問題，可改成：Trying to keep the boat afloat in the storm, the sailors threw a lot of cargo into the sea.
請問老師，除了上面的改法，是否可改為獨立名詞片語？即：The sailors trying to keep the boat afloat in the storm, a lot of cargo was thrown into the sea.
可以
刪除老師好，我看財務報表裡常有這樣的寫法: for the year ended December 31, 2019 ，請問 end 怎麼會這樣用呢?還原是 that is ended on 嗎?但是 end 這裡應該是不及物才對啊。
回覆刪除意思是for the year that has ended Dec. 31, 2019。過去分詞除了被動，也可以表示完成
刪除作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除看到老師說，for the year ended December 31, 2019，意思是for the year that has ended Dec. 31, 2019。
回覆刪除我也陷入思考，這跟減化原則「普通動詞一律加上- ing做詞類變化」相衝突。如果按照減化原則來處理，for the year that has ended Dec. 31, 2019，減化之後應該是：for the year having ended December 31, 2019，而不是for the year ended December 31, 2019
如果把having省略掉是可以的，請問下面這個句子減化成「句2」，對嗎？
Anyone that has visited Bali once will want to return.
減化為句1：Anyone 「having visited」 Bali once will want to return.
減化為句2：Anyone 「visited」 Bali once will want to return.（這句對嗎？）
過去分詞可以有「被動」與「完成」的暗示。ended若作「完成」解釋，就是the year that was ended...。類似的情況是the leaves that are fallen作「已經掉落」解釋。
刪除Anyone visited Bali once will...不行。在visited後面有Bali當受詞，那就只能解釋為主動的限定動詞
作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除寫作課的範文How I Write a Term Paper，使用的程序分析是Instructional process analysis，還是Informational process analysis？為什麼？
回覆刪除要看目的。若旨在「教別人怎麼寫」，就是instructional。若是「說明自己怎麼寫」，就是informational。我們那篇範文，兩種目的都有可能
刪除作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除作者已經移除這則留言。
刪除寫作課的例句
回覆刪除On display instead were crowns of a different sort—ascending head wraps made of various African fabrics.
問題
1.如果不倒裝，是否寫成句1，還是句2，還是都不對？
句1：Crowns of a different sort—ascending head wraps made of various African fabrics, were on display 「instead」.
句2：Crowns of a different sort—ascending head wraps made of various African fabrics, were 「instead」on display .
2.副詞instead是修飾動詞were，還是修飾介繫詞片語on display？
1
刪除句1，改一個標點：fabrics--were...
2
這個instead就是instead of ordinary crowns，修飾were
老師好
回覆刪除It seems to me that everywhere you look these days, there’s a new diet that will change how you look and feel after you lose a little or a lot of weight.
此句來自某國外出版社英語教學教材中的文章，看起來that everywhere you look these days, there’s a new diet是名詞子句的部份，但我覺得文法有誤，因此名詞子句中需再區分主要與次要，主要為there’s a new diet，但次要無連接詞，everywhere及 these days都只是副詞而已, 所以應改成 It seems to me that when you look everywhere these days, there’s a new diet that… 請教老師的看法
Everywhere we went意思是in every place that we went，在we前面省掉了關係副詞where或that
刪除老師好，名詞前面加了形容詞往往可以表示種類，所以會說"an" indomitable resilience，我的問題是，有時候不可數名詞有了形容詞就能表種類，所以可數，但有時候又沒這樣用，例如a writer of voluminous output，請問有區別的方法嗎?
回覆刪除只能用句意區分。an indomitable resilience意思是an indomitable kind of resilience。但是volumious output只是output that is voluminous
刪除寫作課的例句
回覆刪除"Technology will solve our problems." This is an expression of faith about the future, and therefore based on a supposed track record of technology having solved more problems than it created in the recent past. Underlying this expression of faith is the implicit assumption that, from tomorrow onwards, technology will function primarily to solve existing problems and will cease to create new problems.
