老師您好 １如何可以看出nothing looks less certain在字面上的意思就是it's very uncertain「很不確定」?
2 He now works both East Coast and West Coast hours的意思是 ?
3 It is hard to pick up such a book and not to feel a little daunted.意思是:這本書有難度，而且會讓看書的人感到害怕(因為書有難度) ?
It's far more likely that rural Americans with symptoms will opt to tough it out at home, and only once very sick seek care. 4 only once very sick可還原 rural Americans who are only once very sick? 5 only once very sick=only as soon as they are very sick ? 謝謝老師
1 字面上是「沒有東西比它更少」，也就是「它是最少的」。它的certainty最少，就是最不確定。 2 美國東岸與西岸有3小時的時差。此人可能是遠距上班，兩家公司一在東岸、一在西岸。如果東岸到了9點他開始上班，3小時之後西岸也來到9點，他在另一家公司又要開始上班。 3 正確。 4, 5 once是once that的省略，從屬連接詞，引導時間副詞子句，意思是「一旦」，相當於when。所以and only once very sick seek care就是and only once (that they are) very seek (they will) seek care。前面的that they are刪掉是副詞子句減化。後面的they will刪掉是對等子句的省略（中間是對等連接詞and）。
老師您好 Brazil now leads Latin America both in confirmed cases and in deaths in absolute terms... 1 deaths in absolute terms的意思是 ?
They won the battle, only to lose the war. 2 war跟 battle的差別是 ?
They used elaborate secret codes, as when the names of trees stood for letters... 3 as when the names of trees stood for letters...的意思是? 4as = for instance ? 謝謝老師
1 「單純死亡人數」。計算死亡人數可以採人口比例計算，就是算「死亡率」。也可以不論人口多少、單純計算死亡人數（這就是deaths in absolute terms）。就是deaths in terms of absolute numbers, regardless of population size。 2 battle是一場戰役，war則是整個戰爭，差別在於大小。 3, 4 as when可以還原為as they did when...，是副詞子句減化。
猜測用法不行，但一般用法可以。例如： If you will talk to your father again, we may still have a chance. 「若你『願意』再和你父親談一次，我們可能還有機會。」 這裏的will「願意」是一般用法，可以說「如果願意」，並不衝突。但是： If it rains tomorrow, the game will be postponed. 這裏只能用rains。若用will rain就是錯誤，因為will rain「可能下雨」是猜測用法，和if「如果」有衝突（重複了）。同樣的分別也適用於別的語氣助動詞，例如： If you must know, then yes, I have failed. 「如果你一定要知道，那麼好吧，我失敗了。」 這裏一must「一定要」是一般用法。
旋老師好 想詢問此句 I resent that john is picking on me all the time 您減化還原為 I resent John's picking on me all the time I resent John for picking on me all the time 是否也能減化成 I resent John picking on me all the time 此john當resent的受詞 picking為原本john的主詞形容詞補語
老師您好 briefing: 1 the act or instance of supplying pertinent instruction or information 2 the information so supplied 1 這是webster's new world 對briefing的解釋，只是我不了解so supplied的so是什麼意思?
Something has never been as important as it is now, probably in decades, if not ever 2 if not ever= if it WAS not important at any time ?
Money for state governments got negotiated away, shelved for the next bill 3 negotiated away=shelved ?
90 days of state-ordered sheltering in place is projected to blow an hole in the annual budget. 4 days是複數，為何動詞不是用are ?
I haven't read much into it as yet. I've only just scanned through it. 5 read much into it的意思是?
They were rather less than charitable towards the referee. 6 rather less than的意思是?
On April 24, Hogan announced a phased reopening plan based on a series of testing and tracing benchmarks. The point is to keep people safe, he tells me, but also to give them hope: they have to know there’s a light at the end of this tunnel. That the leaders they’ve elected have a plan, even if it’s far from clear when they’ll be able to put it into effect. 7 末句That the leaders they’ve elected...為什麼開頭是That+ S +V的形式? 為何不寫成The leaders they’ve elected have a plan... ? 謝謝老師
1 the information so supplied 就是the information supplied in this way。所以，做簡報的「動作」以及簡報的「內容」都叫作briefing 2 if it is not the most important ever「若非史上最重要，至少也是數十年來最重要」 3 是。談一談之後就被擱置了 4 度量衡單位的複數主詞可以採用單數動詞，例如： three kilos/five pounds/ten hours/100 meters都可以用is當動詞 5 read into something是「深入研究」，much是程度副詞的修飾語，意思是「我尚未深入研究」 6 rather less than charitable就是not quite charitable，「不大客氣、不大友善」 7 that子句要接在they have to know的後面當受詞子句，用來說明there's a light at the end of this tunnel的意思
旋老師您好，在TIME課程The Women of Iran這篇文章中有這樣一句： It was millennials who drove the Girls of Revolution Street demonstrations of the late 2010s, leaving flowers...您說這裏的leaving是分詞構句，但請問老師這句如何還原呢？是理解為by leaving...嗎？如果是，by為什麽可以省略？謝謝老師抽出寶貴時間解惑。
老師您好 Accepting these changes to daily life is accepting the reality that emerging from this pandemic won’t be like flipping a switch. “This is a public-health emergency, and only public health is going to get us out of this,” says Frieden. “The economy, and society, depend on public health getting this right.” And that means not just testing and identifying people who are infected, along with their contacts, but rethinking how self-isolation fits into broader policy decisions. The massive quarantine of these past few months was unprecedented, but more limited isolation, on a case-by-case or family-by-family basis, may become the norm for at least a while. And public-health officials may have to work with local community leaders to accommodate more formal, structured ways to self-isolate in order to effectively balance the public good of such measures with the rights and dignity of individuals. For example, Frieden says, “we should be offering voluntary isolation for every person infected,” in the form of designated hotels or living quarters to support people who cannot stay in their current homes without putting others at risk.
These, of course, won’t be the only new ubiquities in a post-COVID-19 world. Microbial threats like coronaviruses will inevitably move from the bottom to the top of public-health priority lists, and the dangers of infectious diseases will loom larger in our collective conscious. They will have to, if we have any hope of avoiding further drastic lockdowns and forever changing the way we interact with each other. 1 末句They will have to, if we have any hope ... 所要表達的意思是 :如果人們只是希望防疫的規定不要越來越嚴格，而不作好該有的防護措施的話，那麼病毒就有可能會再回來或病毒變變種得更不容易防範 ?
2不了解 forever changing the way we interact with each other為什為也是一種希望、期望(any hope of ... ）？ (我覺得人們是不希望人與人之間的交流有什麼改變。人們還是希望可以握手等等)
The economy can survive without international tourism, but not as we know it 3 but not as we know it=but that the economy can survive without international tourism is not as we know it=we cannot survive without international tourism ?
The case against is twofold: too risky and too expensive. 4 The case against =The case which is against by someone ? 謝謝老師
1, 2 They will have to...指的是上一句話：Microbial threats will have to move higher, and the dangers will have to loom larger「病菌與疫情必須更加慎重對待」，如果我們想要逃過封城、逃過因為封城而帶來的人際關係永久性的改變。 3 but not as we know it意思是but not in the form of the economy as we know it，表示「經濟能夠存活下來，但是將變得面目全非」 4 The case against "the proposition" is twofold. 辯論賽要提出一個命題（proposition），例如「死刑應該廢除」就是命題，然後分成正反兩面。the case for "the proposition"是正辯，要為主張廢死這項命題提出原因。the case against "the proposition"是反辯，要為反對廢死提出原因。
主句:Accepting these changes to daily life is accepting the reality that emerging from this pandemic won’t be like flipping a switch.
这是一个主从复合句。主句中的主语是Accepting these changes to daily life,谓语动词是is accepting。表语从句introduced by that, 表语从句的主语是emerging from this pandemic, 谓语动词是won’t be like flipping a switch.
第二句是一个并列句:“This is a public-health emergency, and only public health is going to get us out of this,”
第三句是一个复合句:The economy, and society, depend on public health getting this right. Getting this right是动词不定式作后置定语修饰public health.
第四句是一个主从复合句:And that means not just testing and identifying people who are infected, along with their contacts, 后面but引导的从句,意思是不仅仅是检测和确认感染者及其接触者,而是要重新考虑自我隔离如何适应更广泛的政策决定。
剩下的几句讨论了有限和结构化的自我隔离等公共卫生措施的细节,使用了may become, may have to 表示可能性和必要性。
老師您好 在老師的英文寫作第371頁中關於philosophy的文章: (1)Like theology, it consists of speculations on matters as to which definite knowledge has unascertainable; (2)but like science, it appeals to human reason rather than to authority.... (3) Almost all the questions of most interest to speculative minds are such as science cannot answer, (4)and the confident answers of theologians no longer seem so convincing as they did in former centuries. 1 (3)在說明科學的限制，但(1)哲學可解決科學的限制 ? 2 (4)在說明宗教的限制，但(2)科學可解決宗教的限制 ?
Almost all the questions of most interest to speculative minds are such as science cannot answer 3 such as science cannot answer (such as S V )的句型如何解釋 ? (可以把such視為名詞，as是準關係代名詞嗎 ?
Is man what he seems to the astronomer, a tiny lump of impure carbon and water ... 4 to the astronomer可以改成for the astronomer，而且意思相同 ? 5 Is man what he seems...=Is man something that he seems ?
Is there is a way of living that is noble, in what does it consist, and how shall we achieve it ? 6 in what does it consist= what dose a way of living that is noble consist it ? 7 如果上面的式子相等，為什麼要把in 移到前面 ? 謝謝老師
1 是 2 (4)在說明宗教的限制，但(2)「哲」學可解決宗教的限制 3 such (questions) as (the questions that) science cannot answer。省掉questions之後，such就是代名詞。省掉the questions that之後，as就是準關代 4 用to比較好：「對」天文學家而言 5 是 6 原句是 It consists in something，改為疑問句就是 What does it consist in? 或者 In what does it consist? 7 不相等。If there is a way of living that is noble是個條件副詞子句，修飾主要子句動詞consist。主要子句就是疑問句In what does it consist?
老師您好 proof: as compared here, applies to facts, documents, etc. that are so certain or convincing as to demonstrate the validity of a conclusion beyond reasonable doubt as compared here 1 as compared here=when it is compared here ?
Fitness is relative; one must always ask `Fit for what?'... 2 意思是:跑馬拉松的健康狀態跟跑1公里的健康狀態會有所不同，所以fitness不是一成不變的，端賴目的為何 ?
MOMENT expresses this same idea of importance in effect with somewhat stronger force [affairs of great moment]; 3 in effect:在效果上 ?
On April 24, Hogan announced a phased reopening plan based on a series of testing and tracing benchmarks. The point is to keep people safe, he tells me, but also to give them hope: they have to know there’s a light at the end of this tunnel. That the leaders they’ve elected have a plan, even if it’s far from clear when they’ll be able to put it into effect. 4 老師您說That the leaders...子句要接在they have to know的後面當受詞子句，用來說明there's a light at the end of this tunnel的意思。那麼That the leaders...跟there's a light at the end of this tunnel是同位格關係 ?
5 not quite charitable=not entirely charitable ? 謝謝老師
老師您好 If the pay is inadequate, I couldn't stay on the job for long even if I wanted to. 1 couldn't及 wanted是過去事實 ?
He blamed his problems on lady luck. 2 lady luck.就是luck，怎麼會跟problems 有關 ?
She's likely to bend on her attitude to Europe 3 她的態度可能會被迫傾向歐州?
He was settled cosily in the corner with an arm round Lynda. 4 settled =seated ?
What does it feel like to be a person with parents ? What does it feel like to be a person with children ? And what does it feel like to be in the middle? 5And what does it feel like to be in the middle?的意思是 ?
They appear blissfully loving and supportive 6 blissfully loving的意思是 ?
proof: as compared here, applies to facts, documents, etc. that are so certain or convincing as to demonstrate the validity of a conclusion beyond reasonable doubt 7as=when set off or related in a specified way ?
The point is to keep people safe, he tells me, but also to give them hope: they have to know there’s a light at the end of this tunnel. That the leaders they’ve elected have a plan, even if it’s far from clear when they’ll be able to put it into effect. 8 That the leaders...子句要接在they have to know的後面當受詞子句。在此處That the leaders...特別獨立出來有強調的意味 ? 謝謝老師
1 現在非事實（事實是I don't want to...） 2 Lady Luck掌管是否給人good luck，甚至也可以給人bad luck 3 不是。「她原本對歐洲的態度可能被迫妥脅」 4 差不多。就是不動了 5 What does it feel like to be both with parents and with children? 6 blissfully = blessedly, happily 7 as compared here就是as it is compared here 8 有
老師您好 老師您好 The plot mechanics of The Half of It creak a little; once in a while, a scene raises more questions than it answers. But the movie is so vital that that doesn’t matter much, and its young actors hit every delicate beat perfectly. When you’re young and you long to be in love, friendship somehow seems like less, even when it may be more. Yet there’s no denying that love triangles hurt like hell. Why do you think their points are shaped like arrows? 1 hit every delicate beat的意思是 ? 2 Why do you think their points are shaped like arrows?所要表達的意思是?
