老師您好 These changes couldn't have come at a better time. 1意思是這些改變來的正是時候(現在的角度猜過去; 至也有可能是現在的角度猜過去至今，看上下文而定) ?
Contemporary photographs are juxtaposed with a sixteenth century, copper Portuguese mirror 2 photographs及mirror是不同性質的東西，怎麼可以 juxtapose ?
The commonalities are striking, with both works adhering to Siqueiros' philosophy that in order to make truly radical art, artists must shed old practices and pioneer new methods. 3句中的that前面也沒有so 之類的字使其成為一組(so... that), 而且that看起來也不像是關係代名詞，不知如何解釋 ? 4with可以省略嗎(both works adhering to =because both works adhere to ...)
Such is the size of the problem that these arguments are purely academic. 5=The size of the problem is such that these arguments are purely academic ? 6原句把such移到最前面是為了要強調這個(有可能是假設性之類的)問題涉及層面很廣大?
How fortunate we are for Real Life(書名), another contribution from a community long deserving of the chance to tell its stories ７for是因為的意思?
1 感覺不對，不像限定詞而像錯誤 2 一般動詞 3 I forgot to call...來自於I forgot that I should call...，其中should call的時間和forgot相同，所以並非「相對過去」，不需要用完成式。亦即：如果當時有人提醒你一下，那麼拿起電話來打還來得及。如果是這樣：I knew I should have called in advance，其中should have called的時間在knew之前，屬於「相對過去」，這才需要完成式。亦即：到你知道的時候已經來不及了。
老師您好 McBride positions Deacon King Kong on the precipice of a profound historical moment: as he illustrates, these knit-together old neighborhoods fell away after broader societal and urban shifts, not just in New York but around the country, beginning in the 1970s after the deaths of civil rights leaders and changemakers. In the new world, there would be nothing so uniting as a town drunk and his love and loathing for the promising ballplayer who turns to drugs. McBride’s novel is a rich and vivid multicultural history. But he also depicts the vulnerability of men who show most of the world only their gruff exteriors, rendered with rare and memorable tenderness.
1 nothing so uniting as a town drunk and his love and loathing for the promising ballplayer = nothing more uniting than a town drunk and his love and loathing for the promising ballplayer ? 2 a town drunk and his love and loathing for the promising ballplayer 怎麼會用uniting來形容，不知uniting 是什麼意思 ? 3 gruff exteriors, rendered with rare and memorable tenderness.的意思是 ?
When we come to a point in our nation where little children, babies, are being taken from their parents and put in cages, I don't think history will be kind to us 4 I don't think history will be kind to us的意思是: 現在的這種遭遇( little children, babies, are being taken from their parents and put in cages)，後人在寫歷史時也不會給才同情 ?
It may feel as if we've been living with COVID-19 for a lifetime 5 we've been..應改成we had been..., 因為根本不可能終其一生都甩不掉 COVID-19?
The new law takes effect as of July 1. 6 在這的takes effect是以現在式代替未來式，所以改成 will take effect 也行 ? 謝謝老師
1 是 2 a town drunk指的是Deacon King Kong。the promising ball player就是書中被他射殺的青年。Deacon帶這個青年往棒球發展，但後者受到環境影響，走上販毒之路。Deacon是如何在愛恨交加的心情之下把青年殺死的，這個問題成為整個社區共同關切的焦點（a uniting issue） 3 he also depicts the vulnerability of men who show most of the world only their gruff exteriors, (which are) rendered with rare and memorable tenderness「作者描繪這種人內心的脆弱：他們在大部分人面前只會露出粗野的外表，但作者描寫這種外表的手法卻罕見地溫柔，令人過目難忘」 4 現代人的這種惡劣表現，後人在寫歷史時一定會嚴加譴責 5 正式文法要求是這樣 6 是
老師您好 (Finding the right language) She has been told she should call herself a survivor of sexual assault, not a victim, she write. Is it my story to tell or not? Is this a thing that happened to me or a thing that happens to 1 in 6 American women?" she asks. 1 如果是survivor 的話，是不是就沒有victim的涵意在裡面，所以victim是比較適合的用字?
Trump will lean heavily on the Fed for more cuts, less for the sake of U.S. economic resilience than for the President's political fortunes. 2 less for...=(while he will lean) less for ... ?
Smith did more than merely confront McCarthy. She also defined the GOP as the "champion of unity and prudence." She was a strong Republican, but, she said, "I don't want to see the Republican Party rise to victory on the four horses of calumny: fear, ignorance, bigotry, and smear." There are times when victory is not worth the cost. 3 There are times when victory is not worth the cost.的意思是: 如果勝利的取得是透過 fear, ignorance, bigotry, and smear.的手段，則這個勝利是很不值得的 ?
It would be difficult for her to stand much lower in my opinion after the way she behaved at the party. 4 意思是:我對她不好的評價這一件事會使她難以接受 ?
to DISSOLVE an assembly is to terminate it as constituted, so that an election must be held to reconstitute it 5 as constituted=while it is constituted ?
Clinton has come to symbolize both the great strides forward for women in politics and the stiff headwinds they still confront. 6 symbolize 後面接的應該都是正面的，可是the stiff headwinds是反面的，不知如何解釋? 謝謝老師
1 主要差別在於survivor的涵義比較積極，victim比較被動、消極 2 他對聯準會施壓，主要是為了自己政治前途的考量，超過對經濟的考量 3 是 4 經過這一次在party中的表現之後，我對她的評價已經落入谷底（已經差到不能再差了） 5 to terminate it as it was originally constituted（原來的章程作廢） 6 就是一正一反，評價兩極，有矛盾
1 The good time we spent together in college "has left" a deep impression on my mind. 句型是The good time(S) has left(V) a good impression(O)「好時光留下好印象」。選項has remained與has stayed都是不及物動詞，後面不能接受詞。選項has done雖然是及物動詞，但用字不對（do an impression不通）。 2 When he (A)knew that he had been (B)accused of fraud, he (C)committed suicide. He knew that he would be (D)found guilt. 答案是D改為found guilty。這是被動態，先改為主動態來理解： People(S) would find(V) him(O) guilty(C).「別人會判他有罪」。句尾需要形容詞guilty當作受詞補語，修飾受詞him。改為被動態就是： He would be found guilty.「他會被判定有罪」。 3 There(C) is(V) no general agreement(S)...「沒有共識存在」。這是常見的倒裝句。
老師您好 He played no part in the game and was conspicuous by his absence in the post-match celebrations. 1 他沒有參與比賽，那麼他沒有參加celebrations怎會引起人注意，我在想這個句子的邏輯是不是有問題?
The newspaper which libeled him had already offered compensation 2 先libeled，後offered compensation，所以原句為何不是The newspaper which had libeled him already offered compensation?
to DISSOLVE an assembly is to terminate it as constituted, so that an election must be held to reconstitute it 3 to terminate it as it was originally constituted（原來的章程作廢）。因為assembly是集會，所以應該跟章程沒關係? 4 terminate及constituted不是同義字，用as(in the same way)感覺怪怪的，不知如何解釋?
..the campaign for the first free election to the National Assembly to 是不是改成of(the National Assembly election)會比較合適?
"There are so many things you can't see with your eyes, like the emotional damage people suffer from, especially the survivors who have lost family members to this outbreak," Say Togo... "But this is only on the outside. The way they were hurt, the scars they have, will never recover." 5 on the outside是指people have lost family members to this outbreak (眼睛可見，有別於emotional damage) ?
1 句子就是你理解的意思，邏輯在於：此人可能非常重要，就算沒參加比賽也應該參加賽後的活動 2 had offered compensation是相對另一個時間點而言（不是發生在libeled之前、而是發生在上文說的另一件事之前） 3 一個議會的組織應該有它的章程，assembly被解散，意思就是當初的組織作廢、要重新選舉 4 解散掉「以原來的組織方式所組織起來的」議會，重新選舉，也就是重組一個議會 5 用to沒錯，例如：He was elected to the Legislative Yuan. 6 看起來是前面說到的一切都屬於on the outside
to listen to修飾動詞take，當副詞使用。to build修飾動詞cost，也是當副詞使用。
非限定動詞，包括現在分詞、過去分詞、動名詞、不定詞，都可分為簡單與複雜兩種。簡單的構造就是單字，例如a used car，中間的過去分詞used就是個單字，可視為動詞use的詞類變化、變成形容詞、放在名詞片語中修飾名詞car（但帶有被動/完成暗示：已經被人用過的）。既然是形容詞單字，不是動詞，就沒有受詞的位置。
複雜的構造應視為從屬子句減化，例如A person using a chainsaw must be very careful.句中的using a chainsaw就是複雜的構造，應視為關係子句who is using a chainsaw的減化，及物動詞use後面需要受詞。
老師您好 ..."Deep Blue," a hastily created think tank charged with charting a new course for the Navy in what would become known as the war on terror. 1 charting a new course...=monitoring and recording a new development in something that would become known as the war on terror. ?
If power is a muscle, driving progress through strength, influence is a magnet, drawing people toward possibilities they might otherwise never have imagined. 2 they might otherwise never have imagined.(過去非事實)應改成 they might otherwise imagined.(現在非事實)才合理 ?
He will see that he is participating in all the decisions of the collective 3 will see是 be able to form a mental picture of (something)，而 he is participating是以現在進行式代替未來式，不知以上觀念是否正確 /
It's we the living who say collectively what "woman" means, hopefully in ways that center the voices and experiences of all those who live as women, across all our other differences. 4 across all our other differences的意思是?
a multitude arrayed against him 5 against =in a direction opposite to ?
Mary colluded in the myth of him as the swanky businessman 6 她與其他人colluded，讓外人覺得他是個swanky businessman(事實上他不是swanky businessman)? 謝謝老師
1 plotting a new path; planning a new way ahead 2 原文沒錯：they might never have imagined if there had been no such magnet，屬於過去時間非事實語氣 3 有可能。還可以解釋為he is participating是事實語氣：he is really participating in something, only that he doesn't see it yet 4 別的差異可能在於種族、國籍、社會階層、等等 5 是。或者in opposition to 6 此人的形象是塑造出來的神話不是事實，而Mary也隨眾附和
老師在《文法》P94講到，alike是形容詞（attributive adjectives），舉例如下： Jane and her mother alike are teachers. 珍和她媽媽一樣都是老師。
可是，我查到當alike翻譯為「兩者都；同樣地，同等地」，alike是副詞，比如：劍橋字典https://dictionary.cambridge.org/zhs/詞典/英語-漢語-繁體/alike alike adverb B2 used after referring to two groups of people or things to show that both groups are included 兩者都；同樣地，同等地 Friends and family alike were devastated by the news of her death. 聽到她去世的噩耗，無論家人還是朋友都悲痛欲絕。
請問，Jane and her mother alike are teachers.裡面的alike是副詞還是形容詞，為什麼？這個問題困惑許久，想聽聽老師的分析。
都講得通。如果說He and she are alike，那麼這個alike只能是形容詞（主詞補語）。但如果說He and she alike are teachers，這個alike當形容詞或副詞解釋都通。當形容詞，因為是a-開頭的形容詞，所以放在後面修飾名詞he and she。當副詞，就是字典中的解釋。
老師在「2022年4月3日 中午12:39」回答說：如果說He and she are alike，那麼這個alike只能是形容詞（主詞補語）。 老師之前上課說過（如果沒有記錯的話），alike相當於of like。按照這樣的邏輯，He and she are alike.就相當於He and she are of like.，其中，of like如果看作是地方副詞，說的是「一樣、相同相似」的地方，He and she are alike.裡面的alike為何不能解釋為地方副詞of like當主詞補語？ * 《文法》P13說過，補語的詞類包括：名詞、形容詞、時間副詞、「地方副詞」、介副詞。
老師您好 Despite death threats and her family's home being firebombed by white supremacists, she channeled her painful truths into a search for justice... 1 being firebombed 及 firebombed在語意上有何不同 ?
.."Deep Blue," a hastily created think tank charged with charting a new course for the Navy in what would become known as the war on terror. 2 in是a new course in ?
If power is a muscle, driving progress through strength, influence is a magnet, drawing people toward possibilities they might otherwise never have imagined. 3 driving progress through strength是句子主詞，如果改成drive progress through strength不知是否可以 ?
4 influence前面加上分號;及 if會比較好? ( ; if influence ... )
5 they might otherwise never have imagined.是過去非事實，但是they might otherwise never imagined.改成現在非事實，感覺也講得通 ?
He will see that he is participating in all the decisions of the collective 6 還可以解釋為he is participating是事實語氣：he is really participating in something, only that he doesn't see it yet。所以老師您的意思是:他確實在participating，只是他目前自己不知道，不了解 (doesn't see it yet)，但他現在還在自己想像(will see that... ) ? 謝謝老師
1 her home being firebombed感覺像一句敘述（that her home was firebombed）。her home firebombed感覺像一個東西（等於her firebombed home） 2 比較像是修飾hastily created：在the war on terror當中匆匆創造出來的機構 3, 4 driving progress through strength不是主詞而是關係子句which drives progress through strength的減化 5 若改為they might otherwise never imagine成為現在非事實，也通 6 「到時候他會了解：其實他都有參與合作社的所有決策」
Scientifically, the experiment was a success. 句中的scientifically應還原為scientifically speaking，那麼scientifically就是一個「方法狀態副詞」（adverb of manner），修飾動詞speak。但是省略掉speaking之後，一般文法書稱Scientifically這種副詞為「分離副詞」（disjunct），說它是修飾整個限定子句的副詞。
你問的那個句子，這樣說意思也一樣： I luckily had some money with me. 表示這個luckily就是「方法狀態副詞」，修飾動詞had。因為被移到句首，所以打個逗點分隔一下。
老師在文法書P260有一個例句說的是： He says he will come to pick you up tonight. 他說他今晚要來接你。 如果我不想把to pick you up tonight看做簡單的構造，這個例句還原為He says he will come "because he will pick you up tonight".正確嗎?如果不正確，應該如何還原？
I have come to understand this question. 我開始理解這個問題。 如果我不想把to understand this question看做簡單的構造，這個例句還原為I have come "so that I can understand this question".正確嗎?如果不正確，應該如何還原？
老師您好 1 keep a sense of proportion about all this= keep all this in proportion ?
to enclose is to send something in the same envelope or parcel as something else 2 as something else= as (in the same way) something else is sent ?
It's we the living who say collectively what "woman" means, hopefully in ways that center the voices and experiences of all those who live as women, across all our other differences.
3 across的意思是 ?
If you canvass for a particular person or political party, you go around an area trying to persuade people to vote for that person or party. 4 trying to =while trying to ? 5 trying to 改成 (in order )to try to 不知是否可以 ?
Fundamentally, women like him for his sensitivity and charming vulnerability. 6 charming vulnerability.的意思是 ?
It was a revelation. De Beauvoir exposed a long hidden truth: that there is no female nature. She consulted biology, history. medicine and psychoanalysis to question the roles assigned to women. The book told me that I control my destiny. If there is no fixed female essence, then we too are only what we do . 7 we too are only what we do . 的意思是?
In her utter rejection of a public persona, she is best understood, still, as a symbol: no longer the potent florescence of youth, but a hard-worn tree in whose limbs and roots can be traced the archaeology of an era 8 a hard-worn...是意思是不是the archaeology of an era can be traced through her limbs and roots in a hard-worn tree ? 但原句trace 為何用被動，感覺講不通，而且原句traced的後面沒加介系詞 ? 謝謝老師
1 可以 2 是 3 over and above 4 是 5 太間接了，有點重複 6 人要有弱點，才能激發女性保護的本能 7 女人和男人沒什麼不同，也是要從作為、表現來評量 8 先行詞是a hard-worn tree，關係子句可還原為單句the archaeology of an era(S) can be traced(V) in its limbs and roots。改為關係代名詞in whose limbs and roots再倒裝，就成為a hard-worn tree in whose limbs and roots can be traced the archaeology of an era。用被動態，意思是can be traced (by us)。
老師您好 FORMER always connotes comparison, stated or implied, with what follows (termed latter) 1 termed latter是指what that is termed latter, 所以what 也可當先行詞 ?
If you say that something is termed a particular thing, you mean that that is what people call it or that is their opinion of it. 2 為什麼會有兩個that (you mean that that...), 感覺you mean (不要有兩個that)或者只留一個that 都可(you mean that ) ?
3 We need a definite answer by tomorrow可以等於We will need a definite answer by tomorrow ? 如果相等，那麼we need為何要省略will ?
By the time Makeba hit the refrain, audiences were already moving, both with the music and against the apartheid regime. 4 were already moving是不是改成had already been moving...才對 ? (were already moving 是非正式用法?)
She orchestrated a funeral based on Lincoln's that gave a ritual and pageantry, cementing her husband's legend. 5 cementing ...= a funeral that cemented... ? 謝謝老師
1 是 2 You(S) mean(V) that SV....(O) 主要子句是SVO的句型，其中O是名詞子句，外加的that是從屬連接詞。在that子句裏面，句型是that(S) is(V) their opinion(O)，其中that是指示代名詞，代表上文。所以，接連兩個that的詞類不同，並沒有錯。 3 We need a definite answer now, no later than tomorrow.其實現在就需要。 4 可以說had already moved，表示發生在那之前。如果說were already moving，時間仍是與hit the refrain同時。 5 可以這樣詮釋：She orchestrated a funeral based on Lincoln's that gave a ritual and pageantry, "which cemented" her husband's legend.，那麼cementing...就是關係子句減化。 也可以議釋為：She orchestrated a funeral based on Lincoln's that gave a ritual and pageantry, "so that that cemented" her husband's legend.，那麼cementing...就是表示結果的副詞子句減化（分詞構句）
老師您好 Out on the course you must discipline yourself to let go of detailed theory. 1意思是: 在課堂外就要把課堂上所學的理論丟掉 ?
In our current age of obsession over how we present ourselves to the world, she is a model of one who found beauty amid tragedy to truly appreciate her precious, only life 2 為什麼不是she is a model ，而是 she is a model of one (多了of one ) ? 3 to truly appreciate =so that she truly appreciated ...
...Men who take as much trouble over personal hygiene as women 4 意思是:對個人衛生習慣都講究的男人及女人（男人及女人程度相當）?