問題
1.以上哪句是倒裝句，如何還原？
2.以下這句話的句型是什麼？為什麼開頭是based，後面又是having solved，看不懂。
Therefore based on a supposed track record of technology having solved more problems than it created in the recent past.
3.Underlying為什麼加上-ing？是哪個子句減化而來？
1
刪除倒裝句是Underlying...(C) is(V) the implicit assumption...(S)。還原為：The implicit assumption that, from tomorrow onwards, technology will function primarily to solve existing problems and will cease to create new problems is underlying this expression of faith.
2
and therefore (it is) based on a supposed track record that technology has solved more problems than it created in the recent past。後面的that子句改寫為介系詞片語of technology having solved...
3
見1
寫作課的例句
回覆刪除Four years ago, Chloe Kim qualified for the U.S. team in Sochi—but she was still two years shy of 15, the minimum age to compete.
請問，shy是形容詞「害羞的」嗎，為什麼可以用在這裡，shy修飾什麼？shy是什麼意思？
shy of就是short of，「不足，不到」。shy of 15是形容詞片語當主詞補語，two years當時間副詞修飾shy
刪除寫作課的例句
回覆刪除Not only have you been lucky enough to be attached since time immemorial to a favored evolutionary line, but you have also been extremely—make that miraculously—fortunate in your personal ancestry.
如果不倒裝，是不是寫成下面的句子？
You 「not only have been」 lucky enough to be attached since time immemorial to a favored evolutionary line, 「but」 you have 「also」 been extremely—make that miraculously—fortunate in your personal ancestry.
要對稱，如下：
刪除You "have been not only" lucky enough to be attached since time immemorial to a favored evolutionary line, but "also" extremely—make that miraculously—fortunate in your personal ancestry.
對等連接詞相關字組not only A but also B當中的A和B要對等。上句中A是形容詞片語lucky enough...，B是形容詞片語extremely...fortunate...。
倒裝之後，not only移到句首，A變成一個有主詞動詞的限定子句，所以B就得改為同樣擁有主詞動詞的限定子句
寫作課的例句
回覆刪除Instead of 「consuming」 electricity 「used」 to heat water, one can install a solar-energy water heater and have all the hot water one needs.
老師修改為：Instead of 「using」 electricity to heat water, one can install a solar-energy water heater and have all the hot water one needs.
請問，可以修改為句1、句2嗎？
句1，省略used，即：
Instead of 「consuming」 electricity to heat water, one can install a solar-energy water heater and have all the hot water one needs.
句2，省略consuming，即：
Instead of electricity 「used」 to heat water, one can install a solar-energy water heater and have all the hot water one needs.
句1較好。句2是拿名詞片語electricicy來和一個動作install a solar-energy water heater比較，對稱不工整
刪除老師您好
回覆刪除…a white hotel theatrically set along a ridge
1 theatrically set是不是說這個飯店的所在位置似乎只有在電影上才可以看得到 ( 但實際上也是在那個位置 ) ?
Is your publication purposely trying to put Donald Trump in a good light? He is right about your choice for Person of the Year: it is ridiculous. Choosing a child whose achievement in life is to theatrically recite whatever melodramatic script is written for her is an insult to all the hard-working scientist who have spent years researching the subject.
2 He is right about your choice for Person of the Year: it is ridiculous.中的冒號如果改為分號(;)嗎，效果是不是都一樣?
3 it is ridiculous中的it是指He is right about your choice for Person of the Year ?
4 whose achievement in life is to theatrically recite…中的is to的意思是”等於” ?
Caprice refers to a sudden, impulsive, apparently unmotivated turn of mind
5Unmotivated turn應該指來自於”自身”，非外在因素上的刺激 ?
He was leaning out of the unshuttered window
6意思是:把頭伸出窗外，手靠在窗邊上
...hormones that have a narcotic effect on the immune system
7 a narcotic effect是會讓人想睡。那a narcotic effect on the immune system是使免疫系統起不了作用嗎 ?