But to see earlier footage of her as a teenager is wrenching 3 to see...=seeing... ?
Her second album rollout couldn't have been further from what she had planned--but the circumstances have pushed her to think differently about the responsibility of being an artist. 4 Her second album rollout couldn't have been...意思是:她的專輯發行的進度遠遠落後她的規劃 ? 5 couldn't have been應該不是猜過去，也不是過去非事實，只是用couldn't have been的形式表達過去時間而己 ?
６get the most out of =get the best out of ?
proof: as compared here, applies to facts, documents, etc. that are so certain or convincing as to demonstrate the validity 7 as it is compared here的中文意思是 ?
The second has a great many books--a few of them read through, most of them dipped into, but all of them as clean and shiny as the day they were bought. (This person would probably like to make books his own, but is restrained by a false respect for their physical appearance.) 1 false respect表示:這種人以為隨便翻翻書就是擁有書，就是對書的尊敬，其實這種觀念是錯的;false =mistaken ．不知以上觀念是否正確 ? 在老師的英文寫作第384頁，Here is New York
2 ... Second, there is the New York of the commuter--the city that is devoured by locusts each day and spat out each night. 是指白天紐約都是人山人海的通勤族，到到了晚上通勤族就各自回到自己的家 ?
Third, there is New York of the person who was born somewhere else and came to New York in quest of something. Of these trembling cities , the greatest is the last--the city of final destination, the city that is a goal 3 the city of final destination是指settlers就定居在紐約 4 the city that is a goal是說紐約是settlers追求夢想的目標(文章有提到 came to NY in quest of something)
...wearing dresses that pinched at the armholes, that hung as unevenly as flags... 5 that hung as unevenly as flags...的意思是
6 She looked at him over the rim of her glass.的意思是 ? 謝謝老師
TEMPERAMENT refers to the balance of traits that are manifested in one's behavior or thinking [an artistic temperament]; 1 既然所有的traits都達到平衡 (the balance of traits)，也就沒有哪一個trait特別突 出，怎麼還會有例句中的"artistic" temperament，那麼 the balance of traits是什麼意思?
FASHION is the prevailing custom in dress, manners, speech, etc. of a particular place or time, esp. as established by the dominant section of society or the leaders in the fields of art, literature, etc 2 as established=as prevailing custom is established, 那麼as在這的中文意思是 ?
One can divide writing into four modes, each answering to a different need 3 answering to的to可以省略嗎?
4 many a memorable time=many memorable times ，那我的問題是: a memorable time跟memorable times哪一個是慣用語 ? 謝謝老師
老師您好 在老師的英文寫作第393頁Camping Out一文中 A pan of fried trout can't be bettered and they don't cost any more than ever 1 they don't cost any more than ever字面上的意思是:跟以前比，1現在的價格沒有比較多，言下之意是，現在的價格小於或等於以前的價格 ?
…and trout is burned outside while it is still raw inside. He eats them and it is all right if he is only out for the day and going home to a good meal at night. But if he is going to face more trout and bacon the next morning and other equally well-cooked dishes for the remainder of two weeks he is on the pathway to nervous dyspepsia. 2 equally well-cooked dishes有反諷的意味 ?
The proper way is to cook over coals. Have several cans of Crisco or Cotosuet or one of the vegetable shortenings along that are as good as lard and excellent for all kinds of shortening 3 along 在這的意思是Have several cans of Crisco along or have several cans of Cotosuet along , or Have one of the vegetable shortenings along . 而 along=with one ( coals along with several cans of Crisco or Cotosuet or one of the vegetable shortenings )不知上述觀念是否正確 ?
4 one of the vegetable shortenings that are excellent for all kinds of shortening 的意思是 ?
The coffee can be boiling at the same time and in a smaller skillet pancakes being made that are satisfying the other campers. 5 pancakes being made為何不寫成pancakes be made or pancakes can be made ?
6 在老師的英文寫作第397頁--The water cycle 結論提到all of Earth's water keeps moving , some of which reenters the ocean, where the water cycle ends--or beings. 其中where the water cycle ends--or beings. 這一句是不是可以用來解釋第一段the water cycle has no starting point ? (沒有開始、結束，哪來的starting point)
The water cycle has no starting point, but we will begin tracing the cycle from the oceans. 7 will= are able to ? 謝謝老師
1 是 2 有 3 Have something along就是have it along the trip或have it along with you. 4 就是一款植物油，可作各種油脂的用途 5 還原起來是pancakes are being made或pancakes can be being made，加上being是為了強調進行 6 是 7 are going to
老師您好 He did work which by rights should be done by someone else 1 which 前面不需要加逗點。但若加逗點，句意會有什麼不一樣嗎 ?
The online virtual reality experiment Access Mars offers anyone with Internet connection a tour of a 3-D model of the Martian surface, as recorded by NASA's Curiosity rover rolling around the Red planet. 2 Access Mars所提供的a 3-D model of the Martian surface與Curiosity rover所提供的a 3-D model of the Martian surface是相同的 ?
3 as=in the same way ?
4 as recorded的as去掉，則表示a 3-D model of the Martian surface是NASA's Curiosity rover 所做的 ?
The MOD gave an undertaking to Saville that it had provided him with all relevant material. 5 undertaking 是承諾的意思，那表示說話的當下是未履行承諾，為什麼會用 had provided，如果改成would provide我還可以理解，不知問題出在哪?
You are a wonderful teacher, and our son was lucky to have you for as long as he did 6 for as long as he did應該是for as long as he had, 但我還是看不出來是什麼意思 ?
And so it appears that he is never going to get out of the eighth grade, much less ever make it to college. 7 he is never going to get out of the eighth grade,意思是被留級 ?
He had written the note from memory, word perfect, and spelled atrociously. 8 word perfect= (while the note's) word (is) perfect ?
PROOF, as compared here, applies to facts, documents, etc. that are so certain or convincing as to demonstrate the validity of a conclusion beyond reasonable doubt; EVIDENCE applies to something presented before a court, as a witness's statement, an object, etc., which bears on or establishes a fact; TESTIMONY... 9 這是Webster's字典裡的同義字，as compared here的中文意思是?as又是什麼意思 ? (對於as這個字，我一直感到很因擾) 謝謝老師
1 「他做了別人的份」vs. 「他做事（本來該是別人的份）。」 2 as recorded by...修飾的是the Martian surface，所以意思是「Access Mars使用者的火星旅遊，採用的火星地形是Curiosity拍攝下來的」 3 as recorded by...是as it is recorded by...的省略 4 仍表示Curiosity拍攝的地形 5 pledge若釋為「保證」就可以講得通。that子句是名詞子句，當作undertaking的同位格，亦即保證的內容 6 「能夠跟你學習這麼一段時間」，暗示現在已經不跟這位老師了 7 是 8 那是個片語，表示「一字不漏」，也就是記得清清楚楚 9 PROOF, as (it is) compared here (with EVIDENCE)... 句中的as是從屬連接詞，後面是副詞子句，減化省掉it is
老師您好 He appears to have backed himself into a tight corner. 1 字面上的意思是:倒退至困境。表示他是有意把自己陷入困境還是無意的 ?
Thousands upon thousands mourn family and friends lost to Covid-19, or grieve losses unrelated to the virus but for which the comfort taken in normal rituals is not a option 2 but for which the comfort...可請老師還原嗎 ? 還是不了解是什麼意思 ?which的先行詞是 ?
For the vast majority of military personnel, the forward deployments were simply integral to the career we had chosen. I didn't overthink the risks or separations. If I'm being honest, I had only a vague sense of how the stresses of those long deployments affected my family back in home port, but I never fully appreciated how much they worried about me--until now. 3 If I'm being honest的意思是 ?(I had only...until now表示是作者的體悟，感覺這是很真誠的體悟，為何不用if i'm honest? I'm being honest有一種暫時、當下、一時的誠實意味，用法跟I'm being rude相同)
4 It's no good trying to change his beliefs跟It's no good to try to change his beliefs在語意上有何不同 ?
an expense account and the other trappings of success 5 不了解an expense account 跟 success有何關係 ? 謝謝老師
1 無意間 2 ...grieve losses (that are) unrelated to the virus but for which the comfort taken in normal rituals is not an option. 對等連接詞but連接兩個關係子句，共同修飾先行詞losses。左邊的關係子句減化為分詞片語unrelated...，右邊的關係子句可還原為： The comfort taken ... is not an option for the losses. 3 If I'm honest是「假設我是老實人」，If I'm being honest是「若要說實話」，在此是後者的意思 4 應該用trying，像那句成語It's no use crying over spilt milk.，固定的講法有固定的搭配 5 若在公司擔任高位，往往會有一個專用的支票戶頭供你使用，不用自掏腰包。這是成功者的特權
老師您好 She woke to find her dark room lit by flashing lights... 1 to find=with the result that she found... ?
LATENT applies to that which exists but is as yet concealed or unrevealed [his latent ability ) 2 as yet unrevealed =as yet concealed, as yet會跟否定連用，所以concealed這個字有否定的味道，不知以上觀念是否正確 ? 3 as yet會跟完成式連用，不知為何is as yet...沒有跟完成式連用 (可以改寫成has not as yet... ? 跟is as yet...在語意上有何不同 ? )
If you say that something is, for example, too close for comfort, you mean you are worried because it is closer than you would like it to be. 4 you would like it to be是指當初的認定與現在的認定相比，當初認定沒有那麼近，所以 you would like it to be是過去事實的描述 ? 謝謝老師
1 是 2 是 3 not yet算是頻率副詞，例如I have not seen this movie yet.，但as yet是時間副詞，相當於until now, by now，意思是「到現在為止」，例如This movie is as yet unfinished.「電影至今尚未拍完。」 4 這個would是語氣助動詞的一般用法：希望，想要，時間就是現在。例如：I have one million, but I would like to have two.。心裏面很想要，是現在時間
He told her to do something that I knew he would never have dared say in front of his mother. 這個從句為什麼要用過去完成時，如果改成he would never dare say in front of his mother意思上會有什麼不同
老師您好 在老師的英文寫作第409頁 Liberalism and the social problems The existing organisation of society is driven by one mainspring—competitive selection. It may be a very imperfect organisation of society, but it is all we have got between us and barbarism. １but it is all we have got between us and barbarism.意思是:如果沒有The existing organisation of society，我們的社會就成了barbarism？
Moreover, that system is one which offers an almost indefinite capacity for improvement. We may progressively eliminate the evils; we may progressively augment the goods which it contains. I do not want to see impaired the vigour of competition, but we can do much to mitigate the consequences of failure. 2 I do not want to see impaired the vigour of competition see跟impard是動詞，怎可連用 ? 還是要改成( see the impaired vigour of competition ) ?
3 but we can do much to mitigate the consequences of failure.的failure 是指failure of the social system, 也就是falilure of the existing organisation of society ?
We do not want to pull down the structures of science and civilisation: but to spread a net over the abyss 4 to spread a net over the abyss=We want to spread a net over the abyss in order to protect the structures of science and civilisation ?
I am sure that if the vision of a fair Utopia which cheers the hearts and lights the imagination of the toiling multitudes, should ever break into reality, it will be by developments through, and modifications in, and by improvements out of, the existing competitive organisation of society; and I believe that Liberalism mobilised, and active as it is to-day, will be a principal and indispensable factor in that noble evolution. 5 lights the imagination的lights=animates= makes energetic ? 6 it will be...的be=exist ? 7 it will be 的it=the vision of a fair Utopia ? 8that noble evolution.是指 the vision of a fair Utopia breaks into reality的這一個演化、演進嗎 ? 謝謝老師
1 是 2 有倒裝，還原為to see(V) the vigour of competition(O) impaired(C) 3 就是一般的failure：生活競爭中的失敗 4 意思是we want to spread a net over the abyss，暗示要幫助生活競爭中的失敗者，例如實施貧戶救濟之類 5 是 6, 7 it代表的是前面整個句子，後面的by...是主詞補語，意思是說前面句子所敘述的情況要靠後面的手段來達成 8 是
老師您好 In the long war which humanity wages with the elements of nature the main body of the army has won its victory. It has moved out into the open plain, into a pleasant camping ground by the water springs and in the sunshine, amid fair cities and fertile fields. But the rear-guard is entangled in the defiles, the rear-guard is still struggling in mountainous country, attacked and assailed on every side by the onslaughts of a pitiless enemy. 1 a pitiless enemy指的是開頭的 the elements of nature ?