The book entwines the personal and the political to chart the history of the family 5 the 加形容詞，例如the affluent 是有錢人。句中的the personal and the political 不知是什麼意思 ? 謝謝老師
1 這個course感覺不像「課程」，而像是「球場」。意思是「到了球場上，你就得強迫自己忘掉詳細的理論（而根據直覺打球）。」 2 those (people) who...「…的那種人」，one (person) who...「一個…的人」。如果說she is a model who found beauty感覺像在說此人是個「模特兒」。說she is a model of one who found beauty則是說此人是「這種人之中的典範」。 3 so that she "could" truly appreciate...。不定詞一般是還原為語氣助動詞。 4 說的只是男人：這種男人講究個人衛生的程度不亞於女人。 5 這是在名詞片語中把最重要的名詞省略掉。the poor, the rich, the tall, the short, the affluent...後面省掉的都是people。但是the new, the strange, the personal, the political...後面省掉的則是thing。所以，傳統文法有一條規則說「定冠詞加形容詞等於複數名詞」就有例外：省掉的是people時才是複數（people解釋為「人們」本身就是複數）。省掉的是thing就是單數。例如： The rich are not always happy. The new is often feared.
會互相排斥、不能並存的只有中位限定詞，其它的並不排斥，只要合理。例如：all such books「所有這一類書籍」，all與such都是前位限定詞，可以並用。
而且，the first three prizes還可以當做包了兩層的名詞片語看待：three prizes因為裏面有數字three，可以放在另一個名詞片語的名詞位置使用，成為the first "three prizes"，意思是「頭3個獎項」。大的名詞片語的名詞位置three prizes是複數，所以動詞仍要用複數（如are）。
寫作書P509的例句： The third chapter, 「Some Solutions to the Problem,」 is perhaps the most valuable. 字典查到的例句： He hasn't written to me recently - perhaps he's lost my address. 他最近沒給我寫信——也許他把我的地址弄丟了。 Perhaps the most important question has not been asked. 或許還沒有人提出最重要的問題。 We plan to travel to Europe - to Spain or Italy perhaps. 我們打算去歐洲旅行，也許去西班牙或意大利。
請問： 1.perhaps是哪種副詞？我猜測是「分離副詞」對嗎？ 2.上述四個句子的perhaps分別修飾什麼？我猜測前三句的perhaps修飾動詞，最後一句的perhaps修飾名詞片語Spain or Italy，對嗎？
perhaps基本上是表示一種「可能性、或然率」，我感覺比較偏向程度副詞：表示真實性「有幾分」，不過還是要看用法而定。你問的那幾句，第1句perhaps修飾的對象可以是is，也可以是the most valuable。第2句和第3句的perhaps如果是修飾整個句子，可以稱為分離副詞。但是第3句的perhaps也可以說是修飾the most important question，那就有點像程度副詞。第4句的perhaps應該就是介系詞片語to Spain or Italy，比較像程度副詞。
寫作書P511 "I’m sorry," he said, "but I don’t believe you." 我不清楚以上句子sorry後面的逗點為何，是分開I’m sorry和he said，還是原來就有？也就是說，以上句子可還原為以下哪一句（僅有逗點的不同）： He said, "I’m sorry but I don’t believe you." He said, "I’m sorry, but I don’t believe you."
寫作書P512 "To be or not to be": this may be the most famous line in English literature. 老師在書里解釋說，分號和冒號把句子分開為「兩個對等子句」，碰上後引號時，當然要放在後引號的外面。 To be or not to be並非對等子句，只是一個片語，為何老師解釋說分號和冒號把句子分開為「兩個對等子句」？上述句子裡面的冒號應該不是分隔兩個對等子句吧，那麼它的功能是什麼？
寫作書P518 Her book is called American Labor Leaders: What They Believe In. 老師在書里解釋說，因為是「動詞片語」believe in，所以大寫。
問題： 1. 是「片語動詞」裡面的虛字要大寫，還是「動詞片語」裡面的虛字要大寫？我查到believe in是片語動詞（phrasal verb）。 https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/believe%20in 2. My book is called "I Achieved Fame through Hard Work".（我的書名叫做：我靠努力成名） My book is called "I am in Trouble". 在這兩個句子裡面，動詞片語的虛字through、in需要大寫嗎？ 3. 哪些詞類是虛字？限定詞、形容詞、副詞、介系詞、連接詞、助動詞、感嘆詞是虛字嗎？
老師在新版的寫作書「標點符號用法說明」裡面，把斜體字（Italics）、數字（Numbers）、大寫（Capitalization）都作為標點符號（Punctuation）列示。 可是在Merriam-Webster's Guide to Punctuation and Style裡面，斜體字（Italics）、數字（Numbers）、大寫（Capitalization）都不列在標點符號（Punctuation）裡面，而是單列：1 Punctuation、2 Capitalization and Italics、3 Numbers。 請問，斜體字（Italics）、數字（Numbers）、大寫（Capitalization）屬於標點符號（Punctuation）嗎？
a number of people // 例句：A number of people join the party this night. the number of people // 例句：The number of people in this nation has grown. a tiresome total of 15 days // 書中例句：The meeting dragged on for a tiresome total of 15 days.
這是老師在寫作課講義的題目 Anyway she said You have to help me. “Anyway,” she said, “you have to help me.”
問題： 1. 沒有加標點符號的第一句，裡面的You是開頭大寫還是小寫？老師給的講義第一句是開頭大寫You，可是在第二句裡面又變成小寫you。 2. "Anyway," she said, "you have to help me."可以改為下面哪一句（僅僅逗點不同）？ She said, "Anyway, you have to help me." She said, "Anyway you have to help me." 3. Anyway是哪種副詞（我猜測anyway是分離副詞）？Anyway在這個句子裡面修飾什麼？
老師在新版寫作書P505-506有三個句子： "There is only one way to settle the matter…. We must sit at the conference table." "The ceremony drew toward an end. … The guests started to leave." The names of the months (January, February, March…) are capitalized.
老師您好 He acted as if he didn't already know. 1 already字典的解釋是before that time, 那為何不改成as if he hadn't already known（有可能是真的，即事實, 而且known的時間比acted早) ?原句用didn't already know，會不會讓人覺得acted及didn't know是在同一時間發生的 ?
2..Men who take as much trouble over personal hygiene as women說的只是男人：這種男人講究個人衛生的程度不亞於女人。那如果句子改成Men take as much trouble over personal hygiene as women則意思是:對個人衛生習慣都講究的男人及女人（男人及女人程度相當）?
After being acquitted of all charges, she moved from defended to defender, consistently resisting the structural causes of inequity and injustice as others took the bigoted way out and victim-blamed 3victim-blamed是Assign responsibility for harm, injury, or misfortune to the person who has suffered it。但從 took the bigoted way out (removed the bigoted way)來推測，took the bigoted way out是正面的，victim-blamed是把禍害給別人(負面的)，感覺怪怪的 ?
Keppler kept all his men in suspense until that morning before which two would be going 4 before which two would be going是用來補充說明 until that morning ? 謝謝老師
1 用hadn't already known比較正式 2 主要子句說的是men，所以重點仍然在說男人，女人只是陪襯 3 take a certain way out意思是「走上某條出路」。took the bigoted way out就是「採用偏執的方式來解決問題」，也是負面的 4 關係子句，修飾的先行詞是that morning，意思是two would be going before that morning
老師您好 Start living life here and now instead of waiting for that mythical day when you'll be slim. 1 when you'll be slim.的when不是不可以跟未來式連用 ?
Ignorance, superstition and an aura of sexual seediness swirl around those afflicted, their cause of death noted in obituary columns with a vague lack of specifics that protected their relatives from opprobrium. 2 heir cause of death ... =while their cause of death was noted... ?
Such was the fear of ignominy that only one patient agreed to be photographed with her 3 = the fear of ignominy was such that (such that =so that以致於)only one... ?
Even more significantly, this close-to-perfect song marked her as an artist in it for the long haul, one whose marriage of provocation and pop would inspire future generations to shape their careers in her image. 4 in it for the long haul的意思是 ? 5 to shape their careers in her image.=to emulate what she did ?
By the time Makeba hit the refrain, audiences were already moving, both with the music and against the apartheid regime 6 were already moving，時間仍是與hit the refrain同時。那麼already 在這如何解釋?依據 https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/already 感覺找不到適合的解釋。
1 在時間副詞子句裏面才是不能用will，但你問的句子不是副詞子句而是形容詞子句（關係子句，修飾先行詞when） 2 是 3 是。such that和so that意思相同（詞類不同：such是限定詞、so是副詞） 4 an artist (who is) in it for the long haul「一位長期投入的藝術家」。it是虛字，片語in it表示「投入某項工作」。the long haul字面上是「長途旅行」。整句的意思是說此人不是隨便玩玩就算了，而是很認真搞藝術，要進行到底的 5 是 6 這是在強調這首歌的感染力強大：唱到一半，觀眾都已經動起來了
老師您好 The prestigious Virginia Military Institute (VMI) still barred women, but when the case went to the Supreme Court, Ginsburg argued that everyone was harmed, and all stood to benefit. “If women are to be leaders in life and in the military, then men have got to become accustomed to taking commands from women,” she said at oral argument, “and men will not become accustomed if women are not let in.” Back in her ACLU days, on a quest to prove that gender discrimination violated the Constitution, she had represented not only women who broke glass ceilings but also men who were caregivers... 1 既然everyone was harmed，怎麼又會 all stood to benefit (be likely to benefit). 感覺有抵觸 ?
Accretion is the process of new layers or parts being added to something so that it increases in size 2 =Accretion is the process that new layers or parts are added to something so that it increases in size ?
If you say that something tarnishes someone's reputation or image, you mean that it causes people to have a worse opinion of them than they would otherwise have had. 3they would otherwise have had 是過去非事實，若改成現在非事實(they would otherwise have )，不知是否可以 ?
After her husband won, she gracefully stepped into the role of First Lady as the first black woman to do so . 4 as the first black woman to do so的意思是 ?
You can claim this back on expenses ５如果有人因公出差所花的費用由公司支付，但自己已經先支付，事後就可向公司請款，就是原句的意思 ? ６on的意思跟He spent 80 on a hat的on意思相同 ?
The 180-day statute of limitations resets with each new payment an employee claims reflects discrimination. ７ 這個句子的主要動詞是resets。 而且an employee claims the 180-day statute of limitations reflects discrimination.我的問題是: 原句的寫法會不會讓人誤以為 an employee claims each new payment reflects discrimination payment ? 而且原句的寫法在一個句子有兩個動詞(resets, reflects), 並沒有用連接詞之類的東西來作連接 ? 謝謝老師
1 正是因為大家都蒙受其害，所以才stood to benefit「有機會受益」，只要改變情況就可以辦到 2 the process that改為the process in which 3 可以 4 as the first black woman that could/would do so「身為頭一個可以這樣做的黑人婦女」 5 是 6 類似。on this item的意思 7 分為這兩句來看： The 180-day statute of limitations resets with each new payment. An employee claims that a new payment reflects discrimination. 兩句在new payment的重複處建立關係，改為關係代名詞which, 成為複句否下： The 180-day statute of limitations resets with each new payment which an employee claims reflects discrimination. 句中的which省掉確實會有點不清楚，應該留下來比較好。
老師好 1. No one is born a homicide. 這句話分析起來是不是一連用了兩個形容詞當作主詞補語，過去分詞本來是動詞，受詞是 no one ，a homicide 是受詞補語？ 2. Seldom does he leave home after noon. 否定副詞若放在一般的位置也不用多加助動詞維持否定的結構，但移到句首就得加，請問這該怎樣理解呢？ 謝謝老師。
1 傳統文法的斷句是No one(S) is born(V) a homicide(C).。動詞是被動態is born，主詞補語是a homicide。如果把is當動詞看，主詞補語就是born a homicide這個形容詞片語，其中born是過去分詞（形容詞），a homicide是名詞。 2 直述句例如He seldom leaves home...，其中seldom直接修飾動詞leaves，不需要改變。但是Seldom does he leave home...因為seldom與修飾的對象（leave）已有距離，需要加個does才看得出來seldom是修飾動詞的。
老師您好 In aggregate, those data points help us imagine our ancestors' lives in three dimensions and to animate them, tracking their movement through time and space and across the American experience. 1 to animate them前面有and, 可是to animate them往前找不到to V的字樣? 2 tracking their...=because those data points track their ... ?
3 they live ten miles in的意思是:(他的家及你的家之類的)距離有ten miles ?
Ten years in, Obamacare has wins and losses 4 in的意思是?
Key to successful responses have been decisions to ... 5為何原句的動詞是用have, 而不是has (原句好像把Key to successful responses看作是複數) ?
To seize the upper hand, the E.U. needs to work out how its institutions can add value and show they have a purpose in times of crisis--especially as both health and internal border controls lie outside their mandate. One option might be a pan-E.U. economic package for those struggling to withstand the financial impact. 6 especially as both health and internal border controls lie outside their mandate意思是說歐盟在health and internal border controls使不上力，但在經濟議題上卻可以 ?
He planned to end the welfare system as we know it. 7welfare system as we know it.是指"現在"的welfare system ?
The employees at Barneveld Inc.are encouraged to build team work by assisting____on various project A)the other B)one another C)other D)another.書的詳解看不太懂，老師您好我是您2020 1月份參加文法全真的學生 ，謝謝
老師您好 Countries that have tested more people are generally reporting lower fatality rate than those that have test fewer, and tended to focus on severe cases 1 and tended to focus on severe case是those that have test fewer and (have) tended to focus on severe cases ? 2 在原句中不要有逗號可以嗎 ?
COVID-19 does seem to be more lethal than the seasonal flu, but it's closer to that end of the spectrum than to previous coronavirus outbreaks. 3 it's closer to that end of the spectrum than 的意思是？
When they do behave badly--like breaking quarantine--there's a social reason too for the tongue-clucking and finger-wagging that follow. "There's a certain amount of social glory that comes from being the punisher," says Pinker.
That, of course, is not always fair--much as it might seem to be warranted. Haidt is honoring his quarantine, but he is cognizant that he has it easy, with a job that allows him to telecommute...... 4 That, of course, is not always fair的that 是tongue-clucking and finger-wagging ? 5 much as it might seem to be warranted=although tongue-clucking and finger-wagging might seem to be warranted ? 謝謝老師
老師您好 Supply-chain issues likely will be managed, just as the virus will be brought under control--eventually. Until then, humans will be humans and our eccentricities will be our eccentricities. Our panic buying represents one thing we can control. In an exceedingly uncertain moment, it's at least something. 1 it's at least something. 的意思是 ?
reckon suggests the use of simple arithmetic such as can be performed mentally such as ...=simple arithmetic which can be performed mentally..., etc. 2 原句為何可用such as (such as 後面通常接名詞) ?
I couldn't pass muster in his language 3 意思是:我跟他在溝通上出了問題 ?
two minutes and yet light-years away from the crowded village 4 表示離開這個村通常只花2分鐘就行，可是現在要離珊人滿為患的村子要花很多的時間 ?
...the use of technology and data analytics is going to be light-years ahead of where it is today. 5 意思是the use of technology and data analytics在久遠的未來會比現在還普及 ?
A country ruled by a despot is an inverted cone 6 an inverted cone的意思是 ?
Squash was once thought to offer all-round fitness 7 意思是玩Squash的人可以得到面面俱到、全方位的健康(可得到的健康利益不只一項 ，例如可減少中風、感冒、等 ) ? 謝謝老師
1 「這點至少算是個好處/優點/成就」，其中it指的是上文「恐慌性的搶購屬於可以控制的範疇」。 2 有倒裝，先還原為such simple arithmetic as can be performed mentally，其中such是限定詞，應該放在名詞片語such simple arithmetic的前面位置，但是因為要就近接受as can be performed mentally的修飾，所以移動到後面成為such as。接下來的as can be performed mentally裏面的as，一般文法書稱為「準關係代名詞」，身兼連接詞與主詞的雙重角色，後面可以直接加動詞。其實裏面有省略，可以還原為such simple arithmetic as the arithmetic that can be performed mentally。裏面因為arithmetic接連重複3次，所以把後面的the arithmetic與that都省掉了。 3 「用他的語言來溝通，我過不了關」，就是我不會說他的語言。 4 「和這個村子只有兩分鐘的距離，但是咫尺天涯」。也就是有其他不明的原因造成無法超越的隔閡。 5 「其普及程度將遠勝今日」。並無「久遠未來」的暗示。 6 「倒圓錐體」，也就是「頭重腳輕、上大下小」，暗示「不穩」。 7 「全面的體適能」，也就是從頭到腳都能得到運動。
老師您好 For viewers, Hulu's expansion appear to be a silver lining to the colossal storm cloud that is Disney invading every corner of the entertainment industry: lots of premium programming at no additional cost. But this synergy doesn't come without risk. After years of rapid expansion, Disney has entered a transitional period, as Bob Iger ear gives way to Bob Chapek's new regime. Hulu has just had a leadership shake-up of its own, with Randy Freer exiting as its CEO and Kelly Campbell succeeding him as president. 1 ... storm cloud that is Disney invading every corner of the... = storm cloud that is that Disney is invading every corner of the ... ?
2 Disney invading every corner of the entertainment industry被視為不好的原因是: 公司的收入減少了(沒向觀眾多收到錢，因為lots of premium programming at no additional cost ) ?
HBO upped its output of original content from 100 hours per year to 150. Thought that growth hasn't necessarily hurt HBO's creative success rate, it has seemed to exceed many viewers' bandwidth, as genre hits outshine quieter and weirder gems 3 genre hits outshine quieter and weirder gems的意思是 ?
The book is not one word too long and its narrative pace is unflagging. 4 not one word too long 的意思是 ?
Out in the desert the traveler is a welcome guest 5 Out in the desert的意思是
Six times as many men are color-blind as women 6 =Men are six times as color-blind as women ?
The doctor was killed saving his mother's congregation... 7 若還原 的話，意思是The doctor was killed so this saved his mother's congregation...?還是The doctor was killed while saving his mother's congregation...? (killed後面沒有逗點, 不知是否會對語意有何影響) 謝謝老師
1 可以。 2 說它是壞事，不是以Disney公司為出發點，而是以觀眾為出發點：Disney推出大量的免費節目，形成獨霸市場之勢，對觀眾的選擇權造成威脅。 3 電影有幾種主流類型，如推理片、科幻片、喜劇片等等。genre hits指的是傳統主流類型的賣座大片，那是迎合大部分觀眾口味的。但也有一些所謂的藝術電影，訴求比較小眾、不易分類，甚至令一些觀眾感覺很怪，可是影評人特別喜歡。這裏說的是HBO原創電影增多了，但都是大眾口味的主流類型片，看不到比較特別的藝術電影。句中的outshine是動詞：shine brighter than。 4 not at all too long。這本書的字數或許不少，但絕不令人感到冗長。 5 「在偏遠的沙漠」 6 比的是罹患色盲的人數：男女之比是6比1。 7 後者：killed (while he was) saving...。沒有打逗點，感覺上下文關係更緊密，帶點「因為」的味道。若打上逗點則降格為補充說明。
老師您好 HBO upped its output of original content from 100 hours per year to 150. Thought that growth hasn't necessarily hurt HBO's creative success rate, it has seemed to exceed many viewers' bandwidth, as genre hits outshine quieter and weirder gems 1 it has seemed to exceed many viewers' bandwidth表示HBO的 原創電影增多了，多過於消費者所能消化的範圍 ?