The colours of the spectrum - red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet - can be seen in a rainbow.
8 The colours of the spectrum及the spectrum of the colours分別的意思是 ?
He has been an opponent of birthright citizenship and last fall told reporters that he doesn’t believe a constitutional amendment would be needed to end it .
9 he doesn’t believe… 意思是說: 他現在的立場贊成birthright citizenship ?
Being American isn’t just a state of being, whether native or acquired.
10 a state of being: 是一種存在的狀態 ?
11 native or acquired 與a state of being的關係為同位格 ?
three convictions before court for stealing cars means three months’ loss of liberty
12before court 應該是指trial proceedings 而不是指審判前 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除不是在電影中，而是「很戲劇化、很誇張」
2
冒號前後比較緊湊，分號感覺像是個補充說明
3
it指的是your choice
4
還原為is that she will dutifully recite...
5
就是「沒來由的、沒理由的」（不論內外）
6
頭伸出窗外，沒說手怎麼擺
7
是
8
前者是「光譜中所有的色彩」，後者是「所有色彩構成的光譜」
9
不是。他認為：要終結birthright citizenship並不需要修憲（一般立法就行）
10
是
11
whether native state or acquired state
12
是
老師您好
回覆刪除In many ways, it’s the voice of reason. Inskeep has a way of approaching a topic that projects both curiosity and openness to new information, which is another way of saying he models responsible civic behavior. He does this so well that during live interviews, Inskeep can get away with quick asides to correct something incorrect that a guest has just asserted, and then just continue the interview. It’s particularly impressive at National Public Radio, a world-class news organization sometimes confused with its stereotyped listener: a liberal with a furrowed brow and a canvas tote. The reality, especially in remote parts of the country, is far more nuanced, and Inskeep holds no truck with the notion that the appetite for thoughtful and thorough reporting is governed by political inclination
1 It’s particularly impressive at National Public Radio, a world-class news organization sometimes confused with its stereotyped listener: a liberal with a furrowed brow and a canvas tote. 不了解這句話所要表達的意思 ?
2 The reality, especially in remote parts of the country, is far more nuanced既然是reality的話，怎麼又會有nuanced的情形 ? (對同一件事鄉村及城市的reality會相同才對 )
NPR headquarters stands a few blocks north of the U.S. Capital, in what had been a warehouse for the local telephone company.
3 what had been是不是也可以改成what has been ?(用has been也可表示過去曾發生的事 )
The world of news is not everyone’s. It’s one of the reasons Inskeep writes books. Maybe it was mostly coincidence that his previous one, Jacksonland, published in 2015, centered on the populist President whom Donald Trump would declare his favorite upon taking office two years later. But it’s no less likely that from the place he has made in the news cycle, Inskeep was responding to deep tones that sound through generations
4 from the place he has made in the news cycle, Inskeep was responding to deep tones that sound through generations所要傳達的意思是 ?
5 from the place he has made (WHAT) 從上面的句子感覺看不出來WHAT指的是什麼 ?
謝謝老師
1
回覆刪除NPR電台的典型聽眾形象：眉頭深鎖（嚴肅）、肩跨帆布袋（務實）的左派人士
2
上文講的是NPR的典型聽眾形象，下文說「其實絕沒有那麼簡單」，也就是說NPR的聽眾不見得都是左派，尤其在偏鄉（有許多右派聽眾）
3
這裏是暗示before it became NPR headquarters, it had been...
4
上文說Inskeep那本2015年的書寫的是19世紀的民粹總統Jackson，而兩年後川普說他最喜歡的就是Jackson，這兩件事或許只是巧合。但更大的可能是：Inskeep因為在即時新聞界已經聲名顯赫，所以轉向更長遠的歷史脈絡去發掘，這才要寫古人Jackson總統
5
the news cycle指的是the 24-hour news cycle「24小時即時新聞輪播」
寫作課的例句
回覆刪除Fragments (incomplete sentences)
If the only way to alleviate national suffering is to impose it elsewhere—even if the people who must pay reside among us—then that is the price that [Trump] believes must be paid. The families will be bombed. The Muslims banned. The oil taken. The trade relationships upended. The protesters challenged.