The rear-guard is encumbered with wounded, obstructed by all the broken vehicles... 2 wounded前面應加the才能表示受傷的人 ?
It is there that all the resources of military science and its heaviest artillery should be employed to extricate the rear-guard—not to bring the main army back from good positions which it occupies, not to throw away the victory which it has won over the brute forces of nature—but to bring the rear-guard in 3 not to bring the main army=(all the resources of military science and its heaviest artillery should be employed) in order not to bring the main army ?
老師您好 在老師的英文寫作第407頁My last year in office as Mom-in-chief ...But don't tell me is has never crossed your mind that a dictatorship might be more, shall we say, efficient. 1 shall we say是不是有used to ask for someone's opinion的味道在 ?
And if you are at all self-reflective, then self-doubt arrives, in what is supposed to be the victory lap. Is there anything we can do to make one final impact, to correct the countless mistakes we have made, quick, before the time runs out ? 2 And if you are at all 的at all常跟否定句及疑問句搭配。可是原句看不到有否定句(not, no)等字眼，不知問題出在哪 ? at all在這的意思是 ?
3 self-doubt arrives發生的原因是有事情沒有做 (to correct the countless mistakes we have made)，而且沒有做都不算是勝利( in what is supposed to be the victory lap, supposed帶有不確定的味道)，不知以上觀念是否正確 ?
4 quick是有省略哪些字嗎 ?
Our constituents are focused on the next thins. We still represent something, but our titles are now basically in quotation marks. 5 but our titles are now basically in quotation marks.意思是歐巴馬及作者本身都快要缷任的意思 ? 謝謝老師
1 是 2 相當於if you are the least bit self-reflective; if you are any self-reflective at all，這裏的at all用於加強語氣 3 是 4 就是上文的to correct...quick，語氣是「改正所犯的錯誤（要快！）」 5 是。加上雙引號往往暗示「所謂的」
老師您好 And if you are at all self-reflective, then self-doubt arrives, in what is supposed to be the victory lap. Is there anything we can do to make one final impact, to correct the countless mistakes we have made, quick, before the time runs out ? 1 quick為什麼不可以改成quickly ?
Constituents are focused on the next things. We still represent something, but our titles are now basically in quotation marks. 2but our titles are now basically in quotation marks.意思是歐巴馬及作者本身都快要缷任的意思 。老師您說雙引號往往暗示"所謂的"，所以意思是"所謂的總統"，有強調已經快不是總統的味道的 ?
The proper way is to cook over coals. Have several cans of Crisco or Cotosuet or one of the vegetable shortenings along that are as good as lard and excellent for all kinds of shortening 3 one of the vegetable shortenings that are excellent for all kinds of shortening:老師您說就是一款植物油，可作各種油脂的用途。這個意思是:shortening有很多種類，植物油是其中一種shortening, 而植物性的shortening跟其他"非"植物種類的shortening相比，植物性的shortening用途比較廣 ?
The online virtual reality experiment Access Mars offers anyone with Internet connection a tour of a 3-D model of the Martian surface, as recorded by NASA's Curiosity rover rolling around the Red planet. 4 as recorded...有as (as it is recorded by ) 跟沒有as (which is recorded by ) 感覺意思都一樣，為什麼原句要有as ?
The soldiers specialized in going out in small groups, to kill with a very high degree of selectivity. 5with a very high degree of selectivity.的意思是:他們不會隨便亂殺人(要殺人也是會有所揀擇) ?
6 如果在to kill前沒有加逗點，會不會有The soldiers specialized in going out in small groups with a very high degree of selectivity. 意思變成small groups裡的成員是萬中選一，精英中的精英? 謝謝老師
1 quickly也行。用quick比較口語化 2 是（跛腳鴨） 3 就是「找一種萬用的植物油來使用」 4 which is就是當初錄製的版本。as意思是「和當初錄製的一樣」 5 是 6 沒有加逗點但仍有to kill，那麼with a high degree of selectivity修飾的就仍然是to kill，意思沒有改變太多（原句是說他們專長分組出擊，拿掉逗點變成說他們專長分組去殺人）。
請問老師 1 An acquaintance is someone you know casually, not on intimate terms. 逗號後面是補充用法， 修飾的對象是主詞嗎？ 2 I have taught a lot of students, from all walks of life. 打不打逗號的分別是什麼？ 謝謝老師。
老師您好 This movie is as yet unfinished : 電影至今尚未拍完 as yet=until now 1 那我的問題是This movie hasn't finished until now 表示電影現在已經完成了? 2 This movie hasn't finished as yet 跟This movie is as yet unfinished 意思完全相同 ?
3 Financially things are a bit tight.是指沒有充足的可變現的東西之類的 ?
I admire her lightness of touch as a cook. 4 lightness在這的意思是 ?
Underpinning this success has been an exemplary record of innovation. 5 可還原an exemplary record of innovation has been underpinning this success ?
A solitary man, it was perhaps fitting that he should have died alone... 6 He died alone是理所當然的，因為他是 solitary man。但為何要用should have died 竟然死了(有驚訝的意味在，他是solitary man，怎會有"竟然"的語氣)?
The nasty thing about a blackmailer is that his starting point is usually the truth. 7 看不出來 his starting point is usually the truth.跟nasty thing有何關聯 ?
The orchestra contrived to produce some of its best playing for these years. 8 produce...的意思是:演出這些年來最受歡迎、最經典的一些曲目?
9 ... produce some of its best playing for these years. 意思也有可能是:當初所表演的是這些年來算是最成功的演出 ?
A crafty look came to his eyes... 10 意思是:某人的 crafty look映入他的眼簾(他看到某人的 crafty look) ? 謝謝老師
Her characters' dilemmas are quiet but universal 2 quiet=not made known openly or publicly?
But to see earlier footage of her as a teenager is wrenching 3 to see...=if one should see.. 而 if one should see..是猜測語氣, 意思是:假如應該有人看到 ，不知以上觀念是否正確 ?
CLEMENCY refers to a tendency toward mercy in one whose duty it is to punish offenders 4 whose duty it is的it應該刪掉?
...the story of Terry and Pat, who met and fell in love in 1947, though it would be more than 60 years before they felt they could come out to their families. In 2016, they revealed the nature of their relationship to Terry's niece... 5 it would be more than 60 years為何要用猜測語氣? 他們在1947年相遇，2016年公開他們的關係，1947至2016年，近70年的時間，時間很確定，為何要用would be more than 60 years(猜測) ?
You read a poem slowly, repeatedly, not to pick up information but to enjoy the reading experience, to be moved and thrilled. 6 to be moved and thrilled前面有逗點，後面有句點，所以 to be moved and thrilled是可有可無的資訊 ? 謝謝老師
老師您好 He has no qualms about lying to the police He has no qualms about having lied to the police 1 qualms 表示: a painful feeling of uneasiness arising from a consciousness that one is or may be acting wrongly，由qualms的定義得知已經做了某事，才有 a painful feeling of uneasiness。那麼 having lied to the police 及lying to the police都 表示已騙了警察(已做了某事)，having lied to the police 及lying to the police 在語意上來講是相同的(因為有qualms這個字，所以就語意上來講是相同的) ?
Broken marriages are like bottles of wine let fall to the stony basement floor.... 2 let=which are let ?（let很少以被動的形式出現)
If a plant cannot live according to nature, it dies; and so a man 3 so a man=so does a man, 而does代替dies ?
a study on famine and population dynamics 4 dynamic是something that causes change or growth in something else，那麼population dynamics表示:population dynamics會造成"其他很多因素"的改變，那麼"其他很多因素"之一就是famine。不知是否可以這樣解釋 ?
A solitary man, it was perhaps fitting that he should have died alone... 5 should在此指「就應該如此」。 那麼should have died在這是從過去的角度猜更早?
It was an outrage that so much public money should have been wasted in this way 6 錢浪費是既成的事實，should have been wasted為何還要用猜測語氣 ?
If you are the least bit self-reflective 7 the least bit self-reflective: 有一點點self-reflective ? 謝謝老師
1 不同。He has no qualms可以解釋為He never has any qualms「他隨時隨地都可以向警察說謊，絕不會心虛」 2 是 3 是。在此用so a man是因為前面有兩個子句、兩個動詞（cannot live與dies），後面本來是If a man cannot live according to nature, he dies。同時要代表兩個子句，因而避免說出動詞（兩個動詞不同） 4 population dynamics指的就是「人口變化」，famine可能是結果而非原因。例如某項外在因素造成出生率變高，於是總人口增加，因而引發famine 5 可以。也可能就是和was同樣時間 6 這裏的語氣是「竟然…」，有「料想不到」的意思 7 是 4
老師您好 If our society can't provide health care workers with adequate protective equipment, we can at least provide their experience with its own framework and not simply analogize it to being a soldier in a war. So let's not diminish what they've done for us by assuming they had to do it. That would inflict a final wound, one familiar to any soldier: the moral injury of attempting to reintegrate into a society that doesn't understand what it's asked of you. 1 provide their experience with its own framework所要傳達的意思是? 2 a society that doesn't understand what it's asked of you.所要傳達的意思是:人們對於醫護人員、軍人所作的貢獻，認為理所當然，所以當醫護人員、軍人重返社會時， 人們期望他們能為社會作出什麼樣的貢獻，根本不了解 ?
He was ready to go to war, should the government ask it of him. [=should the government ask him to go to war] 3 為什麼不用He would be ready, 還是 was ready to(準備做某事)有過去未來的味道在，所以才不用He would be ready，用He was ready to即可，若是這樣的話，則原句的was ready 也可以改成would be ready ? 4 should是萬一的意思?
5 I will feel very guilty should anything go wrong. [=if anything goes wrong]這個句子我能理解。但是I will feel very guilty if anything should [=were to] go wrong. should在這是未來非事實，那麼為何可用I will feel，用I would feel 才對吧? 6 should是萬一的意思， 謝謝老師
老師您好 Allegations of sexual harassment have led to disciplinary proceedings being taken against three naval officers. 1 disciplinary proceedings...=that disciplinary proceedings was taken against ... ? 2 disciplinary proceedings being taken...= disciplinary proceedings which was being taken?
A message bounces from Wuhan to San Francisco far quicker than a heartbeat (and far quicker than any virus). We can zoom into a living room so that half way around the world is now no more than next door, We are reminded constantly that we incredibly tiny: it is as if we can look at ourselves from above and see the little molecules of our meaninglessness bounce. Who would have thought that the crusade against science by those in power would condemn so many to die? 3 因為科技的關係，世界變小了。但是我不了解We are reminded ‧‧‧meaninglessness bounce. 與" 科技的關係，世界變小了" 及 Who would have thought...有什麼關聯 ? 4 Who would have thought 猜過去 ?
She bristled at the suggestion that she had in any way neglected the child. 5 in any way 直覺上的意思:在任何方面。但是為什麼它的意思是:多少有點 ?
But to see earlier footage of her as a teenager is wrenching 6 to see=if one should see , 為何是should, 而不是would, could 之類的 ? 7 should=used to say that something is expected or correct ? 謝謝老師
1, 2 還原為Allegations of sexual harassment have led to the fact that disciplinary proceedings are taken against three naval officers. 3, 4 科技造成世界變小，所以人也變渺小。最後who would have thought那句說的是什麼並不清楚，有可能是說反疫苗者造成眾多死亡。用who would have thought是過去時間非事實語氣，意思是「當時有誰料想得到」，就是「其實當時沒人料想得到」 5 in any way「任何一種方式」。否定not in any way就是in no way「絕無」 6 用could也講得通 7 用在if one should see中解釋為「萬一」
老師您好 He had no qualms about lying to the police 1 他隨時隨地都可以向警察說謊，絕不會心虛?
He has no qualms about having lied to the police 2 他已向警察說過謊的這一件事，他不會心虛?
Christian religion, as organized in its churches, is the enemy of moral progress 3 Christian religion, as (it was) organized in its churches意思是:這個Christian religion與當初在教會所組織的Christian religion是同一個Christian religion(這個Christian religion和當初的Christian religion是一樣的) ?
The rich went to live in the west of London, upwind of the smell of people and industry 4 upwind of the smell of people and industry字面上的意思是在迎風面處可以聞得到people and industry，引申為 the west of London是個有people and industry的地方?