The book is not one word too long and its narrative pace is unflagging. 2 its narrative pace is unflagging表故事的節奏不會忽快忽慢?
3 Six times as many men are color-blind as women，如果Men移到句首，不知原句如何改法 ?
Congress, which only five weeks earlier had split along nearly partisan lines to acquit Trump after his impeachment, began sprinting to pass a handful of stimulus packages. 4 nearly在這是不是暗示有國會議員跑票 ? 5 split改成voted的話，原句的意思也不會改變? 6 ...to acquit Trump=so Congress could acquit Trump ?
If you venture from 'feminine' standards, you are labelled aggressive and hostile. 7 venture from=come from ，引申為 accept /embrace ? 謝謝老師
老師您好 In London, the ghosts of history are never far away. The past lies close to the surface of its narrow streets and the walls of its churches. At Gray’s Inn, the cluster of stately brick buildings where lawyers have studied and practiced for over 600 years, it occasionally pierces through into the present. 1 it occasionally pierces through into the present.意思是:在Gray’s Inn可看到過去與現在的融合 ?
Inverness rose to the occasion, producing some of the best football they have played for some time 2 就they have played for some time來說的話，應該是they have played football for some time, 而不是they have played some of the best football for some time ?
Eye problems can indicate an unhealthy lifestyle with subsequent suppression of the immune system 3=Eye problems can indicate an unhealthy lifestyle and subsequent suppression of the immune system ?原句的意思是: 先有unhealthy lifestyle，才會有接下來的suppression of the immune system; 而unhealthy lifestyle及suppression of the immune system會讓眼睛有問題 ?不知以上的觀念是否正確 ?
None of them (Singapore, Hong Kong and Taiwan) offers a uniform nationwide virus-fighting blueprint, being more the size of a U.S. city or state. 4 being...=while Singapore, Hong Kong and Taiwan are more the size of a U.S. city or state.意思是: 他們的土地聯合起來比全國的任一城市或一州大 ?
Their captors treated them tolerably well. 5 對於一種不好的情況可以忍受，如tolerably hot water。但原句well是一種好的情況，為何用 tolerably，不知如何解釋?
This pandemic will bring in a fundamental change in the way we practice medicine 6=The way we practice medicine will experience a fundamental change by this pandemic ?
Given patience, successful breeding of this species can be achieved 7 can是不是要改成could(非事實)才對? 因為Given patience=If I had patience
If there is parity between the units of currency of two countries, the exchange rate is such that the units are equal to each other 8 such that=so that ? 謝謝老師
1 是。it的先行詞是the past 2 是 3 正確 4 = because none of them is more than the size of a US state「因為其中沒有一個比美國的州大」。分詞構句的主詞要和主要子句相同，在此就是none of them 5 就是well enough 6 正確 7 非事實語氣的前提是「不可能」，但given patience擺在未來並非絕無可能，所以可以用can 8 the exchange rate is such "a rate" that...的省略，such是限定詞，可以省略名詞而當作代名詞使用
請問老師副詞子句若用no matter引導表示讓步，這樣的子句也不能用不確定語氣嗎？ No matter he will tell the truth, he's not my friend anymore. No matter what he will give me for my birthday, it must be something expensive. 不知以上兩句是否正確呢？謝謝。
No matter和if相同，都用於引導表示條件的副詞子句。傳統文法規則是說要用「現在式代替未來式」。新的文法觀念則是用語氣來詮釋：修件語氣的副詞子句裏面應該採用事實語氣。例如： If it rains tomorrow, I will stay home. 單句本來是It will/may/can/could... rain tomorrow。其中語氣助動詞will/may/can/should...等等都屬於「猜測用法」。這種用法的語氣助動詞，用在修件副詞子句中，意思是「如果明天下雨」，就是「假如果真下雨」，裏面關於「下雨」就得採用事實語氣rains表示「真的下雨」，不再能夠使用不確定語氣will rain。 但是，「一般用法」的語氣助動詞情況不同。例如： If you will talk to your father again, we may still have a chance. 副詞子句的意思是「如果你『願意』再和你父親談談」，動詞will talk中的語氣助動詞will表示「願意」，屬於「一般用法」，那麼「如果願意」是一種假設、「如果不願意」是另一種假設，這時候If you will talk...和If you will not talk...就可以成立了。 No matter的情況和If相同。No matter what you will「不論你的意願如何」是可以成立的說法。 你問的那兩句，No matter he will tell the truth or not若解釋為「不論他是否願意說真話」，可以成立。另一句No matter what he will give me...「不論他願意給什麼禮物」稍微有點牽強（這個will比較像是猜測用法，用在此處不很適合）。
However much the students may complain that it's their right to wear long hair and the Education Ministry supports that right, the school insists that they keep their hair short. 老師您在旋元佑英文寫作一書裡提到上面這句話 Education Ministry 前面沒加 that，讀者可能把這個子句當作「與主要子句對等的合句」，這說明我不是很懂，是指把 the Education Ministry supports that right 和 the school insists that they keep their hair short看成同樣是主要子句嗎？但主要子句前面也不會有連接詞呀。請老師跟我講一下讀者有可能會怎樣斷句，感謝。
兩種可能的斷句方式： 1. however much the students may complain "this thing" and "that thing"，這是把the Education Ministry supports that right視為前面省略that來解讀，當作從屬的名詞子句，是complain的另一個受詞。整個的意思是：「不論學生如何抱怨說他們有權蓄長髮、並且抱怨說連教育部都支持他們蓄長髮的權利…」。 2. however much "this thing" and "that thing"，這是把the Education Ministry supports that right視為對等子句，前面本來就沒有加that，與the students may complain...對稱，共用前面的however much。整個的意思是：「不論學生如何抱怨說他們有權蓄長髮，也不論教育部多麼支持學生蓄長髮的權利…」。
老師好 However much the students may complain that it's their right to wear long hair and the Education Ministry supports that right, the school insists that they keep their hair short. 1. 照您英文寫作這本書裡說，the Education Ministry supports that right前面不加that，讀者可能會看成「不論學生多麼強烈抱怨…，而且教育部支持…」。意思是讀者會看成 However much the students may complain that it's their right to wear long hair跟the Education Ministry supports that right對稱嗎？但問題是前面是副詞子句，後面不是，兩者的結構不同，不可能構成合句不是嗎？ 2. 原句complain後面的兩個名詞子句若依照對等子句不省略頭尾的原則，改成省略前面的that，保留第二個that會有甚麼修辭問題嗎？However much the students may complain it's their right to wear long hair and that the Education Ministry supports ... 謝謝老師。
However much the students may complain that it's their right to wear long hair and the Education Ministry supports that right, the school insists that they keep their hair short. 兩種解釋： 1 However much the students may complain that it's their right to wear long hair and however much the students may complain that the Education Ministry supports that right, the school insists that they keep their hair short.翻譯見上一則回覆。對等連接詞連接兩個however...引導的副詞子句 2 However much the students may complain that it's their right to wear long hair and however much the Education Ministry supports that right, the school insists that they keep their hair short.翻譯見上則回覆。對等連接詞仍然連接兩個however...引導的副詞子句。 然後兩句進行重複部分的省略，到最後就是that該不該省略的問題。如果成為你改的However much the students may complain it's their right to wear long hair and that the Education Ministry supports ...，文法沒錯，修辭上的問題就是不對稱：前面的子句沒有that，後面的子句卻有that。 這個題目改寫自GMAT的原版考題，其中相當於However much the students may complain it's their right to wear long hair and that the Education Ministry supports ...的選項是錯誤答案，正確答案是相當於However much the students may complain that it's their right to wear long hair and that the Education Ministry supports ...的選項。
老師您好 Such was the fear of ignominy that only one patient agreed to be photographed with her 1 = the fear of ignominy was such that (such that =so that以致於)only one..。那我的問題是: the fear of ignominy was such "the fear" that only one... ? (因為有一個句子If there is parity between the units of currency of two countries, the exchange rate is such that the units are equal to each other。而such 後面是省略rate . 雖然such that =so that , 但the exchange rate is such that the units are equal to each other中的such that 看起來又不是等於so that? 不知問題是出在哪個環節）
Closing the factory would irrevocably alter the character of the local community for the worse 2 irrevocably alter:對於某種改變是沒有辦法再加以改變地?
Doubts were already gnawing away at the back of his mind. 3gnawing away at the back of his mind.表示只是有點擔心 ? 謝謝老師
1 such that與so that差別在於詞類：such是限定詞、so是副詞。the fear was such that...可還原為the fear was such (a fear) that...。同樣的，the exchange rate was such that...可還原為the exchange rate was such (a rate) that...。至於so that的用法如下：the rear was so great that...與the exchange rate was so high that...（副詞so分別修飾great與high） 2 無法復原 3 不是「有點」，而是「隱隱、下意識」
老師您好 It had been less than nine months since masked security agents had stormed a conference room and arrested ..... since masked security agents had stormed 及since masked security agents stormed 在1 語意上有何差別 (since後面通常接簡單過去式，若接現在或過去完成式不知如何來理解) ?
He put out a statement calling for the release of the "wrongfully detained men," who "face a grave health risk if they become infected." The families have begged U.S. officials to use any leverage. Now the families are left with the hope, and the fear, that the COVID-19 outbreak could bring the saga of the Citgo Six to an end, one way or another. 2 the COVID-19 outbreak could bring the saga of the Citgo Six to an end有二層意思:一者人質可能死了(fear),二者人質可能平安回家(hope) ?
The world is defined by its fractions more than by its whole: empowered communities and marginalized communities, oppressor and the oppressed... That's not how we were made--not person to person, at least. But tribe on tribe, nation on nation, political party on political party, we do battle all the time 3 not person to person的意思是? 4 tribe on tribe的意思是? (on又是什麼意思)
It's instructive that we are now beset by a disease that recognizes none of the ways we divide ourselves. We are humbled by the virus, united in a collective crouch. United we will rise against it too. In similar union we can rise against the biases and injustice that have too long divided us 5 disease that recognizes none of the ways we divide ourselves.暗示: 一國的人可能排斥外來移民，但疾病不管你是哪一國人，只要是人，都有可能染病 ?
Orpington seems an example of the truism that nothing succeeds like success 6 nothing succeeds like success的意思是 ?
The augmentation of the army began along traditional lines. 7 along traditional lines.的意思是 ? 謝謝老師
1 意思差不多。用完成式有點在強調「剛發生過不久」 2 正確 3 not person to person暗示人人生而平等，而非「強者與弱者對立」。 4 tribe on tribe, we do battle大致相當於tribe against tribe「部落對部落爭鬥」 5 正確 6 「只有成功才算數，其他都是假的」 7 遵照傳統的分野。若是政治傳統，那就是指左派右派
老師好 １．名詞片語裡的限定詞可以放進另一個名詞片語，但Taiwan is a tourists' delight.限定詞這部分放的名詞片語是a tourists，請問這是怎麼一回事呢？為何不能說「Taiwan is tourists' delight.」？ ２．only當強調範圍的副詞使用時，若修飾名詞片語就要放在整個片語前面，但實際用法也會放在後面，但是修飾其他詞類好像就只能放在前面而已，請問這是怎麼一回事呢？ 謝謝老師解惑。
1 有誤。應該是單數，a tourist's delight。 2 only一般要放在前面，如果放在後面是特殊情況。例如I stayed there for only five days，如果說I stayed there for five days only也可以，是因為句尾的only後面沒有別的東西可以修飾，那就只能修飾前面的five days，因而還是很清楚。
老師您好 The augmentation of the army began along traditional lines. 1意思是:The augmentation of the army始於左派右派(若是政治傳統)的支持 ?
Queen Elizabeth, of the United Kingdom, takes great pleasure... 2 Queen Elizabeth, of the United Kingdom,及Queen Elizabeth of the United Kingdom 上有何不同 ?(感覺, of the United Kingdom, 是補充說明，而前後沒有逗點則變成必要資訊)
Never had she seen him so tense, so quick to take offense as he had been in recent weeks 3意思是:他這一次的反應及最近這幾個星期的反應都很tense，在這一次及最近這幾個星期前她從未看過他有如此的反應 ? （也就是這一次及最近這幾個星期前她有看過他有tense的情況，只是沒看過so tense 這種情況)
4若句子只有Never had she seen him tense，意思是:她從未看過他有這種反應 ? 謝謝老師
Ever the optimists, my parents congratulated each other for having had the foresight of moving the TV sets to the second floor. 請問老師optimist前面為何要加定冠詞？我們一般都說Ｍy parents are optimists.不是嗎？謝謝回答。
If it rains tomorrow, I will stay home. 老師說過，單句It will/may/can/could... rain tomorrow，其中語氣助動詞will/may/can/should...等等都屬於「猜測用法」。
If you will talk to your father again, we may still have a chance. 老師說過，副詞子句的動詞will talk中，語氣助動詞will表示「願意」，屬於「一般用法」
If the man should prove innocent, I will apologize openly.（萬一此人證實是無辜的，我願意公開道歉。） 問題1 副詞子句的動詞should prove中，語氣助動詞should表示「可以」，屬於「一般用法」嗎？如果不屬於的話，是為什麼？ 問題2 「發生可能性極低，但不排除萬一」，這種情況用should，是不是屬於語氣助動詞一般用法的一種情況？
採用傳統文法的斷句，主動態如下： A frying pan(S) sends(V) a charging crocodile(O) fleeing(C). 被動態： A charging crocodile(S) is sent(V) flying(C) by a frying pan. 若認定be為動詞，句型如下： A charging crocodile(S) is(V) sent flying(C) by a frying pan. 其中sent flying是過去分詞加現在分詞，仍然構成一個過去分詞片語，屬於形容詞片語，當作主詞補語。
用should表示「發生可能性極低，但不排除萬一」的三個例句： If the man should prove innocent, I will apologize openly. 萬一此人證實是無辜的，我願意公開道歉。 If an asteroid should hit Earth in an hour, humans can become extinct. 如果一小時後有顆小行星撞上地球，人類可能會滅絕。 If I should win the lottery, I will buy up the company. 萬一讓我中到樂透，我就把公司買下來。
請問老師 1. Ever the optimists, my parents congratulated each other for having had the foresight of moving the TV sets to the second floor. 老師上次跟我說optimists前面加the 表示「這種人」，但是這種用法名詞不是都用單數嗎？好比play the guitar、go to the bank。 2. ... in Tamsui, where we each tried the famous shrimp rolls ... 感覺並沒有指出是哪一些蝦捲，何以要用定冠詞呢 ? 謝謝老師。
老師您好 The augmentation of the army began along traditional lines. 1意思是:左派及右派對於The augmentation of the army這一件事有各自不同的想法
The police officer had him up against the wall, both arms behind his back. 2 up的意思是 ?
When he quit smoking in 2013, he decided to take up running--but staying motivated was tough. That is, until he heard that one way to overcome a disinclination to run is to ... 3 That is應該是staying motivated was tough ?而 That is 為何不是That was ?
Steve Powell provides the homeless with the rare gift of being fussed over. The idea for his mobile barber shop, dubbed Personal Enhancement Mobile, came to him after he fell asleep praying. He dreamed of people coming toward him upset and walking away happy. “We give them a haircut, clean them up really good, and we practice job interviews with them: “‘Pretend I’m the boss,’” Powell says. “So when they come in and sit beside you, you don’t know they’re homeless.” The client pool is anyone who’s struggling, and the barbers include people working off community service. A veteran, Powell steers some to military recruiters. He’s hoping to continue roaming Arkansas providing comfort, connections and confidence—even though the trailer that functions as the barber shop was just stolen, chairs and all. “The last time I saw it was Wednesday,” Powell, 41, said on March 20. “We were eight people from 10,000 heads since 2015. 4 “We were eight people from 10,000 heads since 2015的意思是 ?
Jin-Ya Huang’s parents were Taiwanese immigrants who owned a Chinese restaurant, Eggroll Express, in Dallas, where her mother used the kitchen to train other immigrant women to cook. After her mother died in 2015, Huang, a photographer, wanted to honor her and to help some of the refugees whose stories she was telling in her work. The result was the catering company Break Bread Break Borders. Huang, 49, recruits women from refugee communities who love to cook. Her organization helps them get food-service licenses so they can start their own businesses, and anyone who hires the catering company can opt to hear from them about why they left their homes. “We are putting a face on food 5We are putting a face on food意思是: 難民所煮的食物裡有他們離家的故事 ? 謝謝老師
老師好 以下是某英文教材中的句子: So why put yourself through difficult diets when you don’t have to? 為何不是寫成: So why do you put yourself through difficult diets when you don’t have to?
老師您好 Kemp knocked loudly so as to be heard above the high babble of voices. 1 意思是: Kemp敲的很大聲，因為the high babble of voices太大聲了，所以Kemp必需敲的更大聲，所以他敲的聲音才能被聽到 ?
Much of Crip Camp focuses on Judy Heumann, a Camp Jened counselor who went on to become a leader of the disability civil rights movement. We see her helming a demonstration in early-1970s New York City, as a small but mighty group blocks off an essential intersection by forming a circle in their wheelchairs. After moving to Berkeley, Heumann spearheaded a 24-day sit-in at the San Francisco office of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, an act of civil disobedience that helped to get Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 signed into law. The film shows activists during that sit-in sleeping on floors, communicating in sign language, engaging in a hunger strike. But that victory wasn’t enough for Heumann. Several years later, during a meeting with fellow activists, she expresses her continued frustration: “I’m very tired of being thankful for accessible toilets.” 2 “I’m very tired of being thankful for accessible toilets.”所要傳 達的意思 是?
His mother is more supportive, but even she can do only so much to protect her son's dream 3意思是:媽媽唯一能做的就是支持而已 ，其它方面無能為力 ?