這段話怎麼看出來哪個是不完整句，為什麼？
最後幾句：The Muslims (will be) banned. The oil (will be) taken. The trade relationships (will be) upended. The protesters (will be) challenged.
刪除老師好
回覆刪除Sometimes, bullying is an Internet event, ___ when someone puts mean words about you on Facebook.
A. as B. such C. so D. as if
以上是某高中的測驗題, 答案是A, as when兩者都是連接詞, 為何可放在一起呢? bullying is an Internet event為主要子句, as引導副詞子句, 然在此副詞子句中, 又分when someone…為次要, 但沒有主要部分, 該如何解釋這樣的用法呢?
另as做連接詞用時, 有”當”, “隨著”, “因為”, “雖然”之意, 好像都不太適用在此句子?
連接詞as與than引導的子句經常會大量省略。可還原為：Sometimes, bullying is an Internet event, as (it is) when someone puts mean words about you on Facebook.。其中省掉的是整個上文。
刪除下面的例句出自劍橋字典。
回覆刪除You can go instead of me, if you want.
如果你願意，你可以代替我去。
Instead of complaining, why don't we try to change things?
與其抱怨，不如我們來作改變？
問題
1.instead是副詞，為什麼instead of是介系詞（字典查到的）？
2.例句中的instead可否看作副詞修飾動詞，of和受詞看作介系詞片語？如果不可以，應該怎麼分析？
instead of中的of是介系詞，instead是副詞，例如也可以只說I'll go instead.
刪除下面的例句分別出自牛津字典、韋氏字典。
回覆刪除He died at sixty-one, four years short of his pensionable age.
(One) had few options short of replacing the motor.
https://www.lexico.com/definition/short_of
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/short%20of
問題
1.short是形容詞、副詞，為什麼short of是介系詞（韋氏字典查到的）？
2.例句中的short可否單獨分析，of和受詞看作介系詞片語修飾short？如果不可以，應該怎麼分析？
和上則相同：short of中的of是介系詞，後面的介系詞片語修飾short。
刪除老師好
回覆刪除Although the economy finally began to improve, many British working people grew to hate the “Iron Lady,” as she became known.
In May 1430 Joan of Arc, as she became known, was captured by French nobles.
關於這兩個句子當中的as she became known, 有一說法是as為準關代, 引導形容詞子句, 補充說明先行詞, 然形容詞子句的連接詞同時在整個子句中必須有個位置, 然as she became known的as, 找不出它的位置
我看準關代的其他例句如: It is preferable to use such material as (主詞位置) can be recycled.
Read such books as (動詞的受詞位置) successful people recommend.
依此用準關代的說法, 好像遇到了盲點?
這個句子不大好解釋。
刪除在as與than這兩個連接詞後面的子句往往可以大量省略（因為有平行對稱的要求所以會出現重複，故可以省略）。可以這樣來理解：
Many British people grew to hate the "Iron Lady."
She became known as the "Iron Lady."
所以，真正的關係子句應該是這樣的：
Many British people grew to hate the "Iron Lady," as which she became known.
因為在as後面可以大量省略，所以把重複的which省掉了。這是as與than後面的特殊省略情況，一般的關係子句不能這樣省略。
作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除He died at sixty-one, four years short of his pensionable age.
回覆刪除問題
1.
是不是可以還原為以下的句子？
He died at sixty-one, 「which is」 four years short of his pensionable age.
He died at sixty-one, 「which are」 four years short of his pensionable age.
哪句對？都不對的話，怎麼分析後半句（four years short of his pensionable age）的成分？
2.