The hunters burned the forest from the open side of the V, forcing the animals to run towards the point where the village's hunters waited in an opening. 5 forcing 可以還原為so that they forced the animals to run... 。但感覺 還原為so this (that The hunters burned the forest from the open side of the V) forced the animals to run...也可以講得通 ?
Not quite a third of workers receive jobless benefits 6 Not quite =less than ? 謝謝老師
Can things be different ? Fairer ? It may well be that the country emerges as a more generous place, buoyed by the communal spirit that brings New Yorkers to their windows every evening at 7, to cheer and bang pots in praise of those risking their lives to save others. It's no less possible that in the year or more it takes to create the vaccine that will allow a return to routine daily life, the virus will become one more corrosive element in public life, and we return to business as usual. 4 the country emerges as a more...to save others是 描述事實，那為什麼開頭會用 it may well be (=probably )?
5 it takes to create the vaccine的用法類似it takes time(需要花時間), to create the vaccine(需要研發疫苗)?
6 it takes to create為何不是it will take to create ?
7 we return為何不是we will return ?
8 in the year or more表示在未來的一年或未來的幾年 ?
If our society can't provide health care workers with adequate protective equipment, we can at least provide their experience with its own framework and not simply analogize it to being a soldier in a war. So let's not diminish what they've done for us by assuming they had to do it. 9 and not simply...=and can not in a simple manner ... ? (原句的not simply跟This is not simply a question of basic fairness.的not simply意思不同) 謝謝老師
1 相當於for example 2 「碰」的一聲放下、重重放下 3 loud but not sharp「很響但頻率不高」 4 it may wall be不是描述事實，而是「很可能…」，後面是有可能但尚未發生的事（因為前面交代過may，後面直接採用事實語氣，不再重複交代） 5 關係子句that it takes省掉關係代名詞that，先行詞是a year or more 6 這是事實敘述：事實需要那麼久 7 and前後有兩個動詞will become與will return，省略掉一個will 8 是 9 還原為we cannot simply analogize it...，這和not simply a question裏面的用法相同
直述句： The discussion(S) lasted(V) an hour. 其中an hour當時間副詞使用。改為疑問句，用疑問副詞how long取代an hour，成為： How long did the discussion(S) last(V)? 句型是SV，how long是時間副詞改寫為疑問副詞，修飾動詞did last
老師好 Prices of papayas in Thailand are lower than in England. 副詞子句的主詞因重複而可以省略。同理，我能說 Cars made in Japan are better than (made) in the US. 或者 Video games developed by this team are more exciting than by any other team in this company. 嗎？ 謝謝 。
老師您好 If our society can't provide health care workers with adequate protective equipment, we can at least provide their experience with its own framework and not simply analogize it to being a soldier in a war. So let's not diminish what they've done for us by assuming they had to do it. 1 we can at least provide their experience...war描述醫療人員的工作就說是醫療人員，(a)不要打比方說就像戰場上的士兵 。那我的問題是:we cannot simply analogize it... 的意思是:(b)我們不能僅僅打比方說就像戰場上的士兵 。那這樣子(a)與(b)的意思就有所抵觸 ?
It's not just that a gulf exists in living standards–there's a psychological ravine 2 psychological ravine 可以說是心理正常與心理不正常的大落差嗎
It freaks me out to see people being so violent. 3 可還原..to see the fact that people are so violent ?(看到人不會freak out, 是看到人所表現出來的行為才會freak out)
The growing number of people seeking refuge in Thailand is beginning to concern Western aid agencies... 4 The growing...refuge=That the growing number of people seek refuge
Buck swung to the right, ending the movement in a plunge that took up the slack and with a sudden jerk arrested his one hundred and fifty pounds 5 a plunge that arrested his one hundred and fifty pounds :這個畫面應該是有人拉住繩子或者繩子固定於某一處，才有辦法拉住他150磅的身軀 ? 6 the movement 是Buck swung to the right ?
Are we disposed to be of the number of those who don't see the seeing which so nearly concern their temporal salvation ? 7 Are we disposed to be of the number ...為何要有of ?是因為we不等於the number of those (the number of 是數字) ?
8 Are we disposed to be of the number of those 中of的前後有省略哪些字嗎 ? 謝謝老師
1 如果把醫務人員比方為戰場上的士兵，那麼他們冒險犧牲、資源匱乏就是應該的。這裏說不要那樣去比方，醫務人員就是醫務人員，不該要求他們冒險犧牲，而且要供應給他們充裕的資源。 2 就是「心態大不相同」 3 是 4 The growing number of people (who are) seeking refuge... 5 繩子另一端繫在載重的雪橇上：這裏是在打賭Buck能否拉得動雪橇 6 是 7 是。相當於among the number 8 只有of those (people)
老師您好 1 這是字典的例句: Cassette recorders cannot rival the sound quality of CDs...雖然意思清楚，但是 the sound quality of cassette recorders cannot rival that of CDs 應該會比較好 ?
2 這也是字典的例句:The regeneration of the city's downtown dock front will put it on a par with Nice or Cannes. 但事實上NIce 及Cannes沒有regeneration , 只有dock front有regeneration, 所以也不可能改為The regeneration of the city's downtown dock front will put it on a par with that of Nice or Cannes. 如果要修改，不知如何改 ?
Lesley had agreed to Jim going skiing in alternate years. 3原句改成Lesley had agreed with Jim on going skiing in alternate years會不會比較好 ?
I kept having flashbacks of her lying there bleeding 4 flashbacks...可還原: flashbacks that she was lying there while bleeding ?
raw vulnerability 5 raw= not protected : susceptible to hurt ?
I've been on an emotional roller-coaster since I've been here... 6 原句since與完成式相配合，不知如何解釋? (改成since I was here就比較不 會那麼奇怪) 謝謝老師
1 會比較清楚 2 改為The regeneration of its downtown dock front will put the city on a par with Nice or Cannes. 3 這裏要用agree to來表示「答應」，agree with的意思不一樣 4 可以 5 是 6 用was比較清楚
老師您好 Yet Malcolm largely ignored the opposite scenario, in which a journalist, or the media at large, becomes the pawns of a subject--or lawyer--intent on winning in the so-called court of public opinion. Netflix's trial by media--whose executive producers include George Clooney, Court TV founder Steven Brill and Malcolm's New Yorker colleague Jeffrey Toobin--seems more concerned about the latter form of manipulation. I say "seems" because at no point in the elegantly structured, deeply researched docuseries does the creators' point of view come into focus 1 I say "seems"…意思是說: executive producers在紀錄片上所表達的觀點不清楚，無法信服觀眾，所以這篇review的作者才"推論"說: 這些executive producers是想要 winning in the so-called court of public opinion(雖然在紀錄片上所表達的觀點不清楚) ?
What's missing is synthesis. Each episode tracks how attorneys, activists and other interested parties interact with the media. Sometimes it's illuminating; Apprentice alum Blagojevich rides a tabloid roller coaster to a presidential commutation catalyzed by his wife's appearance on Fox News. More often, cause and effect remains fuzzy. The series neither creates a timeline nor makes an overarching argument. We're left wondering: When journalists are in thrall to murderers, what is to be done? 2 what is to be done?的意思是:當journalists太過專注，太過受murderers的影響的話，journalists就沒有辦法把其他的事做好 /沒有辦法完成其他的事?
3 what is to be done有未來的意味在(to be done) ?
The growing number of people seeking refuge in Thailand is beginning to concern Western aid agencies.. 4 The growing number of people seeking refuge 可還原The growing number of people (who are) seeking refuge...。那我的問題是 : The growing...refuge=That the growing number of people seek refuge，也就是這一件事(That the growing number of people seek refuge)會讓人擔心，感覺也說得過去 ? 謝謝老師
Netflix's trial by media--whose executive producers --seems more concerned about the latter form of manipulation. I say "seems" because at no point in the elegantly structured, deeply researched docuseries does the creators' point of view come into focus 1 「媒體公審Netflix，這次公審似乎比較在意的是要操作輿論。之所以說『似乎』，是因為紀錄片從頭到尾都沒有明確交代幾位製作人的觀點。」 2 「記者遭到殺人凶手控制，這種情況該怎麼辦才好？」 3 是 4 也通
老师请问这句话怎么分析：“But he grew increasingly frustrated by the restraints on research and development in companies due to their unrelenting pursuit of profits. In 2012, Ruan quit his job to focus on developing open source software. ”
1 He(S) grew(V) frustrated(C) by the restraints on R&D in companies ... 後面的due to their pursuit of profits修飾the restraints 2 第2句可還原為副詞子句如下： Ruan(S) quit(V) his job(O) so that he could focus on developing...
老師 Hagrid, with his long,wild,tangled black hair and beard,looked slightly alarming-a misleading impression, for Harry, Ron, and Hermione knew Hagrid to possess a very kind nature.—《哈利波特》 小說原句為什麼句末要用to possess, 換成別的非限定動詞行不行的通？
請問老師 1. That chair which you are sitting on is an antique. 2. My favorite movies are those in which all ends well. 同樣是介系詞片語，為何第二句的 in which 就不可拆，判斷的準則是甚麼？謝謝。
老師您好 The interior is planned with a precision the military would be proud of. 1 precision為不可數名詞，在其前面加a，不知a的意思是 ?
2 I just couldn't take the aggravation.意思是不會生氣 ?
The author's perspective as a father, witnessing his kids immerse themselves in a foreign culture, keeps the memoir from being bogged down in the history and often aggravating precision of preparing French food. 3 (keeps the memoir from)aggravating precision of preparing French food的意思是?
His admiration of Lyon, however, doesn't mean he fits in. Jessica, a wine writer, speaks French easily, but he does not--and their outsider status sets up a tension that simmers throughout the memoir. His mission was to feel confident in a French kitchen. Through studying at a culinary institute and working at a Michelin-starred restaurant, he acquires the technical skills he needs. But to belong, he realizes, will require a different kind of education 4 to belong煩請老師還原 ? 5 to belong改成belonging 不知語意有何差別 ? 6 學煮菜，可以到學校等其他地方學習。那要fit in 的話，需要 a different kind of education。 a different kind of education是指社會大學的歷練以增進人際關係之類的，久而久之，就會fit in /belong ? 謝謝老師
1 暗示a kind of, a degree of 2 aggravation在此的意思是irritation, provocation：「無法忍受對方的挑釁、激怒」 3 其一是法國烹餁史、其二是法國烹餁對精準的要求往往令人無法忍受。這本書充斥這兩項主題，本來是很無聊的，還好有「父親觀點」加以人性化的調劑 4 That he can belong 5 to belong表示目前尚未belong 6 是
老師您好 Tap each one firmly on your work surface to settle the mixture. 1 tap=hit something gently, 而firmly=strongly /forcefully 感覺gently跟strongly /forcefully 的意思是互斥的，不知tap firmly該如何解釋 ?
Their faces were nose to nose, scowling at each other 2 Their faces were nose to nose的意思是?
Buck threw himself forward, tightening the traces with a jarring lunge. ... His great chest was low to the ground, his head forward and down, while his feet were flying like mad, the claws scarring the hard-packed snow in parallel grooves 3 tightening the traces...=while he tightened the traces... ? 4 the claws scarring...=可還原 as the claws were scarring...。那麼 as=while ?
Although their stories couldn't begin more differently, the author weaves in connective threads to comment on the timelessness of male power. 5 their stories couldn't begin more differently意思是:他們故事的開端很不同 ?
6 His music is purer poetry than a poem in words.的意思是
If their forces were not involved, then who is to blame?... 7 事實上 their forces沒有參與，用非事實可以理解。但 who is to blame(事實上除了 their forces外，沒有其他人可以blame)為何不用who were to blame(非事實) ?
Hospitality at the Presidential guest house was graciously declined. 8 是指服務的品質慢慢下降 ?
Attorneys are ethically and legally bound to absolute confidentiality. 9 bound to= bound by ?