4 Our policy has been to uphold the law.及Our policy has uphold the law.在語意上有何不同 ?
Looking to the future, we asked him what the prospects are for a vaccine to prevent infection 5問的動作雖然是過去式，但想要了解的是"現在"的時點，所以才會用are。站在過去的時點往未來看，這個未來就是現在(are) , 不知以上觀念是否正確? 謝謝老師
1 正確 2 In terms of disability rights, accessible toilets are not enough. 光是設置一些便利殘障人士使用的廁所就期望我們心存感激，那真是太敷洐我們了！ 3 can do only so much是「能夠做的很有限」 4 Our policy(S) has been(V) to uphold the law(C). 「我們的政策迄今為止就是要維持法治。」主詞補語to uphold the law「等於」主詞our policy。 Our policy(S) has upheld(V) the law. 「我們的政策迄今為止成功維持了法治。」 5 雖然是在過去提的問題，但問題的內容是「將來的展望如何」。這個「將來」是「提問當時」與「現在」共同的一個將來，所以採用are（表示從「現在」來看）
請問老師 １．Most part time jobs are easy to do, at a low level of skills. 這句的介系詞片語的修飾對象是甚麼？ ２．For her, as it is for you and me, life has become much more complicated with technology. 這句的 as it is是什麼樣的用法？
老師說，I (S) don't deal (V) in contraband.的句型是SV。 可是我查到deal in是片語動詞，請問，是否把deal in作為動詞V看待，後面是受詞，即：I (S) don't deal in (V) contraband (O).？ https://dictionary.cambridge.org/zhs/詞典/英語-漢語-繁體/deal-in-sth?q=deal%2Bin
老師您好 ...thought they don't carry actual arms, they often have to be disarmed of their unfriendly attitude--hence, the disarming smile. 1 hence, the disarming smile.應該是有省略什麼字，麻請老師還原?
His was a utopian vision of nature in its purest form. 2 utopian vision of nature in its purest 的意思是?
Beyond those amounts, payments will decrease for individuals earning up to 99000 and couples earning 198000. She said details were still coming together, but that every child in single-and two-parent households earning less than 198000 will also receive a 500 payment 3 but that every child...為何要有that, 感覺that 去掉也可 (but S+ V ) ? 謝謝老師
1 意思相當於The result is the disarming smile。只說Hence, the disarming smile，那是個名詞片語而已，不是完整的句子。 2 nature in its purest form「最純粹形態的大自然」再加以「理想化」（a utopian vision）。 3 加上that表示後面的部分也是she said的受詞，屬於從屬子句，與details were coming together對稱。若沒有加上that，則可以解釋為對等子句，與she said對稱
以下是美國前總統川普在其第一任妻子過世時, 在社群媒體所說的一句話 I am very saddened to inform all of those that loved her, of which there are many, that Ivana Trump has passed away at her home in New York City. 不解的是which這個連接詞的位置應該指的是all of those that loved her, 指的是人, 正確的連接詞應該是whom才對? 為何川普用which?
From the 9th century B.C., athletes and spectators traveling to the Olympics were protected by a truce that stilled feuding states during the Games. The ekecheiria was history’s earliest attempt to separate sport from politics. Although tarnished by Cold War boycotts in the 1980s, the notion of the Olympics as peacemaker endures.
In PyeongChang, it’s the Koreas’ turn. North and South will march under a united flag and field a joint team in women’s ice hockey, despite the two nations’ officially remaining at war….
請問，第一段（From the 9th century B.C.…）是開場白，第二段（In PyeongChang…）是全文主題句，還是這兩段都是開場白？
請問老師 Every university in Taiwan already offers required or optional courses on English, though not specifically for test preparation. 減化副詞子句的原主詞跟主要子句的主詞不同，為何還能省略呢？
副詞子句還原為though it does not offer required or optional courses on English specifically for test preparation。刪除掉重覆的部分就剩下though not specifically for test preparation。
老師您好 The world will miss the spectacle this summer. But Tokyo 2021 could be a joyous celebration of global resilience, with a pandemic trailing in the distance, nowhere near the podium. 1 could be是現在非事實，with=despite , 而nowhere near=nowhere (is ) near 不知以上觀念是否正確 ?
deductible: a clause in an insurance policy stating that the insurer will pay that portion of a loss, damage, etc. remaining after a stipulated amount, to be paid by the insured party, is deducted 2 remaining=that portion that remains ? 3 to be paid=that will be paid?
testator: a person who has made a will, esp. one who has died leaving a valid will 4 leaving=(after)he left.... 也可以是 (after)he have left，那(after)he left及 (after)he have left在語意上有何不同 ? 謝謝老師
1 看起來這是在2020年東京奧運因疫情延期後寫的文章。延期1年，所以2021是展望未來：could是語氣助動詞的猜測用法：屆時有可能會…。with a pandemic trailing in the distance還原為副詞子句while a pandemic is trailing in the distance（一年後，疫情可能早已結束）。nowhere是副詞，修飾介系詞片語near the podium。 2, 3 正確 4 完成式應減化為having left a will。
老師您好 "This relief cannot come fast enough," says Sohn. Compounding the coronavirus crisis: man families counts on K-12 schools for free meals and other social services and rely on colleges for housing and income from work-study jobs. 1 Compounding the coronavirus crisis好像可還原為Which compounds the coronavirus crisis，而which 的先行詞是This relief cannot come fast enough ? 不清楚原句為何把Compounding the coronavirus crisis獨立出來，有何目的 ?
Several districts have said they might not reopen this school year. "It's something I could not in a million years have imagined having to do so, New York City Mayor said when he announced .... 2 I could not have imagined having to do so 是過去非事實，但加了in a million years不知如何解釋 ?
Slack says it added 7000 paid customers from Feb 1 to Mar 18, a 40% jump over the two previous quarters 3 over the two previous quarters是指去年10月至今年3月而言 ?
There's something unique that humans get from interacting with one another that doesn't come across as well through technology 4 原句的二個that的先行詞都是something ? 5 come across as 通常接名詞，所以後面也可以接副詞(well ) ? 謝謝老師
1 例如：Some stationery and a few books(S) are(V) on the desk(C). 倒裝成為：On the desk are some stationery and a few books. 省略掉空洞的be動詞，用冒號取代：On the desk: some stationery and a few books. 你問的那個句子可以還原為：That many families count on... is compounding the crisis. 2 「當時就算給我一百萬年」都無法想像。 3 應該是。 4 都是。 5 比較級的省略。意思是something comes across through technology not as well as it does through interacting with one another.
Research has also shown that being in the same room as a love one can ease physical pain 2 being in the same room as a love one 跟 being in the room with a love one意思相同，只是前者有the same，所以要撘配as , 不知以上觀念是否正確 ?
Another study of young women found that they bonded most closely through in-person interaction, followed by video chat, audio chat and instant messaging, in that order. 3 從句子就可知道先後次序，為何還要加 in that order，感覺是多餘的?
testator: a person who has made a will, esp. one who has died leaving a valid will
4 leaving a valid will是after he left a valid will. 那原句也可以改寫成...died having leaving a valid will (...died after he has left ... )? 5 如果可以改寫，那麼 after he left... 及after he has left...在語意上有何不同 ?
The world will miss the spectacle this summer. But Tokyo 2021 could be a joyous celebration of global resilience, with a pandemic trailing in the distance, nowhere near the podium. with a pandemic trailing in the distance=while a pandemic is trailing in the distance 6 while a pandemic is trailing...應該是以現在進行式代替未來式的觀念 (像is leaving tomorrow=will leave tomorrow ) ? 7 with a pandemic trailing可否還原為because a pandemic could trail... ? 謝謝老師
From "Undoing the World America Made: Mr. Trump Goes to Davos," Time
Could this be it? Might the American Century actually clock out at just 72 years, from 1945 to 2017? No longer than Louis XIV ruled France? Only 36 months more than the Soviet Union lasted, after all that bother? The question sounds preposterous.
For one, there is the unrivaled U.S. military. For another, there is the U.S. economy, still larger than any other. But then there’s the U.S. President, who in the name of making the country great again has renounced the global architecture that the U.S. designed, championed and dominated for generations. It’s the very international system that did so much to cement American greatness in the first place.
老師您好 The world will miss the spectacle this summer. But Tokyo 2021 could be a joyous celebration of global resilience, with a pandemic trailing in the distance, nowhere near the podium. 1 為什麼老師會認為with a pandemic的with有一點because的味道，但味道不是很明顯 ?
We took tea by lamplight in his sparsely furnished house 2 took tea by lamplight的意思是 ?
Leonard tilted his chair back on two legs and stretched his long body. 3 tilted his chair back on two legs正椅子往後仰，椅子四隻腳中的二隻腳騰空 ?
Amy tilted her wine in her glass with a luxurious sigh. 4 tilted her wine in her glass把洒瓶裡面的洒傾斜 ?
Even people who are on video calls all day and feel connected start to miss the little interactions around the office, talking about the weather or joking about the need for coffee 5 the little interactions (which is ) talking about the weather or joking about the need for coffee? 也就是the little interactions 與talking...的關係是同位格 ?
It was the slow, clunky technology it used that was responsible for the firm's failure. 6 it used的it是指firm，但嚴格說起來，這種寫法不好(it的先行詞不明顯) ?
postdate: to assign a later date to than the actual or current date 7 assign與 to搭配/ later與 than 搭配，但我還是覺得原句to than放在一起怪怪的 ? 謝謝老師
老師您好
回覆刪除These changes couldn't have come at a better time.
1意思是這些改變來的正是時候(現在的角度猜過去; 至也有可能是現在的角度猜過去至今，看上下文而定) ?
Contemporary photographs are juxtaposed with a sixteenth century, copper Portuguese mirror
2 photographs及mirror是不同性質的東西，怎麼可以 juxtapose ?
The commonalities are striking, with both works adhering to Siqueiros' philosophy that in order to make truly radical art, artists must shed old practices and pioneer new methods.
3句中的that前面也沒有so 之類的字使其成為一組(so... that), 而且that看起來也不像是關係代名詞，不知如何解釋 ?
4with可以省略嗎(both works adhering to =because both works adhere to ...)
Such is the size of the problem that these arguments are purely academic.
5=The size of the problem is such that these arguments are purely academic ?
6原句把such移到最前面是為了要強調這個(有可能是假設性之類的)問題涉及層面很廣大?
How fortunate we are for Real Life(書名), another contribution from a community long deserving of the chance to tell its stories
７for是因為的意思?
謝謝老師
1
刪除是這個意思
2
並排放就行了
3
名詞子句，是philosophy的同位格
4
可以
5
是
6
是
7
是
老師好
回覆刪除1.關係代名詞which可以由限定詞改寫而來，那我可以寫出這樣的句子嗎?
I hate the new teacher which always wears a cap to class.
2. What he did was peek at my answer sheet. did到底是助動詞還是一般動詞呢？
3. I forgot to call in advance. to call可還原成should call，但實際上沒打，不就該用動詞的過去:過去完成式嗎?不用have called難道不會造成語氣變成條件語氣的錯誤嗎?
謝謝
1
刪除感覺不對，不像限定詞而像錯誤
2
一般動詞
3
I forgot to call...來自於I forgot that I should call...，其中should call的時間和forgot相同，所以並非「相對過去」，不需要用完成式。亦即：如果當時有人提醒你一下，那麼拿起電話來打還來得及。如果是這樣：I knew I should have called in advance，其中should have called的時間在knew之前，屬於「相對過去」，這才需要完成式。亦即：到你知道的時候已經來不及了。
123
回覆刪除老師您好
回覆刪除McBride positions Deacon King Kong on the precipice of a profound historical moment: as he illustrates, these knit-together old neighborhoods fell away after broader societal and urban shifts, not just in New York but around the country, beginning in the 1970s after the deaths of civil rights leaders and changemakers. In the new world, there would be nothing so uniting as a town drunk and his love and loathing for the promising ballplayer who turns to drugs. McBride’s novel is a rich and vivid multicultural history. But he also depicts the vulnerability of men who show most of the world only their gruff exteriors, rendered with rare and memorable tenderness.
1 nothing so uniting as a town drunk and his love and loathing for the promising ballplayer
= nothing more uniting than a town drunk and his love and loathing for the promising ballplayer ?
2 a town drunk and his love and loathing for the promising ballplayer 怎麼會用uniting來形容，不知uniting 是什麼意思 ?
3 gruff exteriors, rendered with rare and memorable tenderness.的意思是 ?
When we come to a point in our nation where little children, babies, are being taken from their parents and put in cages, I don't think history will be kind to us
4 I don't think history will be kind to us的意思是: 現在的這種遭遇( little children, babies, are being taken from their parents and put in cages)，後人在寫歷史時也不會給才同情 ?
It may feel as if we've been living with COVID-19 for a lifetime
5 we've been..應改成we had been..., 因為根本不可能終其一生都甩不掉 COVID-19?
The new law takes effect as of July 1.
6 在這的takes effect是以現在式代替未來式，所以改成 will take effect 也行 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除是
2
a town drunk指的是Deacon King Kong。the promising ball player就是書中被他射殺的青年。Deacon帶這個青年往棒球發展，但後者受到環境影響，走上販毒之路。Deacon是如何在愛恨交加的心情之下把青年殺死的，這個問題成為整個社區共同關切的焦點（a uniting issue）
3
he also depicts the vulnerability of men who show most of the world only their gruff exteriors, (which are) rendered with rare and memorable tenderness「作者描繪這種人內心的脆弱：他們在大部分人面前只會露出粗野的外表，但作者描寫這種外表的手法卻罕見地溫柔，令人過目難忘」
4
現代人的這種惡劣表現，後人在寫歷史時一定會嚴加譴責
5
正式文法要求是這樣
6
是
老師您好
回覆刪除(Finding the right language) She has been told she should call herself a survivor of sexual assault, not a victim, she write. Is it my story to tell or not? Is this a thing that happened to me or a thing that happens to 1 in 6 American women?" she asks.
1 如果是survivor 的話，是不是就沒有victim的涵意在裡面，所以victim是比較適合的用字?
Trump will lean heavily on the Fed for more cuts, less for the sake of U.S. economic resilience than for the President's political fortunes.
2 less for...=(while he will lean) less for ... ?
Smith did more than merely confront McCarthy. She also defined the GOP as the "champion of unity and prudence." She was a strong Republican, but, she said, "I don't want to see the Republican Party rise to victory on the four horses of calumny: fear, ignorance, bigotry, and smear."
There are times when victory is not worth the cost.
3 There are times when victory is not worth the cost.的意思是: 如果勝利的取得是透過 fear, ignorance, bigotry, and smear.的手段，則這個勝利是很不值得的 ?
It would be difficult for her to stand much lower in my opinion after the way she behaved at the party.
4 意思是:我對她不好的評價這一件事會使她難以接受 ?
to DISSOLVE an assembly is to terminate it as constituted, so that an election must be held to reconstitute it
5 as constituted=while it is constituted ?
Clinton has come to symbolize both the great strides forward for women in politics and the stiff headwinds they still confront.
6 symbolize 後面接的應該都是正面的，可是the stiff headwinds是反面的，不知如何解釋?
謝謝老師
1
刪除主要差別在於survivor的涵義比較積極，victim比較被動、消極
2
他對聯準會施壓，主要是為了自己政治前途的考量，超過對經濟的考量
3
是
4
經過這一次在party中的表現之後，我對她的評價已經落入谷底（已經差到不能再差了）
5
to terminate it as it was originally constituted（原來的章程作廢）
6
就是一正一反，評價兩極，有矛盾
老師您好~
回覆刪除我想詢問第一&二堂講義後面的文法考題:
1. P-5第2題
2. P-7第13題
3. P-7第15題
謝謝老師
1
回覆刪除The good time we spent together in college "has left" a deep impression on my mind.
句型是The good time(S) has left(V) a good impression(O)「好時光留下好印象」。選項has remained與has stayed都是不及物動詞，後面不能接受詞。選項has done雖然是及物動詞，但用字不對（do an impression不通）。
2
When he (A)knew that he had been (B)accused of fraud, he (C)committed suicide. He knew that he would be (D)found guilt.
答案是D改為found guilty。這是被動態，先改為主動態來理解：
People(S) would find(V) him(O) guilty(C).「別人會判他有罪」。句尾需要形容詞guilty當作受詞補語，修飾受詞him。改為被動態就是：
He would be found guilty.「他會被判定有罪」。
3
There(C) is(V) no general agreement(S)...「沒有共識存在」。這是常見的倒裝句。
若有其他選項不知錯在哪裏，請舉出來，以便一一回覆。
老師您好
回覆刪除He played no part in the game and was conspicuous by his absence in the post-match celebrations.
1 他沒有參與比賽，那麼他沒有參加celebrations怎會引起人注意，我在想這個句子的邏輯是不是有問題?
The newspaper which libeled him had already offered compensation
2 先libeled，後offered compensation，所以原句為何不是The newspaper which had libeled him already offered compensation?
to DISSOLVE an assembly is to terminate it as constituted, so that an election must be held to reconstitute it
3 to terminate it as it was originally constituted（原來的章程作廢）。因為assembly是集會，所以應該跟章程沒關係?
4 terminate及constituted不是同義字，用as(in the same way)感覺怪怪的，不知如何解釋?
..the campaign for the first free election to the National Assembly
to 是不是改成of(the National Assembly election)會比較合適?
"There are so many things you can't see with your eyes, like the emotional damage people suffer from, especially the survivors who have lost family members to this outbreak," Say Togo... "But this is only on the outside. The way they were hurt, the scars they have, will never recover."
5 on the outside是指people have lost family members to this outbreak (眼睛可見，有別於emotional damage) ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除句子就是你理解的意思，邏輯在於：此人可能非常重要，就算沒參加比賽也應該參加賽後的活動
2
had offered compensation是相對另一個時間點而言（不是發生在libeled之前、而是發生在上文說的另一件事之前）
3
一個議會的組織應該有它的章程，assembly被解散，意思就是當初的組織作廢、要重新選舉
4
解散掉「以原來的組織方式所組織起來的」議會，重新選舉，也就是重組一個議會
5
用to沒錯，例如：He was elected to the Legislative Yuan.
6
看起來是前面說到的一切都屬於on the outside
作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除老師好
回覆刪除The book takes several days to listen to.
The hall cost a fortune to build.
以上兩句的不定詞片語都沒有受詞，但又不是放在名詞後面的形容詞用法，請問這裡的詞類為何，又該怎麼解釋不用加受詞呢？
謝謝
to listen to修飾動詞take，當副詞使用。to build修飾動詞cost，也是當副詞使用。
刪除非限定動詞，包括現在分詞、過去分詞、動名詞、不定詞，都可分為簡單與複雜兩種。簡單的構造就是單字，例如a used car，中間的過去分詞used就是個單字，可視為動詞use的詞類變化、變成形容詞、放在名詞片語中修飾名詞car（但帶有被動/完成暗示：已經被人用過的）。既然是形容詞單字，不是動詞，就沒有受詞的位置。
複雜的構造應視為從屬子句減化，例如A person using a chainsaw must be very careful.句中的using a chainsaw就是複雜的構造，應視為關係子句who is using a chainsaw的減化，及物動詞use後面需要受詞。
不定詞最少是兩個字to V。你問的兩個例子to listen to與to build都屬於簡單的情況，直接視為動詞的詞類變化：can listen to與can build變為不定詞to listen to與to build，當副詞使用，修飾動詞。
老師您好
回覆刪除..."Deep Blue," a hastily created think tank charged with charting a new course for the Navy in what would become known as the war on terror.