（1）如果問題1成立，裡面的which是指sixty-one這個數字嗎？
（2）short of裡面的short是形容詞，還是副詞？
（3）four years是做副詞，修飾short嗎？
1
刪除第1句對
2
(1)是
(2)形容詞
(3)是
寫作課的例句
回覆刪除A, (but) not B
The hen, (but) not the eggs, was stolen.
「A, (but) not B」裡面的「(but) not B」如何分析？查到not是副詞，是不是可以還原為：The hen was stolen, but the eggs were not stolen.?
對等連接詞but連接A與not B，然後把but省略。可以這樣還原。
刪除老師您好
回覆刪除the possibility that the party may implode in opposition.
1 In是指以….的形式 ?
The treatment accorded to a United Nations official was little short of insulting
2was little short of insulting= came close to insulting ?
Premium 的意思是: a sum in advance of or in addition to the nominal value of something
3 a sum in advance of表示a sum before the nominal value of something，即premium不包括the nominal value of something但a sum in addition to the nominal value of something，也就是premium包括the nominal value of something。不知以上的理解是否正確
The demand for oil was growing like gangbusters to fuel a global economic expansion
4 to fuel …=so that the demand fueled … ?
Page’s respond to the suggestion that this might be sour grapes because his company lost the bid is: “Life is too short for that.”
5“Life is too short for that.”是在暗示: 這種流言不值得留意 ?
Fossil fuels receive roughly 5 trillion annually in government subsidies, a figure that includes the cost of environmental damage caused by industry that's left to everyone else to clean up
6意思是 : 如果水源受到污染，而讓水源回復到以往的水準所需要的成本應由工廠來負擔，現在則由政府間接補貼給廠商 ?
Is your publication purposely trying to put Donald Trump in a good light? He is right about your choice for Person of the Year: it is ridiculous. Choosing a child whose achievement in life is to theatrically recite whatever melodramatic script is written for her is an insult to all the hard-working scientist who have spent years researching the subject.
7 He is right about your choice for Person of the Year是在暗示TIME選Trump為Person of the Year 實在是名不符實;但Trump與TIME認為名符其實?
8 whose achievement in life is to theatrically recite =
is that she will dutifully recite.. 我有個疑問dutifully=theatrically嗎
9 A dogged air of confidence exuded
A dogged air of confidence的意思是:信心的氛圍不退散 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除「在…的過程中」
2
是
3
其實in advance of和in addition to意思差不多，前者是「比…多出」，後者是「除了…還要加上」
4
to fuel a global economic expansion相當於in order to fuel...，可還原為in order that it could fuel...，修飾動詞was growing
5
是。「人生苦短，怎麼會浪費在『酸葡萄心態』上頭」
6
是
7
Time選了環保小將Greta Thunberg為年度風雲人物，川普說「選得太離譜（應該選我）」。這位讀者投書表示川普說得對：Time不該選一個照本宣科的小屁孩為風雲人物
8
dutifully = obediently
9
dogged有「盲目固執」的意思。a dogged air of confidence表示「不顧一切、無視現實，就是自信滿滿」
(One) had few options short of replacing the motor.
回覆刪除請問，這句話裡面的short是什麼詞類？副詞嗎？
形容詞，修飾few options
刪除寫作課的例句
回覆刪除The hen, (but) not the eggs, was stolen.
這裡應該是not修飾名詞片語the eggs，可是不清楚：not是哪種副詞？
老師說過，可以修飾名詞的副詞有：地方副詞、時間副詞、介副詞、強調範圍的副詞、程度副詞、加強語氣的副詞。實在不清楚這裡的not是上述哪種副詞。
還是副詞類，可以稱為否定副詞
刪除Older people comprise a large proportion of those living in poverty.
回覆刪除請問老師為何不說 old people 而要用比較級形容詞呢?這樣讀者如何知道是比誰還要老?謝謝。
意思是older than usual, relatively old
刪除作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除寫作課的例句
回覆刪除ask X to do Y
The boss asked me to type a letter for him.