Lesley had agreed to Jim going skiing in alternate years. 10 比較正確的寫法是不是: Lesley had agreed to go skiing with Jim in alternate years ? 11 原句如果要還原: Lesley had agreed to a plan that Lesley and Jim would go skiing in alternate years ? 謝謝老師
1 就是用比較重的手法去tap 2 兩人正面相對，鼻子幾乎要碰到一起 3 是 4 是 5 是 6 用音樂譜的詩，比用文字寫的還更加有詩意 7 If their forces were not involved在此是事實語氣：「當初他們有可能並未參與。假如屬實…」，那是把有可能的情況當真，採用過去簡單式當作事實來陳述 8 請對方到總統招待所去住，但對方婉拒 9 bound to something是有義務要做某事，bound by something則是受到某事的約束 10, 11 應還原為Lesley had agreed to the arrangement that Jim went skiing in alternate years.，亦即Lesley同意Jim隔一年去一次（與Lesley無關）
老師好，旋元佑文法一書裡講到準關係代名詞，有這麼一句話：The theory raised more questions than the questions that it answered. 這句經還原的句子是不是有問題？因為照一樣的結構，我寫成I have more books than his.，似乎就不是正確的省略方式。還請老師解說，感恩。
老師好，上次我問了這一句：The theory raised more questions than the questions that it answered. 我對句型仍有問題，所以再問一次。 than是從屬連接詞，應該引導子句，但上面這句的than後面接的卻是名詞片語，請問這是什麼樣的用法？感謝。
前面那是採用準關代的方式來還原。若直接還原為比較級的複句結構，那是從這兩句出發的： 1. The theory raised many questions. 2. It answered many questions. 第2句中重複的questions先省掉，成為： It answered many. 再和第1句用more...than連起來，成為複句： The theory raised more questions than it answered many. 最後把重複的比較點many省掉即是。
She began to wonder whether she wouldn't go mad with the tedium of the job. She began to wonder whether she would go mad with the tedium of the job. 2這兩個句子在whether後面都省略whether (or not ) , 所以這兩個句子的意思是完全一樣的:她想要知道對於這無趣的工作她是否會不會捉狂?
We do not need to simplify 3 =We do not have to simplify , 暗示:即使要simplify 也沒關係 ?
More than 30 million people have filed for unemployment--more than three times as many as lost their jobs during the Great Recession. 4 as many as lost their jobs可還原as many as (those who) lost their jobs ?
vague suspicion / vague hope 5 vague與strong是反義字 ?
The interior is planned with a precision the military would be proud of 6 a precision=a kind of precision=a degree of precision, 意思是某種程度上的精確 ? 謝謝老師
老師您好 The author's perspective as a father, witnessing his kids immerse themselves in a foreign culture, keeps the memoir from being bogged down in the history and often aggravating precision of preparing French food. 1 often aggravating precision...=(in the)often aggravating precision... ?
If a conflict or a quarrel simmers, it does not actually happen for a period of time, but eventually builds up to the point where it does. 2 but eventually...為何不是 but will eventually build up to the point where it will (happen) ?
In those days they felt that children belonged in the nursery and out of sight. 3 out of sight有excellent的意思，可是我還是不了解原句中的 out of sight.要如何解釋 ?
...but the king suggested that it would be more prudent to use convicts as test passengers, with the convicts pardoned if they survived the ordeal 4 with the convicts pardoned...可以還原為while the convicts would be pardoned ...。我在想若還原為: with the caveat that the convicts would be pardoned... 不知可以嗎?
Her attitude encouraged neither trust or friendship, and she quickly became an outsider wandering the corridors like a stray cat 5 wandering 可還原為while she was wandering, 那不知是否也可以還原為while she wandered ? 6 while she was wandering 跟while she wandered，感覺意思應該是完全一樣 ?
With the renewed concerned over technology leaking out, the security services have stepped up monitoring of former weapon scientists 7 technology leaking out可還原that technology is leaking out, 那是不是也可以還原為that technology leaks out ? 8 have stepped up 後面接名詞，原句monitoring of ...是不是改為the monitoring of ...會不會比較好 ? 謝謝老師
老师这个句子我感觉好复杂：“However, it is acutely aware of the potential for domestic pushback against the influx of Chinese money and how it could widen Singapore’s income gap, already a political pressure point given the rising cost of living and soaring rents.”我该怎样分析？
主要子句： It(S) is(V) already aware(C) of the potential for domestic pushback. 後面的against A and B是介系詞片語，修飾前面的名詞domestic pushback。其中A是名詞片語the influx of Chinese money，B是名詞子句how it could widen Singapore's income gap。後面的already a political pressure point是上文Singapore's income gap的同位格。given the rising cost of living and soaring rents直接當介系詞片語看：given是介系詞。
老師您好 His mission was to feel confident in a French kitchen. Through studying at a culinary institute and working at a Michelin-starred restaurant, he acquires the technical skills he needs. But to belong, he realizes, will require a different kind of education 1 to belong=that he can belong, (有個規則是不確定語氣，含有語氣助動詞，簡化時就會變成不定詞片語 。所以to belong 應該是適用這個規則) ?
2 established workers，意思是比較穩定的員工. 表示: 一家公司的員工大多是established workers，則員工的流動率會比較低 ?
I read it while you were drying your hair 3 while you were drying your hair跟 while you dried your hair ，就語意上來講，是不是完全相同(因為有while的緣故) ? 4 While比較常看到While S V 或者是while S be Ving。有while S 加上完成式的用法嗎 ?
Hardy as a young man played the fiddle at local dances. 5 Hardy as a young man的意思是 ?是有省略什麼字嗎?
Lie on your back, clasp your knees and pull them down towards your chest. 6 pull them down 中的down 是往下的意思嗎，(如果是往下，怎麼會往下而朝向胸部，因為胸部在上面的位置) ?
Your kids might even be compelled to make their own podcasts for the show: a fun and productive parent-child activity while schools and camps are closed ７to make their own podcasts for the show與a fun...是同位格的關係 ? 謝謝老師
1 正確 2 沒錯。如果是新進員工就比較不是established 3 意思一樣 4 如果while解釋為「當…時」，比較少搭配完成式。如果解釋為「雖然…」，可以搭完成式 5 Hardy是人名，as a young man意思是while he was a young man，就是說此人年輕時曾經做過什麼事 6 上文說是仰臥，再把腿抬起來，所以是往下拉沒錯 7 是
老師您好 With the renewed concerned over technology leaking out, the security services have stepped up monitoring of former weapon scientists 1 technology leaking out可以還原為 that technology is leaking out，用現在進行式表示現在正在發生的事，可以跟have stepped up現在完成式配合使用的原因是因為現在完成式的截止點是"現在"，而”現在”包含現在進行式、現在完成式及簡單現在式，所以現在進行式可跟現在完成式配合使用 ?
Some murderers are executed by mistake in the sense that they might have a good legal defense to being sentenced to death, such as having been prevented from offering evidence in mitigation of their crime, such as evidence of having grown up in terrible circumstances that made it difficult for them to resist the temptations of a life of crime. 2 in the sense that=because ? 3 a good legal defense 的例子就是such as having been...of their crime ? 4 ...offering evidence的evidence的例子就是such as evidence of ... ?
His long legs bent up in the confined space. 5 bent 是指腿彎曲。bent up 是指腿彎曲並朝上，不過加up很多餘，因為彎曲就有朝上的意思了 ?
If you'd just put your mind to it, I'm sure you could do it. ６you'd just put 是過去非事實，而you could do是現在非事實 ? 謝謝老師
某文法書將Bill went out of the room, singing a song (比爾一面唱著，一面走出房間).=and he sang a song 修正為: Bill was walking down the stairs singing a popular song. 我的問題是為何修正版本後半部的對等子句的減化當中的逗點不見了? 這個逗點不是應該保留嗎?
對等子句只能省略，例如： Bill went out of the room(,) and (he) sang a song. 右邊的對等子句可以省略重複的主詞he，兩個子句中間的逗點可有可無。 只有從屬子句才能減化，例如： Bill went out of the room while he was singing a song. 其中從屬的副詞子句while he was singing a song可以減化為分詞構句singing a song，而分詞構句需要用逗點和主要子句隔開。
是。請比較： It is wonderful to have studied ... 意思是高中時候真正跟過那位名師，現在覺得真的很幸運。 It would be wonderful to have studied ... 意思是假如高中時有跟過那位名師，那會是多麼棒的事（事實上沒有）。所以這個would表示的就是現在時間假設法非事實語氣。
老師您好 something is small enough to put in your mouth whole 1 to put in your mouth whole及 to put in your whole mouth 在語意上有何不同?
Dominick and Thomas Birdsey are as different as identical twins can be. Born on opposite sides of midnight on New Year's Eve 1950, they began life at the end of one decade and the beginning of the next-- with separate birthdays... 2 Dominick and Thomas Birdsey are as different as identical twins can be.是說雖然是雙胞胎，但個性等特質卻不同 ?
3 Born on opposite sides of midnight on New Year's Eve 1950意思是一個在1949年12月31日出生，一個在1950年1月1日生 ?
...an adopted boy whose cause is taken up by a crusading lawyer. 4 意思是:律師會幫男孩調查他的身世之類的 ?
5 在2020年5月18日的TIME封面，有一句: More Americans are unemployed than at any time since the Depression. 在這一句話下方寫著:THE GREAT RECKONING 。RECKONING應是指the amount of Americans unemployed ?
A missile fired from a navy frigate hit a support vessel that had been putting out targets for a training exercise. 6 had been putting out targets 是放置目標物 ?
7 extensive supplies of arms.的 extensive指的是large in amount還是complete/full ? 謝謝老師
1 不同：to put in your mouth (while it is) whole「整個入嘴」。to put in your whole mouth「入整張嘴」 2 「以雙胞胎而言是最不相同的」 3 對。零時前後 4 是。也可能是關於這個男孩的別的事情 5 包括在內，不過「大清算」涵蓋的範圍更廣 6 對。這艘船放出靶子供試射，結果自己遭到誤射 7 都有可能
老師您好 Scuffles broke out in Hong Kong's legislature as pro-Beijing and pro-democracy lawmakers fought to physically take control of the chair of an important committee that has been left vacant in a monthslong standoff 1 to physically take control of the chair of an important committee 有physically這個字，所以the chair的意思是指椅子 ?
2 The kids are supposed to be in bed by now.應該有兩種情況: (1)經過小孩房間的門外，房間很安靜，覺得他們在睡了 (2) 經過小孩房間的門外，房間很吵。在這個時間，他們理當要睡覺才對。不知以上觀念是否確 ?
Although you'd think business would have boomed during the war, there was only a small spike in interest. 3 you'd think的would 是猜現在? 4 would have boomed 過去非事實 ?
I would have hoped a magazine like yours would take a positive angle 5 事實上沒有期望a magazine like yours would take a positive angle這件事?而would take是猜現在?不知以上觀念是否正確 ?
I would suggest that you were not adequately prepared for the interview. 6 would可表示猜現在或猜過去，視上下文而定 ?
congenital: existing as such as birth 7 as such的意思是 ? 謝謝老師
1 有這個意思。但解釋為「主席職位」也說得通，因為只要打架就可以說是physical 2 正確 3 would have boomed用完成式是猜過去（截至現在為止） 4 是猜測用法（猜過去） 5 看到雜誌報導並不客觀，然後說would have hoped，意思是「原本會很期望」，那是過去非事實，因為事實上並不能期望。而在hope後面用would take，那是不確定語氣（期望會，但在期望當時並不知道一定會） 6 would看起來是一般用法，表示「會如何」，過去與現在時間都可以這樣說 7 相當於as such a thing，意思就是as it is 6
老師您好 Dominick and Thomas Birdsey are as different as identical twins can be 1 如果拆解的話:(1)Dominick and Thomas Birdsey are different (2)identical twins can be different 。如何讓(1)與(2)連結，使其意思成為 雙胞胎而言是最不相同的?
Scuffles broke out in Hong Kong's legislature as pro-Beijing and pro-democracy lawmakers fought to physically take control of the chair of an important committee that has been left vacant in a monthslong standoff 2 老師您說the chair解釋為「主席職位」也說得通。如果原句改為fought physically to take control ..., 那麼the chair解釋為「主席職位」我可以了解。但原句to physically take control of the chair 我感受不到有主席職位的意思。煩請老師解答
I would have hoped a magazine like yours would take a positive angle 3 原句的正常版是I hoped a magazine like yours would take a positive angle，hoped是簡單過去式，而would take是過去之未來。而過去非事實就改成would have hoped，而原句的would take仍然是過去之未來。不知以上觀念是否正確?
Although you'd think business would have boomed during the war, there was only a small spike in interest. 4 you'd think意思是:你會認為(would一般用法，時間為現在)?