1 charting a new course...=monitoring and recording a new development in something that would become known as the war on terror. ?
If power is a muscle, driving progress through strength, influence is a magnet, drawing people toward possibilities they might otherwise never have imagined.
2 they might otherwise never have imagined.(過去非事實)應改成 they might otherwise imagined.(現在非事實)才合理 ?
He will see that he is participating in all the decisions of the collective
3 will see是 be able to form a mental picture of (something)，而 he is participating是以現在進行式代替未來式，不知以上觀念是否正確 /
It's we the living who say collectively what "woman" means, hopefully in ways that center the voices and experiences of all those who live as women, across all our other differences.
4 across all our other differences的意思是?
a multitude arrayed against him
5 against =in a direction opposite to ?
Mary colluded in the myth of him as the swanky businessman
6 她與其他人colluded，讓外人覺得他是個swanky businessman(事實上他不是swanky businessman)?
謝謝老師
1
刪除plotting a new path; planning a new way ahead
2
原文沒錯：they might never have imagined if there had been no such magnet，屬於過去時間非事實語氣
3
有可能。還可以解釋為he is participating是事實語氣：he is really participating in something, only that he doesn't see it yet
4
別的差異可能在於種族、國籍、社會階層、等等
5
是。或者in opposition to
6
此人的形象是塑造出來的神話不是事實，而Mary也隨眾附和
作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除老師在《文法》P94講到，alike是形容詞（attributive adjectives），舉例如下：
回覆刪除Jane and her mother alike are teachers.
珍和她媽媽一樣都是老師。
可是，我查到當alike翻譯為「兩者都；同樣地，同等地」，alike是副詞，比如：劍橋字典https://dictionary.cambridge.org/zhs/詞典/英語-漢語-繁體/alike
alike
adverb
B2
used after referring to two groups of people or things to show that both groups are included
兩者都；同樣地，同等地
Friends and family alike were devastated by the news of her death.
聽到她去世的噩耗，無論家人還是朋友都悲痛欲絕。
請問，Jane and her mother alike are teachers.裡面的alike是副詞還是形容詞，為什麼？這個問題困惑許久，想聽聽老師的分析。
都講得通。如果說He and she are alike，那麼這個alike只能是形容詞（主詞補語）。但如果說He and she alike are teachers，這個alike當形容詞或副詞解釋都通。當形容詞，因為是a-開頭的形容詞，所以放在後面修飾名詞he and she。當副詞，就是字典中的解釋。
刪除+ 2022年4月5日 上午8:56 提問
刪除請問老師
回覆刪除He picked up French during his two-year's sojourn in Paris.
這句是不是中位限定詞衝突了啊？為何不說「his two-year sojourn」或是「two years' sojourn of his」呢？謝謝。
有錯，應改為his two-year sojourn
刪除老師在「2022年4月3日 中午12:39」回答說：如果說He and she are alike，那麼這個alike只能是形容詞（主詞補語）。
回覆刪除老師之前上課說過（如果沒有記錯的話），alike相當於of like。按照這樣的邏輯，He and she are alike.就相當於He and she are of like.，其中，of like如果看作是地方副詞，說的是「一樣、相同相似」的地方，He and she are alike.裡面的alike為何不能解釋為地方副詞of like當主詞補語？
* 《文法》P13說過，補語的詞類包括：名詞、形容詞、時間副詞、「地方副詞」、介副詞。
of like只是alike的字源構造，並不是真正能用的介系詞片語。而且of like與地方無關。若說He and she are at home，這個介系詞片語at home說的是「地方」，可以解釋為地方副詞、主詞補語。但是of like不是「地方」。
刪除請問老師 Animals in captivity often live longer than those in the wild. those 不能用 ones 代替嗎？謝謝。
回覆刪除也可以。those來自the animals（省略掉animals，定冠詞the詞類變化為those）。ones來自animals（代名詞ones取代名詞animals）。
刪除作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除老師您好
回覆刪除Despite death threats and her family's home being firebombed by white supremacists, she channeled her painful truths into a search for justice...
1 being firebombed 及 firebombed在語意上有何不同 ?
.."Deep Blue," a hastily created think tank charged with charting a new course for the Navy in what would become known as the war on terror.
2 in是a new course in ?
If power is a muscle, driving progress through strength, influence is a magnet, drawing people toward possibilities they might otherwise never have imagined.
3 driving progress through strength是句子主詞，如果改成drive progress through strength不知是否可以 ?
4 influence前面加上分號;及 if會比較好? ( ; if influence ... )
5 they might otherwise never have imagined.是過去非事實，但是they might otherwise never imagined.改成現在非事實，感覺也講得通 ?
He will see that he is participating in all the decisions of the collective
6 還可以解釋為he is participating是事實語氣：he is really participating in something, only that he doesn't see it yet。所以老師您的意思是:他確實在participating，只是他目前自己不知道，不了解 (doesn't see it yet)，但他現在還在自己想像(will see that... ) ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除her home being firebombed感覺像一句敘述（that her home was firebombed）。her home firebombed感覺像一個東西（等於her firebombed home）
2
比較像是修飾hastily created：在the war on terror當中匆匆創造出來的機構
3, 4
driving progress through strength不是主詞而是關係子句which drives progress through strength的減化
5
若改為they might otherwise never imagine成為現在非事實，也通
6
「到時候他會了解：其實他都有參與合作社的所有決策」
請問老師
回覆刪除Luckily, I had some money with me. 句首的副詞好像無法當作是 If we are speaking luckily 減化的結果，這是例外嗎？謝謝老師。
情況不同。
刪除Scientifically, the experiment was a success.
句中的scientifically應還原為scientifically speaking，那麼scientifically就是一個「方法狀態副詞」（adverb of manner），修飾動詞speak。但是省略掉speaking之後，一般文法書稱Scientifically這種副詞為「分離副詞」（disjunct），說它是修飾整個限定子句的副詞。
你問的那個句子，這樣說意思也一樣：
I luckily had some money with me.
表示這個luckily就是「方法狀態副詞」，修飾動詞had。因為被移到句首，所以打個逗點分隔一下。
作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除請問come to do sth如何還原。
回覆刪除老師在文法書P260有一個例句說的是：
He says he will come to pick you up tonight.
他說他今晚要來接你。
如果我不想把to pick you up tonight看做簡單的構造，這個例句還原為He says he will come "because he will pick you up tonight".正確嗎?如果不正確，應該如何還原？
I have come to understand this question.
我開始理解這個問題。
如果我不想把to understand this question看做簡單的構造，這個例句還原為I have come "so that I can understand this question".正確嗎?如果不正確，應該如何還原？
第一句比較像是he will come in order that he can pick you up tonight。第二句還原為so that感覺沒錯。
刪除請問老師：
回覆刪除1. 之前你在課堂說時態、語態、語氣是動詞的面相，這裡說的是面相，還是面向，還是面像？
2. 分詞、動名詞、不定詞是動詞的面相嗎？
1
刪除英文是aspect，比較接近「面向」吧。
2
可以說是動詞經過詞類變化的結果。
我在其他書看到aspect是「體」，包括：一般體、完成體……，這屬於時態裡面把時和體分開講的東西。
回覆刪除老師回復說「時態、語態、語氣、分詞、動名詞、不定詞是動詞的面向（aspect）」。
語態、語氣、分詞、動名詞、不定詞跟體（aspect）裡面的一般體、完成體……無關，為什麼說「時態、語態、語氣、分詞、動名詞、不定詞是動詞的面向（aspect）」？
這是翻譯的問題。動詞「時態」（tense）一般分為「時間」（time）與「狀態」（aspect）。時間分為現在、過去、未來。狀態分為簡單、完成、進行、完成進行。四種狀態，也就是動詞的四種變化。
刪除從字源構造來看，aspect拆開來是ad + spect，直譯為toward + look：「看過去（所看到的一面）」，所以也可以翻譯為「面向」。像現在分詞、過去分詞等等，也是動詞的一些變化（屬於詞類變化），變出的結果我稱之為不同的面相。
老師您好
回覆刪除1 keep a sense of proportion about all this= keep all this in proportion ?
to enclose is to send something in the same envelope or parcel as something else
2 as something else= as (in the same way) something else is sent ?
It's we the living who say collectively what "woman" means, hopefully in ways that center the voices and experiences of all those who live as women, across all our other differences.
3 across的意思是 ?
If you canvass for a particular person or political party, you go around an area trying to persuade people to vote for that person or party.
4 trying to =while trying to ?
5 trying to 改成 (in order )to try to 不知是否可以 ?
Fundamentally, women like him for his sensitivity and charming vulnerability.
6 charming vulnerability.的意思是 ?
It was a revelation. De Beauvoir exposed a long hidden truth: that there is no female nature. She consulted biology, history. medicine and psychoanalysis to question the roles assigned to women. The book told me that I control my destiny. If there is no fixed female essence, then we too are only what we do .
7 we too are only what we do . 的意思是?
In her utter rejection of a public persona, she is best understood, still, as a symbol: no longer the potent florescence of youth, but a hard-worn tree in whose limbs and roots can be traced the archaeology of an era
8 a hard-worn...是意思是不是the archaeology of an era can be traced through her limbs and roots in a hard-worn tree ? 但原句trace 為何用被動，感覺講不通，而且原句traced的後面沒加介系詞 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除可以
2
是
3
over and above
4
是
5
太間接了，有點重複
6
人要有弱點，才能激發女性保護的本能
7
女人和男人沒什麼不同，也是要從作為、表現來評量
8
先行詞是a hard-worn tree，關係子句可還原為單句the archaeology of an era(S) can be traced(V) in its limbs and roots。改為關係代名詞in whose limbs and roots再倒裝，就成為a hard-worn tree in whose limbs and roots can be traced the archaeology of an era。用被動態，意思是can be traced (by us)。
老師好，介系詞的受詞得是名詞，不能是子句，但疑問詞引導的子句例外，請問該怎麼解釋這樣的現象呢？謝謝。
回覆刪除可以這樣來記：介系詞後面不能加純粹的連接詞that。介系詞後面要接名詞片語，連接詞that後面要接名詞子句，這兩者之間有衝突。但疑問詞除了連接詞功能之外還有別的角色（疑問代名詞如who, what、疑問副詞如when, how之類），因而可以容許。
刪除老師您好
回覆刪除FORMER always connotes comparison, stated or implied, with what follows (termed latter)
1 termed latter是指what that is termed latter, 所以what 也可當先行詞 ?
If you say that something is termed a particular thing, you mean that that is what people call it or that is their opinion of it.
2 為什麼會有兩個that (you mean that that...), 感覺you mean (不要有兩個that)或者只留一個that 都可(you mean that ) ?
3 We need a definite answer by tomorrow可以等於We will need a definite answer by tomorrow ? 如果相等，那麼we need為何要省略will ?
By the time Makeba hit the refrain, audiences were already moving, both with the music and against the apartheid regime.
4 were already moving是不是改成had already been moving...才對 ? (were already moving 是非正式用法?)
She orchestrated a funeral based on Lincoln's that gave a ritual and pageantry, cementing her husband's legend.
5 cementing ...= a funeral that cemented... ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除是
2
You(S) mean(V) that SV....(O)
主要子句是SVO的句型，其中O是名詞子句，外加的that是從屬連接詞。在that子句裏面，句型是that(S) is(V) their opinion(O)，其中that是指示代名詞，代表上文。所以，接連兩個that的詞類不同，並沒有錯。
3
We need a definite answer now, no later than tomorrow.其實現在就需要。
4
可以說had already moved，表示發生在那之前。如果說were already moving，時間仍是與hit the refrain同時。
5
可以這樣詮釋：She orchestrated a funeral based on Lincoln's that gave a ritual and pageantry, "which cemented" her husband's legend.，那麼cementing...就是關係子句減化。
也可以議釋為：She orchestrated a funeral based on Lincoln's that gave a ritual and pageantry, "so that that cemented" her husband's legend.，那麼cementing...就是表示結果的副詞子句減化（分詞構句）
老師您好
回覆刪除Out on the course you must discipline yourself to let go of detailed theory.
1意思是: 在課堂外就要把課堂上所學的理論丟掉 ?
In our current age of obsession over how we present ourselves to the world, she is a model of one who found beauty amid tragedy to truly appreciate her precious, only life
2 為什麼不是she is a model ，而是 she is a model of one (多了of one ) ?
3 to truly appreciate =so that she truly appreciated ...
...Men who take as much trouble over personal hygiene as women
4 意思是:對個人衛生習慣都講究的男人及女人（男人及女人程度相當）?
The book entwines the personal and the political to chart the history of the family
5 the 加形容詞，例如the affluent 是有錢人。句中的the personal and the political 不知是什麼意思 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除這個course感覺不像「課程」，而像是「球場」。意思是「到了球場上，你就得強迫自己忘掉詳細的理論（而根據直覺打球）。」
2
those (people) who...「…的那種人」，one (person) who...「一個…的人」。如果說she is a model who found beauty感覺像在說此人是個「模特兒」。說she is a model of one who found beauty則是說此人是「這種人之中的典範」。
3
so that she "could" truly appreciate...。不定詞一般是還原為語氣助動詞。
4
說的只是男人：這種男人講究個人衛生的程度不亞於女人。
5
這是在名詞片語中把最重要的名詞省略掉。the poor, the rich, the tall, the short, the affluent...後面省掉的都是people。但是the new, the strange, the personal, the political...後面省掉的則是thing。所以，傳統文法有一條規則說「定冠詞加形容詞等於複數名詞」就有例外：省掉的是people時才是複數（people解釋為「人們」本身就是複數）。省掉的是thing就是單數。例如：
The rich are not always happy.
The new is often feared.
老師，您好
回覆刪除The first three prizes went to the same family.
此句中的 first 和 three 皆屬於後位限定詞，為什麼可以這樣使用呢？不會有同屬後位限定詞的排他性嗎？另外想問，"The first three prizes"在此視為單數，還是複數呢？
謝謝老師的回覆！
會互相排斥、不能並存的只有中位限定詞，其它的並不排斥，只要合理。例如：all such books「所有這一類書籍」，all與such都是前位限定詞，可以並用。
刪除而且，the first three prizes還可以當做包了兩層的名詞片語看待：three prizes因為裏面有數字three，可以放在另一個名詞片語的名詞位置使用，成為the first "three prizes"，意思是「頭3個獎項」。大的名詞片語的名詞位置three prizes是複數，所以動詞仍要用複數（如are）。
了解，謝謝老師清楚地解說，辛苦了！
刪除那麼書上的這段
「請注意：前位限定詞、中位限定詞與後位限定詞可以出現在一個名詞片語中，例如：all(前) my(中) many(後) friends。但是，如果限定詞屬於同樣的類別，那麼彼此之間就具有排他性，只能採用一個。換言之，如果把兩個中位限定詞寫在一起就是錯誤的...」
「但是...」 後面是不是改成說 「如果限定詞屬於同樣的類別，那麼彼此之間*可能*具有排他性」會比較好呢？
書中表達有誤。應該說：「中位限定詞會互相排斥，只能採用一個」。
刪除明白，謝謝老師！！
刪除寫作書P509的例句：
回覆刪除The third chapter, 「Some Solutions to the Problem,」 is perhaps the most valuable.
字典查到的例句：
He hasn't written to me recently - perhaps he's lost my address.
他最近沒給我寫信——也許他把我的地址弄丟了。
Perhaps the most important question has not been asked.
或許還沒有人提出最重要的問題。
We plan to travel to Europe - to Spain or Italy perhaps.
我們打算去歐洲旅行，也許去西班牙或意大利。
請問：
1.perhaps是哪種副詞？我猜測是「分離副詞」對嗎？
2.上述四個句子的perhaps分別修飾什麼？我猜測前三句的perhaps修飾動詞，最後一句的perhaps修飾名詞片語Spain or Italy，對嗎？
perhaps基本上是表示一種「可能性、或然率」，我感覺比較偏向程度副詞：表示真實性「有幾分」，不過還是要看用法而定。你問的那幾句，第1句perhaps修飾的對象可以是is，也可以是the most valuable。第2句和第3句的perhaps如果是修飾整個句子，可以稱為分離副詞。但是第3句的perhaps也可以說是修飾the most important question，那就有點像程度副詞。第4句的perhaps應該就是介系詞片語to Spain or Italy，比較像程度副詞。
刪除semicolon拆解為semi/colon，字源分析為half/colon。
回覆刪除請問，分號為什麼是冒號的一半，不太理解這個構造。
意思是「有幾分像冒號、不完全一樣」
刪除寫作書P511
回覆刪除"I’m sorry," he said, "but I don’t believe you."
我不清楚以上句子sorry後面的逗點為何，是分開I’m sorry和he said，還是原來就有？也就是說，以上句子可還原為以下哪一句（僅有逗點的不同）：
He said, "I’m sorry but I don’t believe you."
He said, "I’m sorry, but I don’t believe you."
可以把he said視為插入句，那麼前後兩個逗點就是一組括弧式的逗點。至於對等連接詞but前面的位置，可以打逗點把兩個對等子句隔開、也可以不打。
刪除寫作書P512
回覆刪除"To be or not to be": this may be the most famous line in English literature.
老師在書里解釋說，分號和冒號把句子分開為「兩個對等子句」，碰上後引號時，當然要放在後引號的外面。
To be or not to be並非對等子句，只是一個片語，為何老師解釋說分號和冒號把句子分開為「兩個對等子句」？上述句子裡面的冒號應該不是分隔兩個對等子句吧，那麼它的功能是什麼？
分號和冒號具有「對等連接詞」的功能，可以用來隔開兩個對等子句。To be or not to be本身是個不完整句，但是在上面那句中就是拿它當個句子看待。你可以換個句子來理解："Life is but a dream": this may be...。
刪除寫作書P518
回覆刪除Her book is called American Labor Leaders: What They Believe In.
老師在書里解釋說，因為是「動詞片語」believe in，所以大寫。
問題：
1.
是「片語動詞」裡面的虛字要大寫，還是「動詞片語」裡面的虛字要大寫？我查到believe in是片語動詞（phrasal verb）。
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/believe%20in
2.
My book is called "I Achieved Fame through Hard Work".（我的書名叫做：我靠努力成名）
My book is called "I am in Trouble".
在這兩個句子裡面，動詞片語的虛字through、in需要大寫嗎？
3.