問題1
上述句子應還原為句1、句2還是句3？
句1：The boss asked 「if/whether」 I 「could type」 a letter for him.
句2：The boss asked that I 「typed」 a letter for him.
句3：The boss asked that I 「type」 a letter for him.（間接命令句）
問題2
如果應還原為句1，為何減化之後不是：The boss asked me 「whether」 to type a letter for him.，而是：The boss asked me to type a letter for him.，我記得老師在名詞子句減化的時候舉例如下：
Whether we should go on (or not) will have to be decided soon.
可以減化為：「Whether」 to go on or not will have to be decided soon.
問題3
如果應還原為句2，為何不能看做是間接命令句使用原形動詞type，因為ask就有命令的語氣在裡面了？
可還原為句1和句3。
刪除The boss asked whether I could type a letter for him.不能減化為The boss asked "me" whether to type a letter for him，因為whether子句的主詞沒有道理拿到外面去。
問題1
回覆刪除be known as 可否理解為被動語態？即：
主動語態：We know Abraham Lincoln as the Great Emancipator.
被動語態：Abraham Lincoln is known as the Great Emancipator.
問題2
be known to N 可否理解為被動語態？即：
主動語態：Every American alive knows Abraham Lincoln.
被動語態：Abraham Lincoln is known 「by」 every American alive.
把known看作形容詞，介系詞變成to，即：Abraham Lincoln is known 「to」 every American alive.
問題3
be known to V 可否理解為被動語態？即：
復句：We know the war hero must have killed many enemy soldiers.
減化為：We know the war hero to have killed many enemy soldiers.
被動語態：The war hero is known to have killed many enemy soldiers.
1
刪除可以
2
可以
3
可以
寫作課的例句
回覆刪除have a mandate to
The President-elect has a mandate to revive the economy.
以下還原的句子哪個對？如果都錯誤，請問怎麼還原？
The President-elect has a mandate that he must revive the economy.
The President-elect has a mandate, so that he must revive the economy.
前者感覺比較接近
刪除寫作課的例句
回覆刪除order X to do Y
The boss ordered everybody to come to the party.
問題1
上述句子應還原為句1、句2還是句3？如果都錯誤，請問怎麼還原？
句1：The boss ordered that everybody 「must come」 to the party.
句2：The boss ordered 「if/whether」 everybody 「must come」 to the party.
句3：The boss ordered that everybody 「come」 to the party.（間接命令句）
問題2
如果應還原為句1或者句2，為何不能看做是間接命令句使用原形動詞come，因為ordered表示命令，應該屬於命令語氣的範疇？
句1和句3皆可
刪除寫作課的例句
回覆刪除require someone to
The boss required us to work overtime tonight.
請問，上述例句還原為：The boss required we must work overtime tonight.，對嗎？
required明明有命令語氣在裡面，為什麼還會有語氣助動詞或不定詞等表示不確定語氣的詞在裡面？
還原為The boos required that we work overtime tonight.，屬於間接命令句。
刪除老師您好
回覆刪除to vindicate is to clear a person through evidence of the unfairness of the charge
1 要clear 某人怎麼可能用the unfairness of the charge的證據？
2 ...anything to take our minds off that gap and the brown, churning water below的意思是 ?
His sentence is to run concurrently with a sentence he is already serving.
3to run...可否煩請老師還原 ?
He was jailed for 33 months to run concurrently with a sentence he is already serving for burglary
4to run...可否煩請老師還原 ?
The churning , pressing crowds made her feel claustrophobic的5 pressing該如何解釋 ?
They used elaborate secret codes, as when the names of trees stood for letters.
6 as 是"例如、像是" 的意思 ?
performative : made or done for show (as to bolster one's own image or make a positive impression on others)
7 as 是"例如、像是" 的意思 ?
8 as to bolster 看起來不像是 as to which road to take 的as to ?
indeed, the show has thoughtful lessons for audiences of all ages about the search for belonging, both inside and outside the bedroom. As Jean reminds one client:" Sex doesn't make us whole , so could you ever be broken ?"