Their work is more cosily hermetic than ever. 5 hermetic是負面的字，那cosily hermetic的意思是?與cosily連用能降低hermetic這個字負面的程度嗎 ? 謝謝老師
1 A and B are so different. Twins can be so different. A and B are as different as twins can be. 雙胞胎能夠有多different，他們就有多different。 2 主要的意思是「椅子」，但「真正動手打鬥來爭奪職位」也通 3 是 4 是 5 表示有涉及這件工作的人互相很cozy，不的外洩漏
老師您好 In the 1940s, teenagers were just adults in waiting, busy with responsibilities like going to war 1 adults in waiting是未成年? 2 busy with=adults who were busy with.. ? (感覺 teenagers不太可能去打戰)
I think there is a limit to how much of this nonsense people are going to put up with. 3 how much of this nonsense跟 how much this nonsense is在語意上有何不同 ? 4 how much of this nonsense為何要加上of ?
As COVID-19 might be, polio is a seasonal disease 5 might be之後省略了seasonal ?
Now, as in 1916, the push for a vaccine is thus a cyclical one--a race against a viral time bomb set to go off by the calendar 6 a cyclical one與a race against ...的關係是同位格 ? 7 a cyclical one=a cyclical push ? 謝謝老師
1，2 暗示沒有享受真正的青春，只是等著去打仗 3，4 how much this nonsense不是正確的名詞片語，只能說how much nonsense或how much of this nonsense（how much是個名詞片語，this nonsense是另一個名詞片語，中間需要一個介系詞） 5 省掉a seasonal disease 6 是 7 是
作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除老師您好
回覆刪除１如何可以看出nothing looks less certain在字面上的意思就是it's very uncertain「很不確定」?
2 He now works both East Coast and West Coast hours的意思是 ?
3 It is hard to pick up such a book and not to feel a little daunted.意思是:這本書有難度，而且會讓看書的人感到害怕(因為書有難度) ?
It's far more likely that rural Americans with symptoms will opt to tough it out at home, and only once very sick seek care.
4 only once very sick可還原 rural Americans who are only once very sick?
5 only once very sick=only as soon as they are very sick ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除字面上是「沒有東西比它更少」，也就是「它是最少的」。它的certainty最少，就是最不確定。
2
美國東岸與西岸有3小時的時差。此人可能是遠距上班，兩家公司一在東岸、一在西岸。如果東岸到了9點他開始上班，3小時之後西岸也來到9點，他在另一家公司又要開始上班。
3
正確。
4, 5
once是once that的省略，從屬連接詞，引導時間副詞子句，意思是「一旦」，相當於when。所以and only once very sick seek care就是and only once (that they are) very seek (they will) seek care。前面的that they are刪掉是副詞子句減化。後面的they will刪掉是對等子句的省略（中間是對等連接詞and）。
老師您好
回覆刪除Brazil now leads Latin America both in confirmed cases and in deaths in absolute terms...
1 deaths in absolute terms的意思是 ?
They won the battle, only to lose the war.
2 war跟 battle的差別是 ?
They used elaborate secret codes, as when the names of trees stood for letters...
3 as when the names of trees stood for letters...的意思是?
4as = for instance ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除「單純死亡人數」。計算死亡人數可以採人口比例計算，就是算「死亡率」。也可以不論人口多少、單純計算死亡人數（這就是deaths in absolute terms）。就是deaths in terms of absolute numbers, regardless of population size。
2
battle是一場戰役，war則是整個戰爭，差別在於大小。
3, 4
as when可以還原為as they did when...，是副詞子句減化。
老師好，時間和條件副詞子句不適合用不確定語氣，這麼說來主要語氣助動詞也都跟will一樣不能出現在這類子句裡囉？
回覆刪除謝謝。
猜測用法不行，但一般用法可以。例如：
刪除If you will talk to your father again, we may still have a chance.
「若你『願意』再和你父親談一次，我們可能還有機會。」
這裏的will「願意」是一般用法，可以說「如果願意」，並不衝突。但是：
If it rains tomorrow, the game will be postponed.
這裏只能用rains。若用will rain就是錯誤，因為will rain「可能下雨」是猜測用法，和if「如果」有衝突（重複了）。同樣的分別也適用於別的語氣助動詞，例如：
If you must know, then yes, I have failed.
「如果你一定要知道，那麼好吧，我失敗了。」
這裏一must「一定要」是一般用法。
老師您好
回覆刪除1 briefing: information so supplies 的so意思是 ?
He tells me later, crammed into an armchair in his spacious office
2 crammed into an armchair表示此人體積太大，而椅子太小 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除information so supplies不通，應該有錯
2
是
旋老師好
回覆刪除想詢問此句 I resent that john is picking on me all the time 您減化還原為
I resent John's picking on me all the time
I resent John for picking on me all the time
是否也能減化成 I resent John picking on me all the time 此john當resent的受詞 picking為原本john的主詞形容詞補語
也可以
刪除作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除老師您好
回覆刪除briefing:
1 the act or instance of supplying pertinent instruction or information
2 the information so supplied
1 這是webster's new world 對briefing的解釋，只是我不了解so supplied的so是什麼意思?
Something has never been as important as it is now, probably in decades, if not ever
2 if not ever= if it WAS not important at any time ?
Money for state governments got negotiated away, shelved for the next bill
3 negotiated away=shelved ?
90 days of state-ordered sheltering in place is projected to blow an hole in the annual budget.
4 days是複數，為何動詞不是用are ?
I haven't read much into it as yet. I've only just scanned through it.
5 read much into it的意思是?
They were rather less than charitable towards the referee.
6 rather less than的意思是?
On April 24, Hogan announced a phased reopening plan based on a series of testing and tracing benchmarks. The point is to keep people safe, he tells me, but also to give them hope: they have to know there’s a light at the end of this tunnel. That the leaders they’ve elected have a plan, even if it’s far from clear when they’ll be able to put it into effect.
7 末句That the leaders they’ve elected...為什麼開頭是That+ S +V的形式? 為何不寫成The leaders they’ve elected have a plan... ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除the information so supplied 就是the information supplied in this way。所以，做簡報的「動作」以及簡報的「內容」都叫作briefing
2
if it is not the most important ever「若非史上最重要，至少也是數十年來最重要」
3
是。談一談之後就被擱置了
4
度量衡單位的複數主詞可以採用單數動詞，例如：
three kilos/five pounds/ten hours/100 meters都可以用is當動詞
5
read into something是「深入研究」，much是程度副詞的修飾語，意思是「我尚未深入研究」
6
rather less than charitable就是not quite charitable，「不大客氣、不大友善」
7
that子句要接在they have to know的後面當受詞子句，用來說明there's a light at the end of this tunnel的意思
旋老師您好，在TIME課程The Women of Iran這篇文章中有這樣一句：
回覆刪除It was millennials who drove the Girls of Revolution Street demonstrations of the late 2010s, leaving flowers...您說這裏的leaving是分詞構句，但請問老師這句如何還原呢？是理解為by leaving...嗎？如果是，by為什麽可以省略？謝謝老師抽出寶貴時間解惑。
可以還原為becaue/while/as... they left flowers...這個副詞子句。
刪除老師您好
回覆刪除Accepting these changes to daily life is accepting the reality that emerging from this pandemic won’t be like flipping a switch. “This is a public-health emergency, and only public health is going to get us out of this,” says Frieden. “The economy, and society, depend on public health getting this right.” And that means not just testing and identifying people who are infected, along with their contacts, but rethinking how self-isolation fits into broader policy decisions. The massive quarantine of these past few months was unprecedented, but more limited isolation, on a case-by-case or family-by-family basis, may become the norm for at least a while. And public-health officials may have to work with local community leaders to accommodate more formal, structured ways to self-isolate in order to effectively balance the public good of such measures with the rights and dignity of individuals. For example, Frieden says, “we should be offering voluntary isolation for every person infected,” in the form of designated hotels or living quarters to support people who cannot stay in their current homes without putting others at risk.
These, of course, won’t be the only new ubiquities in a post-COVID-19 world. Microbial threats like coronaviruses will inevitably move from the bottom to the top of public-health priority lists, and the dangers of infectious diseases will loom larger in our collective conscious. They will have to, if we have any hope of avoiding further drastic lockdowns and forever changing the way we interact with each other.
1 末句They will have to, if we have any hope ... 所要表達的意思是 :如果人們只是希望防疫的規定不要越來越嚴格，而不作好該有的防護措施的話，那麼病毒就有可能會再回來或病毒變變種得更不容易防範 ?
2不了解 forever changing the way we interact with each other為什為也是一種希望、期望(any hope of ... ）？ (我覺得人們是不希望人與人之間的交流有什麼改變。人們還是希望可以握手等等)
The economy can survive without international tourism, but not as we know it
3 but not as we know it=but that the economy can survive without international tourism is not as we know it=we cannot survive without international tourism ?
The case against is twofold: too risky and too expensive.
4 The case against =The case which is against by someone ?
謝謝老師
1, 2
刪除They will have to...指的是上一句話：Microbial threats will have to move higher, and the dangers will have to loom larger「病菌與疫情必須更加慎重對待」，如果我們想要逃過封城、逃過因為封城而帶來的人際關係永久性的改變。
3
but not as we know it意思是but not in the form of the economy as we know it，表示「經濟能夠存活下來，但是將變得面目全非」
4
The case against "the proposition" is twofold.
辯論賽要提出一個命題（proposition），例如「死刑應該廢除」就是命題，然後分成正反兩面。the case for "the proposition"是正辯，要為主張廢死這項命題提出原因。the case against "the proposition"是反辯，要為反對廢死提出原因。
这句话的语法结构如下:
刪除主句:Accepting these changes to daily life is accepting the reality that emerging from this pandemic won’t be like flipping a switch.
这是一个主从复合句。主句中的主语是Accepting these changes to daily life,谓语动词是is accepting。表语从句introduced by that, 表语从句的主语是emerging from this pandemic, 谓语动词是won’t be like flipping a switch.
第二句是一个并列句:“This is a public-health emergency, and only public health is going to get us out of this,”
第三句是一个复合句:The economy, and society, depend on public health getting this right. Getting this right是动词不定式作后置定语修饰public health.
第四句是一个主从复合句:And that means not just testing and identifying people who are infected, along with their contacts, 后面but引导的从句,意思是不仅仅是检测和确认感染者及其接触者,而是要重新考虑自我隔离如何适应更广泛的政策决定。
剩下的几句讨论了有限和结构化的自我隔离等公共卫生措施的细节,使用了may become, may have to 表示可能性和必要性。
最后一句是一个简单句,给出了自愿隔离的例子。
总体来说,这段文字使用了复合句和并列句讨论了新冠疫情后日常生活的变化以及公共卫生应采取的相关措施。语法结构比较复杂丰富。
老師您好
回覆刪除在老師的英文寫作第371頁中關於philosophy的文章:
(1)Like theology, it consists of speculations on matters as to which definite knowledge has unascertainable; (2)but like science, it appeals to human reason rather than to authority.... (3) Almost all the questions of most interest to speculative minds are such as science cannot answer, (4)and the confident answers of theologians no longer seem so convincing as they did in former centuries.
1 (3)在說明科學的限制，但(1)哲學可解決科學的限制 ?
2 (4)在說明宗教的限制，但(2)科學可解決宗教的限制 ?
Almost all the questions of most interest to speculative minds are such as science cannot answer
3 such as science cannot answer (such as S V )的句型如何解釋 ? (可以把such視為名詞，as是準關係代名詞嗎 ?
Is man what he seems to the astronomer, a tiny lump of impure carbon and water ...
4 to the astronomer可以改成for the astronomer，而且意思相同 ?
5 Is man what he seems...=Is man something that he seems ?
Is there is a way of living that is noble, in what does it consist, and how shall we achieve it ?
6 in what does it consist= what dose a way of living that is noble consist it ?
7 如果上面的式子相等，為什麼要把in 移到前面 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除是
2
(4)在說明宗教的限制，但(2)「哲」學可解決宗教的限制
3
such (questions) as (the questions that) science cannot answer。省掉questions之後，such就是代名詞。省掉the questions that之後，as就是準關代
4
用to比較好：「對」天文學家而言
5
是
6
原句是
It consists in something，改為疑問句就是
What does it consist in? 或者
In what does it consist?
7
不相等。If there is a way of living that is noble是個條件副詞子句，修飾主要子句動詞consist。主要子句就是疑問句In what does it consist?
老師您好
回覆刪除proof: as compared here, applies to facts, documents, etc. that are so certain or convincing as to demonstrate the validity of a conclusion beyond reasonable doubt
as compared here
1 as compared here=when it is compared here ?
Fitness is relative; one must always ask `Fit for what?'...
2 意思是:跑馬拉松的健康狀態跟跑1公里的健康狀態會有所不同，所以fitness不是一成不變的，端賴目的為何 ?
MOMENT expresses this same idea of importance in effect with somewhat stronger force [affairs of great moment];
3 in effect:在效果上 ?