哪些詞類是虛字？限定詞、形容詞、副詞、介系詞、連接詞、助動詞、感嘆詞是虛字嗎？
1
刪除應該是「片語動詞」
2
那是兩個介系詞片語（through Hard Work與in Trouble）而非動詞片語。介系詞算是虛字，在標題中小寫。但是較長的介系詞（如through）可以選擇大寫
3
上述只有限定詞、介系詞是虛字。對等連接詞（and, but, or）也算虛字
老師在新版的寫作書「標點符號用法說明」裡面，把斜體字（Italics）、數字（Numbers）、大寫（Capitalization）都作為標點符號（Punctuation）列示。
回覆刪除可是在Merriam-Webster's Guide to Punctuation and Style裡面，斜體字（Italics）、數字（Numbers）、大寫（Capitalization）都不列在標點符號（Punctuation）裡面，而是單列：1 Punctuation、2 Capitalization and Italics、3 Numbers。
請問，斜體字（Italics）、數字（Numbers）、大寫（Capitalization）屬於標點符號（Punctuation）嗎？
那要看是廣義還是狹義解釋
刪除老師，您好
回覆刪除想請問以下三組名詞片語的 限定詞、形容詞、名詞，三個部份如何切割？
(雖然有做過一些功課，但還是無法照書上的方式，合理的區分出來)
另外，單、複數方面可以如何判斷呢？
a number of people // 例句：A number of people join the party this night.
the number of people // 例句：The number of people in this nation has grown.
a tiresome total of 15 days // 書中例句：The meeting dragged on for a tiresome total of 15 days.
謝謝老師的回覆！
a number of（限定詞）people（名詞）：複數
刪除the number（名詞片語）of people（介系詞片語）：單數
a tiresome total (名詞片語) of 15 days (介系詞片語）：單數
了解，謝謝老師，很開心有您的回覆。
刪除這是老師在寫作課講義的題目
回覆刪除Anyway she said You have to help me.
“Anyway,” she said, “you have to help me.”
問題：
1.
沒有加標點符號的第一句，裡面的You是開頭大寫還是小寫？老師給的講義第一句是開頭大寫You，可是在第二句裡面又變成小寫you。
2.
"Anyway," she said, "you have to help me."可以改為下面哪一句（僅僅逗點不同）？
She said, "Anyway, you have to help me."
She said, "Anyway you have to help me."
3.
Anyway是哪種副詞（我猜測anyway是分離副詞）？Anyway在這個句子裡面修飾什麼？
1
刪除應該是小寫
2
都可以
3
是分離副詞，修飾整個句子
寫作書P521
回覆刪除She asked how many of you have read Annabel Lee.
She asked, "How many of you have read ‘Annabel Lee’?"
如果把短篇作品Annabel Lee換成長篇作品Pride and Prejudice，請問，Pride and Prejudice是打單引號合適（考慮到直接引用句有雙引號，Pride and Prejudice打單引號好像更符合句子美感），還是斜體字合適？
要用斜體字才對
刪除老師在讀寫快易通P80說到，英文標點符號中的刪節號是三個點，中間與前後都要空一格。不過，雜誌體中的新聞英文，特別注意節省篇幅，所以常常不加空格，這是新聞英文中的特色，與一般寫作英文的要求不同。
回覆刪除老師在新版寫作書P505-506有三個句子：
"There is only one way to settle the matter…. We must sit at the conference table."
"The ceremony drew toward an end. … The guests started to leave."
The names of the months (January, February, March…) are capitalized.
如果按照「一般寫作英文的要求」，請問：
1.句1裡面，matter後面應該空一格再出現刪節號嗎（即：matter^….）？
2.句2裡面，end.後面是空一格再出現刪節號（即：end.^…^The guests），還是空兩格再出現刪節號（空第一格是為了另起一句，空第二格是為了出現刪節號，因為老師說過刪節號前面要空一格，即：end.^^…^The guests）？
3.句3裡面，March後面應該空一格再出現刪節號嗎（即：March^….）？
讀寫快易通是舊書，當時寫論文還用打字機，標準做法要留空格，現在已經沒人這樣用了。新版寫作書裏面是現在的用法，也就是上面例句中的用法。
刪除老師您好
回覆刪除He acted as if he didn't already know.
1 already字典的解釋是before that time, 那為何不改成as if he hadn't already known（有可能是真的，即事實, 而且known的時間比acted早) ?原句用didn't already know，會不會讓人覺得acted及didn't know是在同一時間發生的 ?
2..Men who take as much trouble over personal hygiene as women說的只是男人：這種男人講究個人衛生的程度不亞於女人。那如果句子改成Men take as much trouble over personal hygiene as women則意思是:對個人衛生習慣都講究的男人及女人（男人及女人程度相當）?
After being acquitted of all charges, she moved from defended to defender, consistently resisting the structural causes of inequity and injustice as others took the bigoted way out and victim-blamed
3victim-blamed是Assign responsibility for harm, injury, or misfortune to the person who has suffered it。但從 took the bigoted way out (removed the bigoted way)來推測，took the bigoted way out是正面的，victim-blamed是把禍害給別人(負面的)，感覺怪怪的 ?
Keppler kept all his men in suspense until that morning before which two would be going
4 before which two would be going是用來補充說明 until that morning ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除用hadn't already known比較正式
2
主要子句說的是men，所以重點仍然在說男人，女人只是陪襯
3
take a certain way out意思是「走上某條出路」。took the bigoted way out就是「採用偏執的方式來解決問題」，也是負面的
4
關係子句，修飾的先行詞是that morning，意思是two would be going before that morning
作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除老師您好
回覆刪除Start living life here and now instead of waiting for that mythical day when you'll be slim.
1 when you'll be slim.的when不是不可以跟未來式連用 ?
Ignorance, superstition and an aura of sexual seediness swirl around those afflicted, their cause of death noted in obituary columns with a vague lack of specifics that protected their relatives from opprobrium.
2 heir cause of death ... =while their cause of death was noted... ?
Such was the fear of ignominy that only one patient agreed to be photographed with her
3 = the fear of ignominy was such that (such that =so that以致於)only one... ?
Even more significantly, this close-to-perfect song marked her as an artist
in it for the long haul, one whose marriage of provocation and pop would inspire future generations to shape their careers in her image.
4 in it for the long haul的意思是 ?
5 to shape their careers in her image.=to emulate what she did ?
By the time Makeba hit the refrain, audiences were already moving, both with the music and against the apartheid regime
6 were already moving，時間仍是與hit the refrain同時。那麼already 在這如何解釋?依據
https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/already 感覺找不到適合的解釋。
1
刪除在時間副詞子句裏面才是不能用will，但你問的句子不是副詞子句而是形容詞子句（關係子句，修飾先行詞when）
2
是
3
是。such that和so that意思相同（詞類不同：such是限定詞、so是副詞）
4
an artist (who is) in it for the long haul「一位長期投入的藝術家」。it是虛字，片語in it表示「投入某項工作」。the long haul字面上是「長途旅行」。整句的意思是說此人不是隨便玩玩就算了，而是很認真搞藝術，要進行到底的
5
是
6
這是在強調這首歌的感染力強大：唱到一半，觀眾都已經動起來了
老師好，used to 是語氣助動詞，意思是過去習慣做什麼事，但這樣應該是直說語氣了，何以還能算是語氣助動詞呢？謝謝。
回覆刪除那是把used to等同於would看待，屬於conditional mood（條件語氣）。反之，如果把used視為動詞，to V視為不定詞片語，那就是事實語氣。
刪除老師好，think（想）、enjoy（喜愛）應該是靜態動詞，卻也能改成現在分詞，請問這該怎麼解釋呢?
回覆刪除作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除老師您好
回覆刪除The prestigious Virginia Military Institute (VMI) still barred women, but when the case went to the Supreme Court, Ginsburg argued that everyone was harmed, and all stood to benefit. “If women are to be leaders in life and in the military, then men have got to become accustomed to taking commands from women,” she said at oral argument, “and men will not become accustomed if women are not let in.” Back in her ACLU days, on a quest to prove that gender discrimination violated the Constitution, she had represented not only women who broke glass ceilings but also men who were caregivers...
1 既然everyone was harmed，怎麼又會 all stood to benefit (be likely to benefit). 感覺有抵觸 ?
Accretion is the process of new layers or parts being added to something so that it increases in size
2 =Accretion is the process that new layers or parts are added to something so that it increases in size ?
If you say that something tarnishes someone's reputation or image, you mean that it causes people to have a worse opinion of them than they would otherwise have had.
3they would otherwise have had 是過去非事實，若改成現在非事實(they would otherwise have )，不知是否可以 ?
After her husband won, she gracefully stepped into the role of First Lady as the first black woman to do so .
4 as the first black woman to do so的意思是 ?
You can claim this back on expenses
５如果有人因公出差所花的費用由公司支付，但自己已經先支付，事後就可向公司請款，就是原句的意思 ?
６on的意思跟He spent 80 on a hat的on意思相同 ?
The 180-day statute of limitations resets with each new payment an employee claims reflects discrimination.
７ 這個句子的主要動詞是resets。 而且an employee claims the 180-day statute of limitations reflects discrimination.我的問題是: 原句的寫法會不會讓人誤以為 an employee claims each new payment reflects discrimination payment ? 而且原句的寫法在一個句子有兩個動詞(resets, reflects), 並沒有用連接詞之類的東西來作連接 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除正是因為大家都蒙受其害，所以才stood to benefit「有機會受益」，只要改變情況就可以辦到
2
the process that改為the process in which
3
可以
4
as the first black woman that could/would do so「身為頭一個可以這樣做的黑人婦女」
5
是
6
類似。on this item的意思
7
分為這兩句來看：
The 180-day statute of limitations resets with each new payment.
An employee claims that a new payment reflects discrimination.
兩句在new payment的重複處建立關係，改為關係代名詞which, 成為複句否下：
The 180-day statute of limitations resets with each new payment which an employee claims reflects discrimination.
句中的which省掉確實會有點不清楚，應該留下來比較好。
請問老師
回覆刪除1. when 引導的副詞子句若放在主要子句後面，前面不加逗點，但是 so 、for 引導的副詞子句前面卻要加，請問加不加逗點有什麼依據嗎 ?
2. think（想）、enjoy（喜愛）應該是靜態動詞，卻也能改成現在分詞，這該怎麼解釋呢?
謝謝解惑。
1
刪除其實並沒有嚴格規定。副詞子句屬於修飾語，如果比較長、比較複雜，最好加個逗點（休息一下、換口氣），如果很短就不用了。
2
think作「思考」解、enjoy作「玩樂」解，仍是動作。
老師好
回覆刪除1. No one is born a homicide. 這句話分析起來是不是一連用了兩個形容詞當作主詞補語，過去分詞本來是動詞，受詞是 no one ，a homicide 是受詞補語？
2. Seldom does he leave home after noon. 否定副詞若放在一般的位置也不用多加助動詞維持否定的結構，但移到句首就得加，請問這該怎樣理解呢？
謝謝老師。
1
刪除傳統文法的斷句是No one(S) is born(V) a homicide(C).。動詞是被動態is born，主詞補語是a homicide。如果把is當動詞看，主詞補語就是born a homicide這個形容詞片語，其中born是過去分詞（形容詞），a homicide是名詞。
2
直述句例如He seldom leaves home...，其中seldom直接修飾動詞leaves，不需要改變。但是Seldom does he leave home...因為seldom與修飾的對象（leave）已有距離，需要加個does才看得出來seldom是修飾動詞的。
老師您好
回覆刪除In aggregate, those data points help us imagine our ancestors' lives in three dimensions and to animate them, tracking their movement through time and space and across the American experience.
1 to animate them前面有and, 可是to animate them往前找不到to V的字樣?
2 tracking their...=because those data points track their ... ?
3 they live ten miles in的意思是:(他的家及你的家之類的)距離有ten miles ?
Ten years in, Obamacare has wins and losses
4 in的意思是?
Key to successful responses have been decisions to ...
5為何原句的動詞是用have, 而不是has (原句好像把Key to successful responses看作是複數) ?
To seize the upper hand, the E.U. needs to work out how its institutions can add value and show they have a purpose in times of crisis--especially as both health and internal border controls lie outside their mandate. One option might be a pan-E.U. economic package for those struggling to withstand the financial impact.
6 especially as both health and internal border controls lie outside their mandate意思是說歐盟在health and internal border controls使不上力，但在經濟議題上卻可以 ?
He planned to end the welfare system as we know it.
7welfare system as we know it.是指"現在"的welfare system ?
8 the decent chance =a good chance ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除help是半個使役動詞，後面加以用V或者to V當受詞補語。本句在and前面用的是原形動詞imagine，後面用的是不定詞to animate，這樣的選擇不是太好，應該兩個都用不定詞（前面改為to imagine）這樣對稱比較工整。
2
正確
3
不大清楚。如果在城郊說話，那麼意思是「進城10 miles處」。
4
應該是「實施10年以來」，有點in effect的味道。
5
倒裝句，主詞是decisions...。key是形容詞補語。
6
是。
7
差不多。「我們觀念中的welfare system」。
8
是。應該是a decent chance。
The employees at Barneveld Inc.are encouraged to build team work by assisting____on various project A)the other B)one another C)other D)another.書的詳解看不太懂，老師您好我是您2020 1月份參加文法全真的學生 ，謝謝
回覆刪除有兩個很接近的片語，一般的區分是each other指 「兩者之間彼此、互相」，one another指「三者以上」。這題說的是全公司員工，應該是後者，所以用assisting one another「互相幫助」。另外幾個選項，the other和another都是單數。other只能當限定詞，後面不能沒有名詞。
刪除老師您好
回覆刪除Countries that have tested more people are generally reporting lower fatality rate than those that have test fewer, and tended to focus on severe cases
1 and tended to focus on severe case是those that have test fewer and (have) tended to focus on severe cases ?
2 在原句中不要有逗號可以嗎 ?
COVID-19 does seem to be more lethal than the seasonal flu, but it's closer to that end of the spectrum than to previous coronavirus outbreaks.
3 it's closer to that end of the spectrum than 的意思是？
When they do behave badly--like breaking quarantine--there's a social reason too for the tongue-clucking and finger-wagging that follow. "There's a certain amount of social glory that comes from being the punisher," says Pinker.
That, of course, is not always fair--much as it might seem to be warranted. Haidt is honoring his quarantine, but he is cognizant that he has it easy, with a job that allows him to telecommute......
4 That, of course, is not always fair的that 是tongue-clucking and finger-wagging ?
5 much as it might seem to be warranted=although tongue-clucking and finger-wagging might seem to be warranted ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除是
2
可以
3
「比較偏向那一端」。spectrum比喻「整組，整套」，包括由最嚴重到最輕微的所有情況。其中「季節性流感」就是最輕的一端。整句的意思是說COVID-19的死亡率比從前的冠狀病毒爆發都要低。
4
是
5
是
老師您好
回覆刪除Supply-chain issues likely will be managed, just as the virus will be brought under control--eventually. Until then, humans will be humans and our eccentricities will be our eccentricities. Our panic buying represents one thing we can control. In an exceedingly uncertain moment, it's at least something.
1 it's at least something. 的意思是 ?
reckon suggests the use of simple arithmetic such as can be performed mentally
such as ...=simple arithmetic which can be performed mentally..., etc.
2 原句為何可用such as (such as 後面通常接名詞) ?
I couldn't pass muster in his language
3 意思是:我跟他在溝通上出了問題 ?
two minutes and yet light-years away from the crowded village
4 表示離開這個村通常只花2分鐘就行，可是現在要離珊人滿為患的村子要花很多的時間 ?
...the use of technology and data analytics is going to be light-years ahead of where it is today.
5 意思是the use of technology and data analytics在久遠的未來會比現在還普及 ?
A country ruled by a despot is an inverted cone
6 an inverted cone的意思是 ?
Squash was once thought to offer all-round fitness
7 意思是玩Squash的人可以得到面面俱到、全方位的健康(可得到的健康利益不只一項 ，例如可減少中風、感冒、等 ) ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除「這點至少算是個好處/優點/成就」，其中it指的是上文「恐慌性的搶購屬於可以控制的範疇」。
2
有倒裝，先還原為such simple arithmetic as can be performed mentally，其中such是限定詞，應該放在名詞片語such simple arithmetic的前面位置，但是因為要就近接受as can be performed mentally的修飾，所以移動到後面成為such as。接下來的as can be performed mentally裏面的as，一般文法書稱為「準關係代名詞」，身兼連接詞與主詞的雙重角色，後面可以直接加動詞。其實裏面有省略，可以還原為such simple arithmetic as the arithmetic that can be performed mentally。裏面因為arithmetic接連重複3次，所以把後面的the arithmetic與that都省掉了。
3
「用他的語言來溝通，我過不了關」，就是我不會說他的語言。
4
「和這個村子只有兩分鐘的距離，但是咫尺天涯」。也就是有其他不明的原因造成無法超越的隔閡。
5
「其普及程度將遠勝今日」。並無「久遠未來」的暗示。
6
「倒圓錐體」，也就是「頭重腳輕、上大下小」，暗示「不穩」。
7
「全面的體適能」，也就是從頭到腳都能得到運動。
老師您好
回覆刪除For viewers, Hulu's expansion appear to be a silver lining to the colossal storm cloud that is Disney invading every corner of the entertainment industry: lots of premium programming at no additional cost. But this synergy doesn't come without risk. After years of rapid expansion, Disney has entered a transitional period, as Bob Iger ear gives way to Bob Chapek's new regime. Hulu has just had a leadership shake-up of its own, with Randy Freer exiting as its CEO and Kelly Campbell succeeding him as president.
1 ... storm cloud that is Disney invading every corner of the... = storm cloud that is that Disney is invading every corner of the ... ?
2 Disney invading every corner of the entertainment industry被視為不好的原因是: 公司的收入減少了(沒向觀眾多收到錢，因為lots of premium programming at no additional cost ) ?
HBO upped its output of original content from 100 hours per year to 150. Thought that growth hasn't necessarily hurt HBO's creative success rate, it has seemed to exceed many viewers' bandwidth, as genre hits outshine quieter and weirder gems
3 genre hits outshine quieter and weirder gems的意思是 ?
The book is not one word too long and its narrative pace is unflagging.
4 not one word too long 的意思是 ?
Out in the desert the traveler is a welcome guest
5 Out in the desert的意思是
Six times as many men are color-blind as women
6 =Men are six times as color-blind as women ?
The doctor was killed saving his mother's congregation...