9 Sex doesn't make us whole , so could you ever be broken這一句話跟belonging看起來好像沒有關係吧 ?
Premium 的意思是: a sum in advance of or in addition to the nominal value of something
11老師您的解答是其實in advance of和in addition to意思差不多，前者是「比…多出」，後者是「除了…還要加上」
總價是15元， nominal value是10元， a sum in advance of the nominal value of something，表示a sum 是5元=premium=5元 ?
12 a sum in addition to the nominal value of something
總價是15元， nominal value是10元，表示a sum 是5元而premium=15元 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除證明「指控不公」，等於還其清白
2
比喻為俯視一幅難看的景像，很想要有別的東西可以轉移注意、不再去看那幅景像
3
His sentence will run concurrently with...
4
He was jailed for 33 months which would run concurrently...
5
擁擠的
6
是
7
是
8
不同。後者相當於concerning
9
如果此人一直在searching for belonging inside the bedroom，意思就是searching for belonging through sex
11
是
12
a sum是5元，premium也是5元（這句就是在定義premium，所以premium等於a sum）
1
回覆刪除Older people comprise a large proportion of those living in poverty.
我上次問老師older people跟old people的差異，老師說older指比一般人還要老，我想再問older people跟old people哪一種說法的人比較老呢?我想說老人家，英文要用原級還是比較級?
2
The equator divides the earth into Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
請問老師普通名詞hemispheres為何沒用定冠詞呢?名詞大寫有什麼作用?
1
刪除old people「老人」；older people「年紀比較大的人」
2
因為hemispheres是複數，所以可以用零冠詞。大小寫沒有影響
老師在「2021年9月8日 上午10:38」回復說：
回覆刪除The boss required us to work overtime tonight.，還原為：The boos required that we work overtime tonight.，屬於間接命令句。
我不理解的是，原句明明是不確定語氣（to work overtime），為什麼還原之後就變成另一種語氣——命令語氣（work overtime），這完全是兩種不同的語氣！
又如，老師在「2021年9月8日 上午10:35」回復說：
原句：The boss asked me to type a letter for him.
既可以還原為「不確定語氣」：The boss asked whether I could type a letter for him.
又可以還原為「命令語氣」：The boss asked that I type a letter for him.
這裡也不解，原句明明是不確定語氣（to type），為什麼可以還原為變成命令語氣，這完全是兩種不同的語氣！
這個問題困惑許久，拜請老師詳細解答，感激不盡。
He asked if I could do something.和
刪除He asked that I do something.
這兩句的語氣不盡相同。前者是「詢問」，問我「能不能、願不願意」，屬於不確定語氣，所以採用語氣助動詞。後者則是「要求」，屬於間接命令句語氣，所以採用原形動詞。不過兩句減化的結果相同，都是變成He asked me to do something。語氣助動詞減化的結果成為不定詞to V。命令句的原形動詞減化的結果也是成為不定詞to V。
谢谢老师，我懂了。命令句的原形動詞減化的結果也是成為不定詞to V，参考文法教材P550-551。
刪除The equator divides the earth into Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
回覆刪除老師上次說這裡的名詞是複數，可以用零冠詞，但旋元佑文法裡說複數名詞配零冠詞表示「不加限定」、「無限」，但這句的形容詞標示出是哪一個hemisphere，還是說只要是複數名詞，就算有限定的意思，不加定冠詞也可以嗎?謝謝。
零冠詞表示「無限」，亦即「所有的」。地球上就只有東半球和西半球這兩個，所以N. & S Hemispheres可以採用零冠詞，確實是「所有的」。
刪除請問老師
回覆刪除I have been busy. 照完成式的意思是到現在為止已經完成了，所以說當下不忙了嗎?