On April 24, Hogan announced a phased reopening plan based on a series of testing and tracing benchmarks. The point is to keep people safe, he tells me, but also to give them hope: they have to know there’s a light at the end of this tunnel. That the leaders they’ve elected have a plan, even if it’s far from clear when they’ll be able to put it into effect.
4 老師您說That the leaders...子句要接在they have to know的後面當受詞子句，用來說明there's a light at the end of this tunnel的意思。那麼That the leaders...跟there's a light at the end of this tunnel是同位格關係 ?
5 not quite charitable=not entirely charitable ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除as it is compared here
2
是。相對論有一句口號Survival of the fittest「適者生存」，反對者則質疑Fittest for what?，暗示生存也要有意義才行
3
是
4
可以這樣說
5
是
老師您好
回覆刪除If the pay is inadequate, I couldn't stay on the job for long even if I wanted to.
1 couldn't及 wanted是過去事實 ?
He blamed his problems on lady luck.
2 lady luck.就是luck，怎麼會跟problems 有關 ?
She's likely to bend on her attitude to Europe
3 她的態度可能會被迫傾向歐州?
He was settled cosily in the corner with an arm round Lynda.
4 settled =seated ?
What does it feel like to be a person with parents ? What does it feel like to be a person with children ? And what does it feel like to be in the middle?
5And what does it feel like to be in the middle?的意思是 ?
They appear blissfully loving and supportive
6 blissfully loving的意思是 ?
proof: as compared here, applies to facts, documents, etc. that are so certain or convincing as to demonstrate the validity of a conclusion beyond reasonable doubt
7as=when set off or related in a specified way ?
The point is to keep people safe, he tells me, but also to give them hope: they have to know there’s a light at the end of this tunnel. That the leaders they’ve elected have a plan, even if it’s far from clear when they’ll be able to put it into effect.
8 That the leaders...子句要接在they have to know的後面當受詞子句。在此處That the leaders...特別獨立出來有強調的意味 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除現在非事實（事實是I don't want to...）
2
Lady Luck掌管是否給人good luck，甚至也可以給人bad luck
3
不是。「她原本對歐洲的態度可能被迫妥脅」
4
差不多。就是不動了
5
What does it feel like to be both with parents and with children?
6
blissfully = blessedly, happily
7
as compared here就是as it is compared here
8
有
老師您好
回覆刪除老師您好
The plot mechanics of The Half of It creak a little; once in a while, a scene raises more questions than it answers. But the movie is so vital that that doesn’t matter much, and its young actors hit every delicate beat perfectly. When you’re young and you long to be in love, friendship somehow seems like less, even when it may be more. Yet there’s no denying that love triangles hurt like hell. Why do you think their points are shaped like arrows?
1 hit every delicate beat的意思是 ?
2 Why do you think their points are shaped like arrows?所要表達的意思是?
But to see earlier footage of her as a teenager is wrenching
3 to see...=seeing... ?
Her second album rollout couldn't have been further from what she had planned--but the circumstances have pushed her to think differently about the responsibility of being an artist.
4 Her second album rollout couldn't have been...意思是:她的專輯發行的進度遠遠落後她的規劃 ?
5 couldn't have been應該不是猜過去，也不是過去非事實，只是用couldn't have been的形式表達過去時間而己 ?
６get the most out of =get the best out of ?
proof: as compared here, applies to facts, documents, etc. that are so certain or convincing as to demonstrate the validity
7 as it is compared here的中文意思是 ?
1
刪除這是把演戲比為演奏音樂：每個節拍都拿捏得恰到好處，就是演技很好
2
「愛情三角」有三個角，都是箭頭形狀，意思是「會傷人」
3
to see...相當於if one should see...「假若看到…」，seeing則沒有「假若」的味道
4
只知道「第2張專輯的推出與她的規畫相去甚遠」，至於差別在哪裏則沒有交代
5
屬於過去非事實：相去甚遠就是「當初要想再拉大距離也辦不到」，這種「過去無可能」的語氣就是「過去非事實」
6
差不多
7
不清楚（原文看不出來是和什麼比較）
The second has a great many books--a few of them read through, most of them dipped into, but all of them as clean and shiny as the day they were bought. (This person would probably like to make books his own, but is restrained by a false respect for their physical appearance.)
回覆刪除1 false respect表示:這種人以為隨便翻翻書就是擁有書，就是對書的尊敬，其實這種觀念是錯的;false =mistaken ．不知以上觀念是否正確 ?
在老師的英文寫作第384頁，Here is New York
2 ... Second, there is the New York of the commuter--the city that is devoured by locusts each day and spat out each night. 是指白天紐約都是人山人海的通勤族，到到了晚上通勤族就各自回到自己的家 ?
Third, there is New York of the person who was born somewhere else and came
to New York in quest of something. Of these trembling cities , the greatest is the last--the city of final destination, the city that is a goal
3 the city of final destination是指settlers就定居在紐約
4 the city that is a goal是說紐約是settlers追求夢想的目標(文章有提到 came to NY
in quest of something)
...wearing dresses that pinched at the armholes, that hung as unevenly as flags...
5 that hung as unevenly as flags...的意思是
6 She looked at him over the rim of her glass.的意思是 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除不敢下眉批、做註記。這種態度並非真正尊重書本。
2
是
3
是
4
是
5
鬆垮垮地很不合身
6
手持酒杯遮住半張臉，眼睛從杯緣上方看人
TEMPERAMENT refers to the balance of traits that are manifested in one's behavior or thinking [an artistic temperament];
回覆刪除1 既然所有的traits都達到平衡 (the balance of traits)，也就沒有哪一個trait特別突
出，怎麼還會有例句中的"artistic" temperament，那麼 the balance of traits是什麼意思?
FASHION is the prevailing custom in dress, manners, speech, etc. of a particular place or time, esp. as established by the dominant section of society or the leaders in the fields of art, literature, etc
2 as established=as prevailing custom is established, 那麼as在這的中文意思是 ?
One can divide writing into four modes, each answering to a different need
3 answering to的to可以省略嗎?
4 many a memorable time=many memorable times ，那我的問題是:
a memorable time跟memorable times哪一個是慣用語 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除balance並非「兩個相加除2」，而是「整個的構成、各個部分之間的關係」
2
副詞子句減化後留下的從屬連接詞
3
可以
4
前者較常用
老師您好
回覆刪除在老師的英文寫作第393頁Camping Out一文中
A pan of fried trout can't be bettered and they don't cost any more than ever
1 they don't cost any more than ever字面上的意思是:跟以前比，1現在的價格沒有比較多，言下之意是，現在的價格小於或等於以前的價格 ?
…and trout is burned outside while it is still raw inside. He eats them and it is all right if he is only out for the day and going home to a good meal at night. But if he is going to face more trout and bacon the next morning and other equally well-cooked dishes for the remainder of two weeks he is on the pathway to nervous dyspepsia.
2 equally well-cooked dishes有反諷的意味 ?
The proper way is to cook over coals. Have several cans of Crisco or Cotosuet or one of the vegetable shortenings along that are as good as lard and excellent for all kinds of shortening
3 along 在這的意思是Have several cans of Crisco along or have several cans of Cotosuet along , or Have one of the vegetable shortenings along . 而 along=with one ( coals along with several cans of Crisco or Cotosuet or one of the vegetable shortenings )不知上述觀念是否正確 ?
4 one of the vegetable shortenings that are excellent for all kinds of shortening 的意思是 ?
The coffee can be boiling at the same time and in a smaller skillet pancakes being made that are satisfying the other campers.
5 pancakes being made為何不寫成pancakes be made or pancakes can be made ?
6 在老師的英文寫作第397頁--The water cycle
結論提到all of Earth's water keeps moving , some of which reenters the ocean, where the water cycle ends--or beings. 其中where the water cycle ends--or beings. 這一句是不是可以用來解釋第一段the water cycle has no starting point ? (沒有開始、結束，哪來的starting point)
The water cycle has no starting point, but we will begin tracing the cycle from the oceans.
7 will= are able to ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除是
2
有
3
Have something along就是have it along the trip或have it along with you.
4
就是一款植物油，可作各種油脂的用途
5
還原起來是pancakes are being made或pancakes can be being made，加上being是為了強調進行
6
是
7
are going to
老師您好
回覆刪除He did work which by rights should be done by someone else
1 which 前面不需要加逗點。但若加逗點，句意會有什麼不一樣嗎 ?
The online virtual reality experiment Access Mars offers anyone with Internet connection a tour of a 3-D model of the Martian surface, as recorded by NASA's Curiosity rover rolling around the Red planet.
2 Access Mars所提供的a 3-D model of the Martian surface與Curiosity rover所提供的a 3-D model of the Martian surface是相同的 ?
3 as=in the same way ?
4 as recorded的as去掉，則表示a 3-D model of the Martian surface是NASA's Curiosity rover 所做的 ?
The MOD gave an undertaking to Saville that it had provided him with all relevant material.
5 undertaking 是承諾的意思，那表示說話的當下是未履行承諾，為什麼會用 had provided，如果改成would provide我還可以理解，不知問題出在哪?
You are a wonderful teacher, and our son was lucky to have you for as long as he did
6 for as long as he did應該是for as long as he had, 但我還是看不出來是什麼意思 ?
And so it appears that he is never going to get out of the eighth grade, much less ever make it to college.
7 he is never going to get out of the eighth grade,意思是被留級 ?
He had written the note from memory, word perfect, and spelled atrociously.
8 word perfect= (while the note's) word (is) perfect ?
PROOF, as compared here, applies to facts, documents, etc. that are so certain or convincing as to demonstrate the validity of a conclusion beyond reasonable doubt; EVIDENCE applies to something presented before a court, as a witness's statement, an object, etc., which bears on or establishes a fact; TESTIMONY...
9 這是Webster's字典裡的同義字，as compared here的中文意思是?as又是什麼意思 ? (對於as這個字，我一直感到很因擾)
謝謝老師
1
刪除「他做了別人的份」vs. 「他做事（本來該是別人的份）。」
2
as recorded by...修飾的是the Martian surface，所以意思是「Access Mars使用者的火星旅遊，採用的火星地形是Curiosity拍攝下來的」
3
as recorded by...是as it is recorded by...的省略
4
仍表示Curiosity拍攝的地形
5
pledge若釋為「保證」就可以講得通。that子句是名詞子句，當作undertaking的同位格，亦即保證的內容
6
「能夠跟你學習這麼一段時間」，暗示現在已經不跟這位老師了
7
是
8
那是個片語，表示「一字不漏」，也就是記得清清楚楚
9
PROOF, as (it is) compared here (with EVIDENCE)...
句中的as是從屬連接詞，後面是副詞子句，減化省掉it is
老師您好
回覆刪除He appears to have backed himself into a tight corner.
1 字面上的意思是:倒退至困境。表示他是有意把自己陷入困境還是無意的 ?
Thousands upon thousands mourn family and friends lost to Covid-19, or grieve losses unrelated to the virus but for which the comfort taken in normal rituals is not a option
2 but for which the comfort...可請老師還原嗎 ? 還是不了解是什麼意思 ?which的先行詞是 ?
For the vast majority of military personnel, the forward deployments were simply integral to the career we had chosen. I didn't overthink the risks or separations. If I'm being honest, I had only a vague sense of how the stresses of those long deployments affected my family back in home port, but I never fully appreciated how much they worried about me--until now.
3 If I'm being honest的意思是 ?(I had only...until now表示是作者的體悟，感覺這是很真誠的體悟，為何不用if i'm honest? I'm being honest有一種暫時、當下、一時的誠實意味，用法跟I'm being rude相同)
4 It's no good trying to change his beliefs跟It's no good to try to change his beliefs在語意上有何不同 ?
an expense account and the other trappings of success
5 不了解an expense account 跟 success有何關係 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除無意間
2
...grieve losses (that are) unrelated to the virus but for which the comfort taken in normal rituals is not an option.
對等連接詞but連接兩個關係子句，共同修飾先行詞losses。左邊的關係子句減化為分詞片語unrelated...，右邊的關係子句可還原為：
The comfort taken ... is not an option for the losses.
3
If I'm honest是「假設我是老實人」，If I'm being honest是「若要說實話」，在此是後者的意思
4
應該用trying，像那句成語It's no use crying over spilt milk.，固定的講法有固定的搭配
5
若在公司擔任高位，往往會有一個專用的支票戶頭供你使用，不用自掏腰包。這是成功者的特權
老師您好
回覆刪除She woke to find her dark room lit by flashing lights...
1 to find=with the result that she found... ?