7 若還原 的話，意思是The doctor was killed so this saved his mother's congregation...?還是The doctor was killed while saving his mother's congregation...? (killed後面沒有逗點, 不知是否會對語意有何影響)
謝謝老師
1
刪除可以。
2
說它是壞事，不是以Disney公司為出發點，而是以觀眾為出發點：Disney推出大量的免費節目，形成獨霸市場之勢，對觀眾的選擇權造成威脅。
3
電影有幾種主流類型，如推理片、科幻片、喜劇片等等。genre hits指的是傳統主流類型的賣座大片，那是迎合大部分觀眾口味的。但也有一些所謂的藝術電影，訴求比較小眾、不易分類，甚至令一些觀眾感覺很怪，可是影評人特別喜歡。這裏說的是HBO原創電影增多了，但都是大眾口味的主流類型片，看不到比較特別的藝術電影。句中的outshine是動詞：shine brighter than。
4
not at all too long。這本書的字數或許不少，但絕不令人感到冗長。
5
「在偏遠的沙漠」
6
比的是罹患色盲的人數：男女之比是6比1。
7
後者：killed (while he was) saving...。沒有打逗點，感覺上下文關係更緊密，帶點「因為」的味道。若打上逗點則降格為補充說明。
老師您好
回覆刪除HBO upped its output of original content from 100 hours per year to 150. Thought that growth hasn't necessarily hurt HBO's creative success rate, it has seemed to exceed many viewers' bandwidth, as genre hits outshine quieter and weirder gems
1 it has seemed to exceed many viewers' bandwidth表示HBO的 原創電影增多了，多過於消費者所能消化的範圍 ?
The book is not one word too long and its narrative pace is unflagging.
2 its narrative pace is unflagging表故事的節奏不會忽快忽慢?
3 Six times as many men are color-blind as women，如果Men移到句首，不知原句如何改法 ?
Congress, which only five weeks earlier had split along nearly partisan lines to acquit Trump after his impeachment, began sprinting to pass a handful of stimulus packages.
4 nearly在這是不是暗示有國會議員跑票 ?
5 split改成voted的話，原句的意思也不會改變?
6 ...to acquit Trump=so Congress could acquit Trump ?
If you venture from 'feminine' standards, you are labelled aggressive and hostile.
7 venture from=come from ，引申為 accept /embrace ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除是
2
表示很「緊湊」，不會拖泥帶水
3
Men are six times as likely to be color-bland as women.
4
是（跑票不多）
5
是
6
是
7
If you "risk departing from" ...。暗示「冒險出走、勇敢嘗試新事務」。
老師您好
回覆刪除In London, the ghosts of history are never far away. The past lies close to the surface of its narrow streets and the walls of its churches. At Gray’s Inn, the cluster of stately brick buildings where lawyers have studied and practiced for over 600 years, it occasionally pierces through into the present.
1 it occasionally pierces through into the present.意思是:在Gray’s Inn可看到過去與現在的融合 ?
Inverness rose to the occasion, producing some of the best football they have played for some time
2 就they have played for some time來說的話，應該是they have played football for some time, 而不是they have played some of the best football for some time ?
Eye problems can indicate an unhealthy lifestyle with subsequent suppression of the immune system
3=Eye problems can indicate an unhealthy lifestyle and subsequent suppression of the immune system ?原句的意思是: 先有unhealthy lifestyle，才會有接下來的suppression of the immune system; 而unhealthy lifestyle及suppression of the immune system會讓眼睛有問題 ?不知以上的觀念是否正確 ?
None of them (Singapore, Hong Kong and Taiwan) offers a uniform nationwide virus-fighting blueprint, being more the size of a U.S. city or state.
4 being...=while Singapore, Hong Kong and Taiwan are more the size of a U.S. city or state.意思是: 他們的土地聯合起來比全國的任一城市或一州大 ?
Their captors treated them tolerably well.
5 對於一種不好的情況可以忍受，如tolerably hot water。但原句well是一種好的情況，為何用 tolerably，不知如何解釋?
This pandemic will bring in a fundamental change in the way we practice medicine
6=The way we practice medicine will experience a fundamental change by this pandemic ?
Given patience, successful breeding of this species can be achieved
7 can是不是要改成could(非事實)才對? 因為Given patience=If I had patience
If there is parity between the units of currency of two countries, the exchange rate is such that the units are equal to each other
8 such that=so that ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除是。it的先行詞是the past
2
是
3
正確
4
= because none of them is more than the size of a US state「因為其中沒有一個比美國的州大」。分詞構句的主詞要和主要子句相同，在此就是none of them
5
就是well enough
6
正確
7
非事實語氣的前提是「不可能」，但given patience擺在未來並非絕無可能，所以可以用can
8
the exchange rate is such "a rate" that...的省略，such是限定詞，可以省略名詞而當作代名詞使用
請問老師副詞子句若用no matter引導表示讓步，這樣的子句也不能用不確定語氣嗎？
回覆刪除No matter he will tell the truth, he's not my friend anymore.
No matter what he will give me for my birthday, it must be something expensive.
不知以上兩句是否正確呢？謝謝。
No matter和if相同，都用於引導表示條件的副詞子句。傳統文法規則是說要用「現在式代替未來式」。新的文法觀念則是用語氣來詮釋：修件語氣的副詞子句裏面應該採用事實語氣。例如：
刪除If it rains tomorrow, I will stay home.
單句本來是It will/may/can/could... rain tomorrow。其中語氣助動詞will/may/can/should...等等都屬於「猜測用法」。這種用法的語氣助動詞，用在修件副詞子句中，意思是「如果明天下雨」，就是「假如果真下雨」，裏面關於「下雨」就得採用事實語氣rains表示「真的下雨」，不再能夠使用不確定語氣will rain。
但是，「一般用法」的語氣助動詞情況不同。例如：
If you will talk to your father again, we may still have a chance.
副詞子句的意思是「如果你『願意』再和你父親談談」，動詞will talk中的語氣助動詞will表示「願意」，屬於「一般用法」，那麼「如果願意」是一種假設、「如果不願意」是另一種假設，這時候If you will talk...和If you will not talk...就可以成立了。
No matter的情況和If相同。No matter what you will「不論你的意願如何」是可以成立的說法。
你問的那兩句，No matter he will tell the truth or not若解釋為「不論他是否願意說真話」，可以成立。另一句No matter what he will give me...「不論他願意給什麼禮物」稍微有點牽強（這個will比較像是猜測用法，用在此處不很適合）。
However much the students may complain that it's their right to wear long hair and the Education Ministry supports that right, the school insists that they keep their hair short.
回覆刪除老師您在旋元佑英文寫作一書裡提到上面這句話 Education Ministry 前面沒加 that，讀者可能把這個子句當作「與主要子句對等的合句」，這說明我不是很懂，是指把 the Education Ministry supports that right 和 the school insists that they keep their hair short看成同樣是主要子句嗎？但主要子句前面也不會有連接詞呀。請老師跟我講一下讀者有可能會怎樣斷句，感謝。
兩種可能的斷句方式：
刪除1. however much the students may complain "this thing" and "that thing"，這是把the Education Ministry supports that right視為前面省略that來解讀，當作從屬的名詞子句，是complain的另一個受詞。整個的意思是：「不論學生如何抱怨說他們有權蓄長髮、並且抱怨說連教育部都支持他們蓄長髮的權利…」。
2. however much "this thing" and "that thing"，這是把the Education Ministry supports that right視為對等子句，前面本來就沒有加that，與the students may complain...對稱，共用前面的however much。整個的意思是：「不論學生如何抱怨說他們有權蓄長髮，也不論教育部多麼支持學生蓄長髮的權利…」。
老師好
回覆刪除However much the students may complain that it's their right to wear long hair and the Education Ministry supports that right, the school insists that they keep their hair short.
1. 照您英文寫作這本書裡說，the Education Ministry supports that right前面不加that，讀者可能會看成「不論學生多麼強烈抱怨…，而且教育部支持…」。意思是讀者會看成 However much the students may complain that it's their right to wear long hair跟the Education Ministry supports that right對稱嗎？但問題是前面是副詞子句，後面不是，兩者的結構不同，不可能構成合句不是嗎？
2. 原句complain後面的兩個名詞子句若依照對等子句不省略頭尾的原則，改成省略前面的that，保留第二個that會有甚麼修辭問題嗎？However much the students may complain it's their right to wear long hair and that the Education Ministry supports ...
謝謝老師。
However much the students may complain that it's their right to wear long hair and the Education Ministry supports that right, the school insists that they keep their hair short.
刪除兩種解釋：
1
However much the students may complain that it's their right to wear long hair and however much the students may complain that the Education Ministry supports that right, the school insists that they keep their hair short.翻譯見上一則回覆。對等連接詞連接兩個however...引導的副詞子句
2
However much the students may complain that it's their right to wear long hair and however much the Education Ministry supports that right, the school insists that they keep their hair short.翻譯見上則回覆。對等連接詞仍然連接兩個however...引導的副詞子句。
然後兩句進行重複部分的省略，到最後就是that該不該省略的問題。如果成為你改的However much the students may complain it's their right to wear long hair and that the Education Ministry supports ...，文法沒錯，修辭上的問題就是不對稱：前面的子句沒有that，後面的子句卻有that。
這個題目改寫自GMAT的原版考題，其中相當於However much the students may complain it's their right to wear long hair and that the Education Ministry supports ...的選項是錯誤答案，正確答案是相當於However much the students may complain that it's their right to wear long hair and that the Education Ministry supports ...的選項。
上面的「匿名」是我的回覆！
刪除老師您好
回覆刪除Such was the fear of ignominy that only one patient agreed to be photographed with her
1 = the fear of ignominy was such that (such that =so that以致於)only one..。那我的問題是: the fear of ignominy was such "the fear" that only one... ? (因為有一個句子If there is parity between the units of currency of two countries, the exchange rate is such that the units are equal to each other。而such 後面是省略rate . 雖然such that =so that , 但the exchange rate is such that the units are equal to each other中的such that 看起來又不是等於so that? 不知問題是出在哪個環節）
Closing the factory would irrevocably alter the character of the local community for the worse
2 irrevocably alter:對於某種改變是沒有辦法再加以改變地?
Doubts were already gnawing away at the back of his mind.
3gnawing away at the back of his mind.表示只是有點擔心 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除such that與so that差別在於詞類：such是限定詞、so是副詞。the fear was such that...可還原為the fear was such (a fear) that...。同樣的，the exchange rate was such that...可還原為the exchange rate was such (a rate) that...。至於so that的用法如下：the rear was so great that...與the exchange rate was so high that...（副詞so分別修飾great與high）
2
無法復原
3
不是「有點」，而是「隱隱、下意識」
老師您好
回覆刪除It had been less than nine months since masked security agents had stormed a conference room and arrested .....
since masked security agents had stormed 及since masked security agents stormed 在1 語意上有何差別 (since後面通常接簡單過去式，若接現在或過去完成式不知如何來理解) ?
He put out a statement calling for the release of the "wrongfully detained men," who "face a grave health risk if they become infected." The families have begged U.S. officials to use any leverage. Now the families are left with the hope, and the fear, that the COVID-19 outbreak could bring the saga of the Citgo Six to an end, one way or another.
2 the COVID-19 outbreak could bring the saga of the Citgo Six to an end有二層意思:一者人質可能死了(fear),二者人質可能平安回家(hope) ?
The world is defined by its fractions more than by its whole: empowered communities and marginalized communities, oppressor and the oppressed... That's not how we were made--not person to person, at least. But tribe on tribe, nation on nation, political party on political party, we do battle all the time
3 not person to person的意思是?
4 tribe on tribe的意思是? (on又是什麼意思)
It's instructive that we are now beset by a disease that recognizes none of the ways we divide ourselves. We are humbled by the virus, united in a collective crouch. United we will rise against it too. In similar union we can rise against the biases and injustice that have too long divided us
5 disease that recognizes none of the ways we divide ourselves.暗示: 一國的人可能排斥外來移民，但疾病不管你是哪一國人，只要是人，都有可能染病 ?
Orpington seems an example of the truism that nothing succeeds like success
6 nothing succeeds like success的意思是 ?
The augmentation of the army began along traditional lines.
7 along traditional lines.的意思是 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除意思差不多。用完成式有點在強調「剛發生過不久」
2
正確
3
not person to person暗示人人生而平等，而非「強者與弱者對立」。
4
tribe on tribe, we do battle大致相當於tribe against tribe「部落對部落爭鬥」
5
正確
6
「只有成功才算數，其他都是假的」
7
遵照傳統的分野。若是政治傳統，那就是指左派右派
老師好
回覆刪除１．名詞片語裡的限定詞可以放進另一個名詞片語，但Taiwan is a tourists' delight.限定詞這部分放的名詞片語是a tourists，請問這是怎麼一回事呢？為何不能說「Taiwan is tourists' delight.」？
２．only當強調範圍的副詞使用時，若修飾名詞片語就要放在整個片語前面，但實際用法也會放在後面，但是修飾其他詞類好像就只能放在前面而已，請問這是怎麼一回事呢？
謝謝老師解惑。
1
刪除有誤。應該是單數，a tourist's delight。
2
only一般要放在前面，如果放在後面是特殊情況。例如I stayed there for only five days，如果說I stayed there for five days only也可以，是因為句尾的only後面沒有別的東西可以修飾，那就只能修飾前面的five days，因而還是很清楚。
老師好，We're considering selling the house. 考慮要去賣掉房子，這樣的解釋才通，為何不是用不定詞片語當受詞呢？謝謝。
回覆刪除可以說plan to, want to, try to...，但是consider something字面上是在「思考」一件事，並沒有暗示「要做」。
刪除作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除No one (S) is (V) born a homicide (C).（沒有人天生就是殺人狂。）
回覆刪除還原為主動語態是不是：
One (S) bears (V) no one (O) a homicide (C).
He is born a killer.
刪除這種句子只能用被動。勉強改為主動如下：
His mother bore him (as) a killer.
作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除It will/may/can/could... rain tomorrow.
回覆刪除請問，按照現在的寫法（不是打字機時代的寫法），裡面的刪節號應該是：空一格、有三個點、空一格，即will/may/can/could ... rain，還是：有三個點、空一格，即will/may/can/could... rain？
像will/may/can這樣的連接方式，本身就不是正式的用法。正式寫法如：
刪除Words like will, may, can ... are part of a noun phrase.
如果寫成will/may/can，因為幾個字之間沒有分開，大約會採用will/may/can... （前面沒有空格的刪節號）。
老師您好
回覆刪除The augmentation of the army began along traditional lines.
1意思是:The augmentation of the army始於左派右派(若是政治傳統)的支持 ?
Queen Elizabeth, of the United Kingdom, takes great pleasure...
2 Queen Elizabeth, of the United Kingdom,及Queen Elizabeth of the United Kingdom 上有何不同 ?(感覺, of the United Kingdom, 是補充說明，而前後沒有逗點則變成必要資訊)
Never had she seen him so tense, so quick to take offense as he had been in recent weeks
3意思是:他這一次的反應及最近這幾個星期的反應都很tense，在這一次及最近這幾個星期前她從未看過他有如此的反應 ? （也就是這一次及最近這幾個星期前她有看過他有tense的情況，只是沒看過so tense 這種情況)
4若句子只有Never had she seen him tense，意思是:她從未看過他有這種反應 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除左派有左派的arguments, 右派有右派的arguments。
2
沒錯。加上一組逗點，功能等於打一組括號，裏面是可有可無的補充說明。
3
正確。
4
意思是之前此人永遠一派輕鬆。
Ever the optimists, my parents congratulated each other for having had the foresight of moving the TV sets to the second floor.
回覆刪除請問老師optimist前面為何要加定冠詞？我們一般都說Ｍy parents are optimists.不是嗎？謝謝回答。
用the是為了表示「是這種人」。
刪除If it rains tomorrow, I will stay home.
回覆刪除老師說過，單句It will/may/can/could... rain tomorrow，其中語氣助動詞will/may/can/should...等等都屬於「猜測用法」。
If you will talk to your father again, we may still have a chance.
老師說過，副詞子句的動詞will talk中，語氣助動詞will表示「願意」，屬於「一般用法」
If the man should prove innocent, I will apologize openly.（萬一此人證實是無辜的，我願意公開道歉。）
問題1
副詞子句的動詞should prove中，語氣助動詞should表示「可以」，屬於「一般用法」嗎？如果不屬於的話，是為什麼？
問題2
「發生可能性極低，但不排除萬一」，這種情況用should，是不是屬於語氣助動詞一般用法的一種情況？
should的用法特殊。在未來時間要用should來表示「萬一」。若說If the man proves innocent是「前提有可能、假設為真」，屬於事實語氣。If the man should prove innocent則是「應該不會，但是萬一成真」，仍屬不確定語氣。
刪除Hi 老師
回覆刪除我在一則新聞標題中看到這一句
Charging crocodile is sent fleeing by a frying pan.
嘗試使用基本句型法則來結構分析，我發現我沒辦法理解該句的主詞補語
S=Charging crocodile
V=is
C=sent fleeing
這樣Ｃ的意思是有兩個形容詞（pp, ving) 形成的主詞補語嗎？文法上面是可以接受的嗎？
謝謝老師
採用傳統文法的斷句，主動態如下：
刪除A frying pan(S) sends(V) a charging crocodile(O) fleeing(C).
被動態：
A charging crocodile(S) is sent(V) flying(C) by a frying pan.
若認定be為動詞，句型如下：
A charging crocodile(S) is(V) sent flying(C) by a frying pan.
其中sent flying是過去分詞加現在分詞，仍然構成一個過去分詞片語，屬於形容詞片語，當作主詞補語。
「發生可能性極低，但不排除萬一」，這種情況用should，這裡的should屬於語氣助動詞一般用法，還是猜測用法？
回覆刪除希望老師解釋一下為什麼？
刪除凡是表達「可能性、或然率」，都屬於猜測用法。
刪除用should表示「發生可能性極低，但不排除萬一」的三個例句：
回覆刪除If the man should prove innocent, I will apologize openly.
萬一此人證實是無辜的，我願意公開道歉。
If an asteroid should hit Earth in an hour, humans can become extinct.
如果一小時後有顆小行星撞上地球，人類可能會滅絕。
If I should win the lottery, I will buy up the company.