意思是busy的狀況「持續到現在」，用來解釋「這一段時間」，至於「當下」，有可能還在忙、也有可能已經結束。
刪除老師您好
回覆刪除The world of news is not everyone’s. It’s one of the reasons Inskeep writes books. Maybe it was mostly coincidence that his previous one, Jacksonland, published in 2015, centered on the populist President whom Donald Trump would declare his favorite upon taking office two years later. But it’s no less likely that from the place he has made in the news cycle, Inskeep was responding to deep tones that sound through generations
1 老師您的解答是上文說Inskeep那本2015年的書寫的是19世紀的民粹總統Jackson，而兩年後川普說他最喜歡的就是Jackson，這兩件事或許只是巧合。但更大的可能是：Inskeep因為在即時新聞界已經聲名顯赫，所以轉向更長遠的歷史脈絡去發掘，這才要寫古人Jackson總統。 我的問題是 but it’s no less likely=equally likely, 而在老師的解答中”但更大的可能是”，這樣子在語意上(no less likely=equally likely=同樣的可能性)是不是不相同 ?
Although she acknowledges that she stopped drinking because she struggled with alcoholism, she no longer calls herself an alcoholic. “Alcoholism was a word that invited other people to use me as their own personal navigation system,” she writes.
2因為she stopped drinking, 所以(she no longer calls herself an alcoholic)是很理所當然的。為什麼還要特別強調she no longer calls herself an alcoholic ? (她早就不喝洒了，現在根本不是alcoholic, 感覺好像是stating the obvious)
3 Alcoholism … system 的意思是 ?
All he needs to do is make one phone call and I'm a marked man
4看不出來All he needs to do is make one phone call 及I'm a marked man在語意上有什麼關係 ?
He was jailed for 33 months to run concurrently with a sentence he is already serving for burglary
=He was jailed for33 months which would run concurrently with a sentence he is already serving for burglary
5 which的先行詞是33 months, 而33 months跟 a sentence是不同的意思，雖然整句的語意可以讓人了解，但考試時可以這樣子寫嗎 ?
indeed, the show has thoughtful lessons for audiences of all ages about the search for belonging, both inside and outside the bedroom. As Jean reminds one client:" Sex doesn't make us whole , so could you ever be broken ?"
6 Sex doesn't make us whole , so could you ever be broken是在暗示:應該找尋比sex更有意義的事，才能使人的生命活得有意義，活得圓滿
Lack of support for young artists creates resentment where there could be beauty, originality and change
7 resentment 怎麼可能跟beauty, originality and change有關聯 ?
...a further need to democratize the life of society as a whole.
8如果公共運輸很貴，則to democratize the life of society as a whole.表示價格應該更低，使全民能夠享有公共運輸的方便 ?
Grim betrayals, chilling dream sequences, assassins dressed as monks: this is muscular, invigorating filmmaking, a counterpart of sorts to Martin Scorsese’s The Irishman
9不了解Grim betrayals, chilling dream sequences, assassins dressed as monks: this is muscular, invigorating filmmaking所要表達的意思 ?
Maybe the devolution of free viewing options doesn’t seem like such a tragedy; anyone can borrow a book from a library, after all .
10 devolution= the passing ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除字面上是「同樣可能」，不過語氣顯然有強調後者（前者只不過是個「讓步」）
2
關鍵是用字。雖然她承認自己有alcoholism的問題，但不願被稱為an alcoholic
3
Alcoholism was a word that invited other people to use me as their own personal navigation system,
用alcoholism一字來說我，等於把我當作別人如何解決酗酒問題的參考
4
「他只消打通電話，我就完了！」a marked man字面上是「被做了記號」，也就是「成了過街老鼠」
5
which的先行詞看起來是he was jailed for 33 months這整句
6
有這種暗示
7
在「本來應該有beauty...等等」的地方，卻創造出了resentment。where子句是地方副詞子句，修飾creates
8
是
9
Grim betrayals, chilling dream sequences, assassins dressed as monks這些是電影情節，this is muscular, invigorating filmmaking這是對具有這些情節的電影的評論
10
passing down