萬一讓我中到樂透，我就把公司買下來。
請問，「主要」子句的動詞片語will apologize、can become、will buy up是語氣助動詞的一般用法還是猜測用法？
之所以存疑，是因為老師把will apologize翻譯為「願意道歉」，好像是一般用法；後面又把can become、will buy up翻譯為一種可能性、或然率，像是猜測用法。於是想問一下，如果用should表示「發生可能性極低，但不排除萬一」，「主要」子句的語氣助動詞是一般用法，還是猜測用法？
will apologize「願意道歉」是一般用法。can become「可能成為」是猜測用法。will buy「要買」是一般用法。條件子句和主要子句中的語氣助動詞，用法不必相同。
刪除作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除老師說過，語言學（linguistics）有幾個分支：語源學（Etymology）、語音學（phonetics）、語法學（syntax）、語義學（semantics）。
回覆刪除請老師推薦一本語言學教材，我想瞭解這幾個分支。
可以Google一下"introduction to linguistics"，或者到Wikipedia查尋linguistics，就可以獲得簡介。
刪除請問老師
回覆刪除1. Ever the optimists, my parents congratulated each other for having had the foresight of moving the TV sets to the second floor. 老師上次跟我說optimists前面加the 表示「這種人」，但是這種用法名詞不是都用單數嗎？好比play the guitar、go to the bank。
2. ... in Tamsui, where we each tried the famous shrimp rolls ... 感覺並沒有指出是哪一些蝦捲，何以要用定冠詞呢 ?
謝謝老師。
1
刪除因為共同的主詞是複數的my parents，而名詞補語要求和主詞平行對稱，所以要用複數。
2
the famous shrimp rolls意思就是說「蝦捲這種著名小吃」。
老師您好
回覆刪除The augmentation of the army began along traditional lines.
1意思是:左派及右派對於The augmentation of the army這一件事有各自不同的想法
The police officer had him up against the wall, both arms behind his back.
2 up的意思是 ?
When he quit smoking in 2013, he decided to take up running--but staying motivated was tough. That is, until he heard that one way to overcome a disinclination to run is to ...
3 That is應該是staying motivated was tough ?而 That is 為何不是That was ?
Steve Powell provides the homeless with the rare gift of being fussed over. The idea for his mobile barber shop, dubbed Personal Enhancement Mobile, came to him after he fell asleep praying. He dreamed of people coming toward him upset and walking away happy. “We give them a haircut, clean them up really good, and we practice job interviews with them: “‘Pretend I’m the boss,’” Powell says. “So when they come in and sit beside you, you don’t know they’re homeless.” The client pool is anyone who’s struggling, and the barbers include people working off community service. A veteran, Powell steers some to military recruiters. He’s hoping to continue roaming Arkansas providing comfort, connections and confidence—even though the trailer that functions as the barber shop was just stolen, chairs and all. “The last time I saw it was Wednesday,” Powell, 41, said on March 20. “We were eight people from 10,000 heads since 2015.
4 “We were eight people from 10,000 heads since 2015的意思是 ?
Jin-Ya Huang’s parents were Taiwanese immigrants who owned a Chinese restaurant, Eggroll Express, in Dallas, where her mother used the kitchen to train other immigrant women to cook. After her mother died in 2015, Huang, a photographer, wanted to honor her and to help some of the refugees whose stories she was telling in her work. The result was the catering company Break Bread Break Borders. Huang, 49, recruits women from refugee communities who love to cook. Her organization helps them get food-service licenses so they can start their own businesses, and anyone who hires the catering company can opt to hear from them about why they left their homes. “We are putting a face on food
5We are putting a face on food意思是: 難民所煮的食物裡有他們離家的故事 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除可以這樣說
2
就是面對牆站立
3
那是That is to say「也就是說」的省略
4
自2015至今，我們服務的對象只差8人就滿1萬了
5
是
老師好
回覆刪除以下是某英文教材中的句子: So why put yourself through difficult diets when you don’t have to? 為何不是寫成: So why do you put yourself through difficult diets when you don’t have to?
這是口語式的英文，裏面是能省則省。該句就是你寫那句的省略。
刪除旋
老師在字彙教材講到：有聲無聲「的」類似拼法變化，但在上課講義又寫到：有聲無聲「與」類似拼法變化。
回覆刪除問題
1.請問是：有聲無聲「的」類似拼法變化，還是：有聲無聲「與」類似拼法變化？
2.「有聲無聲與類似拼法變化」這個講法無論是上課，還是看教材都不太懂，有以下兩個子問題。
2.1 「有聲無聲變化」是指字母互換，還是音標互換？有聲包括什麼，無聲又包括什麼？
2.2 「類似拼法」僅僅指後面兩條規則「v/f與b/p是類似拼法、u與v是類似拼法」嗎？還有別的嗎？
1
刪除是「有聲無聲『與』類似拚法」
2.1
有聲無聲成對的子音如：b/p, d/t, z/s, g/k...等等。前面b, d, z, g等是有聲子音（發音時聲帶有振動）、後面p, t, s, k等是無聲子音（發音時聲帶無振動）。是字母與發音都可以變換。例如suburb的字首sub，其中b是有聲子音。support的字首sup，其中p是無聲子音，但拚成sub與sup都是同一個字首（意思是under, after）。
2.2
類似拚法有很多。例如maximum, majestic, magnify, mayor，其中maxi, maj, mag, may都是同一個字根的類似拚法（ 意思是great）。
旋
When we got back, we were devastated to find that the house had been burgled, and everything of value taken. 請問老師這句話為何省略句尾的對等子句，不是省略句中？謝謝。
回覆刪除測試回覆，請讀者及老師忽略
刪除一般的情況是後面與前面重複時，省略後面，但句尾例外，不能沒有結尾。但是句尾的taken有留下來，就不算沒有結尾了。
刪除旋
此為測試留言，請老師及讀者們忽略
回覆刪除此為測試留言，請忽略
回覆刪除老師您好
回覆刪除Kemp knocked loudly so as to be heard above the high babble of voices.
1 意思是: Kemp敲的很大聲，因為the high babble of voices太大聲了，所以Kemp必需敲的更大聲，所以他敲的聲音才能被聽到 ?
Much of Crip Camp focuses on Judy Heumann, a Camp Jened counselor who went on to become a leader of the disability civil rights movement. We see her helming a demonstration in early-1970s New York City, as a small but mighty group blocks off an essential intersection by forming a circle in their wheelchairs. After moving to Berkeley, Heumann spearheaded a 24-day sit-in at the San Francisco office of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, an act of civil disobedience that helped to get Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 signed into law. The film shows activists during that sit-in sleeping on floors, communicating in sign language, engaging in a hunger strike. But that victory wasn’t enough for Heumann. Several years later, during a meeting with fellow activists, she expresses her continued frustration: “I’m very tired of being thankful for accessible toilets.”
2 “I’m very tired of being thankful for accessible toilets.”所要傳 達的意思 是?
His mother is more supportive, but even she can do only so much to protect her son's dream
3意思是:媽媽唯一能做的就是支持而已 ，其它方面無能為力 ?
4 Our policy has been to uphold the law.及Our policy has uphold the law.在語意上有何不同 ?
Looking to the future, we asked him what the prospects are for a vaccine to prevent infection
5問的動作雖然是過去式，但想要了解的是"現在"的時點，所以才會用are。站在過去的時點往未來看，這個未來就是現在(are) , 不知以上觀念是否正確?
謝謝老師
1
刪除正確
2
In terms of disability rights, accessible toilets are not enough. 光是設置一些便利殘障人士使用的廁所就期望我們心存感激，那真是太敷洐我們了！
3
can do only so much是「能夠做的很有限」
4
Our policy(S) has been(V) to uphold the law(C).
「我們的政策迄今為止就是要維持法治。」主詞補語to uphold the law「等於」主詞our policy。
Our policy(S) has upheld(V) the law.
「我們的政策迄今為止成功維持了法治。」
5
雖然是在過去提的問題，但問題的內容是「將來的展望如何」。這個「將來」是「提問當時」與「現在」共同的一個將來，所以採用are（表示從「現在」來看）
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請問老師
回覆刪除１．Most part time jobs are easy to do, at a low level of skills. 這句的介系詞片語的修飾對象是甚麼？
２．For her, as it is for you and me, life has become much more complicated with technology.
這句的 as it is是什麼樣的用法？
謝謝
1
刪除可以視為because they are at a low level of skills這個副詞子句的減化，修飾動詞are
2
那是as it is so的省略，it代表的就是life has become much more complicated with technology這句話
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字彙教材P11
回覆刪除I don't deal in contraband.（我不做違禁品買賣。）
請問，該句的句型是SVO還是SV？
I (S) don't deal in (V) contraband (O).
I (S) don't deal (V) in contraband.
是後者（SV）
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回覆刪除老師說，I (S) don't deal (V) in contraband.的句型是SV。
回覆刪除可是我查到deal in是片語動詞，請問，是否把deal in作為動詞V看待，後面是受詞，即：I (S) don't deal in (V) contraband (O).？
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/zhs/詞典/英語-漢語-繁體/deal-in-sth?q=deal%2Bin
那樣斷句也可以
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老師您好
回覆刪除...thought they don't carry actual arms, they often have to be disarmed of their unfriendly attitude--hence, the disarming smile.
1 hence, the disarming smile.應該是有省略什麼字，麻請老師還原?
His was a utopian vision of nature in its purest form.
2 utopian vision of nature in its purest 的意思是?
Beyond those amounts, payments will decrease for individuals earning up to 99000 and couples earning 198000. She said details were still coming together, but that every child in single-and two-parent households earning less than 198000 will also receive a 500 payment
3 but that every child...為何要有that, 感覺that 去掉也可 (but S+ V ) ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除意思相當於The result is the disarming smile。只說Hence, the disarming smile，那是個名詞片語而已，不是完整的句子。
2
nature in its purest form「最純粹形態的大自然」再加以「理想化」（a utopian vision）。
3
加上that表示後面的部分也是she said的受詞，屬於從屬子句，與details were coming together對稱。若沒有加上that，則可以解釋為對等子句，與she said對稱
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老師好
回覆刪除以下是美國前總統川普在其第一任妻子過世時, 在社群媒體所說的一句話
I am very saddened to inform all of those that loved her, of which there are many, that Ivana Trump has passed away at her home in New York City.
不解的是which這個連接詞的位置應該指的是all of those that loved her, 指的是人, 正確的連接詞應該是whom才對? 為何川普用which?
用of whom也行，但用of which指的是「這種人當中」，帶有which kind的意味。
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旋老師好
回覆刪除force/oblige 常用的用法後面都是跟不定式，有不確定的意味。但是這兩個單字都有“強迫”“強制”的意味，為什麼沒有包含在使役動詞裡呢，它們跟make 和 have的區別該怎麼去理解呢？
以及get somebody to do sth, 為什麼get後面允許有“to”的不確定語氣存在呢？
使役動詞就是have, make, let這3個。至於force等等為何不是使役動詞，那就不知道了！
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刪除寫作教材P184
回覆刪除老師把subject matter翻譯為：主題。
請問：
subject在這裡是「形容詞」嗎？翻譯為：主要的？
matter在這裡是「名詞」，翻譯為：內容、事情？
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/zhs/詞典/英語-漢語-繁體/subject-matter
subject matter應該是個複合名詞，由兩個名詞組成，表示the matter which is the subject「當作主題的事務」
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回覆刪除寫作教材P191
回覆刪除From "A rogue state makes temporary peace," Time
From the 9th century B.C., athletes and spectators traveling to the Olympics were protected by a truce that stilled feuding states during the Games. The ekecheiria was history’s earliest attempt to separate sport from politics. Although tarnished by Cold War boycotts in the 1980s, the notion of the Olympics as peacemaker endures.
In PyeongChang, it’s the Koreas’ turn. North and South will march under a united flag and field a joint team in women’s ice hockey, despite the two nations’ officially remaining at war….
請問，第一段（From the 9th century B.C.…）是開場白，第二段（In PyeongChang…）是全文主題句，還是這兩段都是開場白？
第一段是開場白，第二段是全文主題。
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請問老師 Every university in Taiwan already offers required or optional courses on English, though not specifically for test preparation.
回覆刪除減化副詞子句的原主詞跟主要子句的主詞不同，為何還能省略呢？
副詞子句還原為though it does not offer required or optional courses on English specifically for test preparation。刪除掉重覆的部分就剩下though not specifically for test preparation。
刪除老師您好
回覆刪除The world will miss the spectacle this summer. But Tokyo 2021 could be a joyous celebration of global resilience, with a pandemic trailing in the distance, nowhere near the podium.
1 could be是現在非事實，with=despite , 而nowhere near=nowhere (is ) near 不知以上觀念是否正確 ?
deductible: a clause in an insurance policy stating that the insurer will pay that portion of a loss, damage, etc. remaining after a stipulated amount, to be paid by the insured party, is deducted
2 remaining=that portion that remains ?
3 to be paid=that will be paid?
testator: a person who has made a will, esp. one who has died leaving a valid will
4 leaving=(after)he left.... 也可以是 (after)he have left，那(after)he left及 (after)he have left在語意上有何不同 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除看起來這是在2020年東京奧運因疫情延期後寫的文章。延期1年，所以2021是展望未來：could是語氣助動詞的猜測用法：屆時有可能會…。with a pandemic trailing in the distance還原為副詞子句while a pandemic is trailing in the distance（一年後，疫情可能早已結束）。nowhere是副詞，修飾介系詞片語near the podium。
2, 3
正確
4
完成式應減化為having left a will。
老師您好
回覆刪除"This relief cannot come fast enough," says Sohn. Compounding the coronavirus crisis: man families counts on K-12 schools for free meals and other social services and rely on colleges for housing and income from work-study jobs.
1 Compounding the coronavirus crisis好像可還原為Which compounds the coronavirus crisis，而which 的先行詞是This relief cannot come fast enough ? 不清楚原句為何把Compounding the coronavirus crisis獨立出來，有何目的 ?
Several districts have said they might not reopen this school year. "It's something I could not in a million years have imagined having to do so, New York City Mayor said when he announced ....
2 I could not have imagined having to do so 是過去非事實，但加了in a million years不知如何解釋 ?
Slack says it added 7000 paid customers from Feb 1 to Mar 18, a 40% jump over the two previous quarters
3 over the two previous quarters是指去年10月至今年3月而言 ?
There's something unique that humans get from interacting with one another that doesn't come across as well through technology
4 原句的二個that的先行詞都是something ?
5 come across as 通常接名詞，所以後面也可以接副詞(well ) ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除例如：Some stationery and a few books(S) are(V) on the desk(C).
倒裝成為：On the desk are some stationery and a few books.
省略掉空洞的be動詞，用冒號取代：On the desk: some stationery and a few books.
你問的那個句子可以還原為：That many families count on... is compounding the crisis.
2
「當時就算給我一百萬年」都無法想像。
3
應該是。
4
都是。
5
比較級的省略。意思是something comes across through technology not as well as it does through interacting with one another.
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老師您好
回覆刪除Hilary's the same age as me
1 me要改成mine?
Research has also shown that being in the same room as a love one can ease physical pain
2 being in the same room as a love one 跟 being in the room with a love one意思相同，只是前者有the same，所以要撘配as , 不知以上觀念是否正確 ?
Another study of young women found that they bonded most closely through in-person interaction, followed by video chat, audio chat and instant messaging, in that order.
3 從句子就可知道先後次序，為何還要加 in that order，感覺是多餘的?
testator: a person who has made a will, esp. one who has died leaving a valid will
4 leaving a valid will是after he left a valid will. 那原句也可以改寫成...died having leaving a valid will (...died after he has left ... )?
5 如果可以改寫，那麼 after he left... 及after he has left...在語意上有何不同 ?
The world will miss the spectacle this summer. But Tokyo 2021 could be a joyous celebration of global resilience, with a pandemic trailing in the distance, nowhere near the podium.
with a pandemic trailing in the distance=while a pandemic is trailing in the distance
6 while a pandemic is trailing...應該是以現在進行式代替未來式的觀念 (像is leaving tomorrow=will leave tomorrow ) ?
7 with a pandemic trailing可否還原為because a pandemic could trail... ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除正式文法要求用as I (am)，口語用as me。
2
正確。
3
只是更清楚交代一下。
4
可以寫成died having left a will。
5
相同。
6
是
7
也有一點，但because的味道不是很明顯。
寫作教材P192
回覆刪除From "Undoing the World America Made: Mr. Trump Goes to Davos," Time
Could this be it? Might the American Century actually clock out at just 72 years, from 1945 to 2017? No longer than Louis XIV ruled France? Only 36 months more than the Soviet Union lasted, after all that bother? The question sounds preposterous.
For one, there is the unrivaled U.S. military. For another, there is the U.S. economy, still larger than any other. But then there’s the U.S. President, who in the name of making the country great again has renounced the global architecture that the U.S. designed, championed and dominated for generations. It’s the very international system that did so much to cement American greatness in the first place.
請問，這兩段都是開場白，還是第二段是全文主題句或第二段從某一句開始有全文主題句（如有，哪一句是全文主題句）？
這篇的主題在於川普總統參加達佛斯經濟論壇一事，這兩段都算是開場白。
刪除He pretended not to know me.
回覆刪除请问旋老师，这个句子还原成带语气助动词的原句是怎样的？
這個句子只能還原為He pretended that he did not know me。不過在片語搭配中，pretend後面常常搭to，這和seem to的道理相同：seem to是「看起來是但不確定」，pretend to則是「假裝是但並不真是」，因而都有不確定成份在內。
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語法俱樂部P328
回覆刪除Bill Clinton, President of the U.S., is a Baby Boomer.
為什麼這裡的President前不加限定詞呢，president不是普通名詞嗎？
在職稱後面若接有機構，而且該職稱同一時間只設一人，那麼這個職稱很接近專有名詞。例如President雖然是普通名詞，但是President of Taiwan就和Tsai Yingwen一樣，可以視為專有名詞。結果就是加不加the都可以接受。
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回覆刪除老師您好
回覆刪除The world will miss the spectacle this summer. But Tokyo 2021 could be a joyous celebration of global resilience, with a pandemic trailing in the distance, nowhere near the podium.
1 為什麼老師會認為with a pandemic的with有一點because的味道，但味道不是很明顯 ?
We took tea by lamplight in his sparsely furnished house
2 took tea by lamplight的意思是 ?
Leonard tilted his chair back on two legs and stretched his long body.
3 tilted his chair back on two legs正椅子往後仰，椅子四隻腳中的二隻腳騰空 ?
Amy tilted her wine in her glass with a luxurious sigh.
4 tilted her wine in her glass把洒瓶裡面的洒傾斜 ?
Even people who are on video calls all day and feel connected start to miss the little interactions around the office, talking about the weather or joking about the need for coffee
5 the little interactions (which is ) talking about the weather or joking about the need for coffee? 也就是the little interactions 與talking...的關係是同位格 ?
It was the slow, clunky technology it used that was responsible for the firm's failure.
6 it used的it是指firm，但嚴格說起來，這種寫法不好(it的先行詞不明顯) ?
postdate: to assign a later date to than the actual or current date
7 assign與 to搭配/ later與 than 搭配，但我還是覺得原句to than放在一起怪怪的 ?
謝謝老師
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