LATENT applies to that which exists but is as yet concealed or unrevealed [his latent ability )
2 as yet unrevealed =as yet concealed, as yet會跟否定連用，所以concealed這個字有否定的味道，不知以上觀念是否正確 ?
3 as yet會跟完成式連用，不知為何is as yet...沒有跟完成式連用 (可以改寫成has not as yet... ? 跟is as yet...在語意上有何不同 ? )
If you say that something is, for example, too close for comfort, you mean you are worried because it is closer than you would like it to be.
4 you would like it to be是指當初的認定與現在的認定相比，當初認定沒有那麼近，所以 you would like it to be是過去事實的描述 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除是
2
是
3
not yet算是頻率副詞，例如I have not seen this movie yet.，但as yet是時間副詞，相當於until now, by now，意思是「到現在為止」，例如This movie is as yet unfinished.「電影至今尚未拍完。」
4
這個would是語氣助動詞的一般用法：希望，想要，時間就是現在。例如：I have one million, but I would like to have two.。心裏面很想要，是現在時間
He was lying sprawled on the ground.—《哈利波特》
回覆刪除老師，這個句子該怎麼分析呢，兩個分詞lying 和sprawled之間是不是省略了and
改為簡單過去式就是He lay sprawled...，其中lay是連綴動詞，sprawled是主詞補語。
刪除He told her to do something that I knew he would never have dared say in front of his mother.
回覆刪除這個從句為什麼要用過去完成時，如果改成he would never dare say in front of his mother意思上會有什麼不同
差別在於時間：would never have dared say「當時不敢說」，would never dare say「永遠都不敢說」
刪除作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除老師您好
回覆刪除在老師的英文寫作第409頁 Liberalism and the social problems
The existing organisation of society is driven by one mainspring—competitive selection. It may be a very imperfect organisation of society, but it is all we have got between us and barbarism.
１but it is all we have got between us and barbarism.意思是:如果沒有The existing organisation of society，我們的社會就成了barbarism？
Moreover, that system is one which offers an almost indefinite capacity for improvement. We may progressively eliminate the evils; we may progressively augment the goods which it contains. I do not want to see impaired the vigour of competition, but we can do much to mitigate the consequences of failure.
2 I do not want to see impaired the vigour of competition
see跟impard是動詞，怎可連用 ? 還是要改成( see the impaired vigour of competition ) ?
3 but we can do much to mitigate the consequences of failure.的failure 是指failure of the social system, 也就是falilure of the existing organisation of society ?
We do not want to pull down the structures of science and civilisation: but to spread a net over the abyss
4 to spread a net over the abyss=We want to spread a net over the abyss
in order to protect the structures of science and civilisation ?
I am sure that if the vision of a fair Utopia which cheers the hearts and lights the imagination of the toiling multitudes, should ever break into reality, it will be by developments through, and modifications in, and by improvements out of, the existing competitive organisation of society; and I believe that Liberalism mobilised, and active as it is to-day, will be a principal and indispensable factor in that noble evolution.
5 lights the imagination的lights=animates= makes energetic ?
6 it will be...的be=exist ?
7 it will be 的it=the vision of a fair Utopia ?
8that noble evolution.是指 the vision of a fair Utopia breaks into reality的這一個演化、演進嗎 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除是
2
有倒裝，還原為to see(V) the vigour of competition(O) impaired(C)
3
就是一般的failure：生活競爭中的失敗
4
意思是we want to spread a net over the abyss，暗示要幫助生活競爭中的失敗者，例如實施貧戶救濟之類
5
是
6, 7
it代表的是前面整個句子，後面的by...是主詞補語，意思是說前面句子所敘述的情況要靠後面的手段來達成
8
是
老師您好
回覆刪除In the long war which humanity wages with the elements of nature the main body of the army has won its victory. It has moved out into the open plain, into a pleasant camping ground by the water springs and in the sunshine, amid fair cities and fertile fields. But the rear-guard is entangled in the defiles, the rear-guard is still struggling in mountainous country, attacked and assailed on every side by the onslaughts of a pitiless enemy.
1 a pitiless enemy指的是開頭的 the elements of nature ?
The rear-guard is encumbered with wounded, obstructed by all the broken vehicles...
2 wounded前面應加the才能表示受傷的人 ?
It is there that all the resources of military science and its heaviest artillery should be employed to extricate the rear-guard—not to bring the main army back from good positions which it occupies, not to throw away the victory which it has won over the brute forces of nature—but to bring the rear-guard in
3 not to bring the main army=(all the resources of military science and its heaviest artillery should be employed) in order not to bring the main army ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除是
2
一般是要加the
3
「如此部署的目的不是要讓主力撤軍，而是要把後衛護送出來」
老師您好
回覆刪除在老師的英文寫作第407頁My last year in office as Mom-in-chief
...But don't tell me is has never crossed your mind that a dictatorship might be more, shall we say, efficient.
1 shall we say是不是有used to ask for someone's opinion的味道在 ?
And if you are at all self-reflective, then self-doubt arrives, in what is supposed to be the victory lap. Is there anything we can do to make one final impact, to correct the countless mistakes we have made, quick, before the time runs out ?
2 And if you are at all 的at all常跟否定句及疑問句搭配。可是原句看不到有否定句(not, no)等字眼，不知問題出在哪 ? at all在這的意思是 ?
3 self-doubt arrives發生的原因是有事情沒有做 (to correct the countless mistakes we have made)，而且沒有做都不算是勝利( in what is supposed to be the victory lap, supposed帶有不確定的味道)，不知以上觀念是否正確 ?
4 quick是有省略哪些字嗎 ?
Our constituents are focused on the next thins. We still represent something, but our titles are now basically in quotation marks.
5 but our titles are now basically in quotation marks.意思是歐巴馬及作者本身都快要缷任的意思 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除是
2
相當於if you are the least bit self-reflective; if you are any self-reflective at all，這裏的at all用於加強語氣
3
是
4
就是上文的to correct...quick，語氣是「改正所犯的錯誤（要快！）」
5
是。加上雙引號往往暗示「所謂的」
老師您好
回覆刪除And if you are at all self-reflective, then self-doubt arrives, in what is supposed to be the victory lap. Is there anything we can do to make one final impact, to correct the countless mistakes we have made, quick, before the time runs out ?
1 quick為什麼不可以改成quickly ?
Constituents are focused on the next things. We still represent something, but our titles are now basically in quotation marks.
2but our titles are now basically in quotation marks.意思是歐巴馬及作者本身都快要缷任的意思 。老師您說雙引號往往暗示"所謂的"，所以意思是"所謂的總統"，有強調已經快不是總統的味道的 ?
The proper way is to cook over coals. Have several cans of Crisco or Cotosuet or one of the vegetable shortenings along that are as good as lard and excellent for all kinds of shortening
3 one of the vegetable shortenings that are excellent for all kinds of shortening:老師您說就是一款植物油，可作各種油脂的用途。這個意思是:shortening有很多種類，植物油是其中一種shortening, 而植物性的shortening跟其他"非"植物種類的shortening相比，植物性的shortening用途比較廣 ?
The online virtual reality experiment Access Mars offers anyone with Internet connection a tour of a 3-D model of the Martian surface, as recorded by NASA's Curiosity rover rolling around the Red planet.
4 as recorded...有as (as it is recorded by ) 跟沒有as (which is recorded by ) 感覺意思都一樣，為什麼原句要有as ?
The soldiers specialized in going out in small groups, to kill with a very high degree of selectivity.
5with a very high degree of selectivity.的意思是:他們不會隨便亂殺人(要殺人也是會有所揀擇) ?
6 如果在to kill前沒有加逗點，會不會有The soldiers specialized in going out in small groups with a very high degree of selectivity. 意思變成small groups裡的成員是萬中選一，精英中的精英?
謝謝老師
1
刪除quickly也行。用quick比較口語化
2
是（跛腳鴨）
3
就是「找一種萬用的植物油來使用」
4
which is就是當初錄製的版本。as意思是「和當初錄製的一樣」
5
是
6
沒有加逗點但仍有to kill，那麼with a high degree of selectivity修飾的就仍然是to kill，意思沒有改變太多（原句是說他們專長分組出擊，拿掉逗點變成說他們專長分組去殺人）。
請問老師
回覆刪除1
An acquaintance is someone you know casually, not on intimate terms. 逗號後面是補充用法， 修飾的對象是主詞嗎？
2
I have taught a lot of students, from all walks of life. 打不打逗號的分別是什麼？
謝謝老師。
1
刪除修飾動詞know
2
打逗點等於把後面的部分放在括弧中，當作可有可無的補充說明。沒打逗點的話就是說明「哪種學生」
作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除老師您好
回覆刪除This movie is as yet unfinished : 電影至今尚未拍完 as yet=until now
1 那我的問題是This movie hasn't finished until now 表示電影現在已經完成了?
2 This movie hasn't finished as yet 跟This movie is as yet unfinished 意思完全相同 ?
3 Financially things are a bit tight.是指沒有充足的可變現的東西之類的 ?
I admire her lightness of touch as a cook.
4 lightness在這的意思是 ?
Underpinning this success has been an exemplary record of innovation.
5 可還原an exemplary record of innovation has been underpinning this success ?
A solitary man, it was perhaps fitting that he should have died alone...
6 He died alone是理所當然的，因為他是 solitary man。但為何要用should have died 竟然死了(有驚訝的意味在，他是solitary man，怎會有"竟然"的語氣)?
The nasty thing about a blackmailer is that his starting point is usually the truth.
7 看不出來 his starting point is usually the truth.跟nasty thing有何關聯 ?
The orchestra contrived to produce some of its best playing for these years.
8 produce...的意思是:演出這些年來最受歡迎、最經典的一些曲目?
9 ... produce some of its best playing for these years. 意思也有可能是:當初所表演的是這些年來算是最成功的演出 ?
A crafty look came to his eyes...
10 意思是:某人的 crafty look映入他的眼簾(他看到某人的 crafty look) ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除意思是尚未完工
2
相同。最好用被動態hasn't been finished
3
是。「手頭有點緊」
4
字面上是「下手很輕」，就是輕鬆自如、游刃有餘
5
是
6
should在此指「就應該如此」
7
原文沒有交代得很清楚。可能是這個意思：例如你在外頭有小三，被人抓到把柄敲詐勒索。但是對方的出發點（starting point）「你搞小三」是事實，這是最令人無法忍受的（就是你真的有錯）
8, 9
樂團努力演出一些曲目，後來都成為它最成功的演出
10
某人眼中出現狡獪的神情（就是他自己crafty）
老師好，兩音節的形容詞如果沒有標示詞類的字尾，要變成比較級有兩種方式，但是more easy卻不存在，請問這只能用例外來解釋嗎？謝謝。
回覆刪除easier比較常用，但more easy也行。兩個音節的字尾如果是子音加y，最常用的變化就是變成ier。
刪除作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除句子1：The discussion lasted an hour.
回覆刪除句子2：How long did the discussion last?
問題1
句子1的基本句型是：S（The discussion）+V（lasted），還是：S（The discussion）+V（lasted）+C（an hour）？
我在劍橋字典裡面查到last是不及物動詞和系動詞，故有此疑問。
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/zhs/詞典/英語-漢語-繁體/last
問題2
句子2的基本句型是：S（The discussion）+V（did last），還是：S（The discussion）+V（did last）+C（How long）？
我不知道how long構成一個形容詞片語還是副詞片語，也不知道how long在句子2裡面修飾什麼，故有此疑問。
名詞片語中的名詞如果是度量衡單位，可以直接當作副詞使用，亦可視為介系詞的省略。例如：
刪除I walked 5 miles.
I walked 2 hours.
句型是 I(S) walked(V). 後面的5 miles或2 hours原本是名詞片語，但因為mile與hour是單位，所以可以直接當作地方副詞與時間副詞使用，直接修飾動詞walked。亦可視為for 5 miles與for 2 hours的省略。同樣的例子如：
I'll be going Tuesday.
其中Tuesday本來是名詞，但它也是時間單位，可以直接當作時間副詞使用，修飾動詞的時間。亦可視為on Tuesday的省略。
你問的句子，句型如下：
The discussion(S) lasted (V) an hour.
其中an hour是時間單位，雖然是名詞，可以直接當作時間副詞使用，修飾動詞last。
老師您好
回覆刪除raw friendship
1 raw=real=honest ?
Her characters' dilemmas are quiet but universal
2 quiet=not made known openly or publicly?
But to see earlier footage of her as a teenager is wrenching
3 to see...=if one should see.. 而 if one should see..是猜測語氣, 意思是:假如應該有人看到 ，不知以上觀念是否正確 ?
CLEMENCY refers to a tendency toward mercy in one whose duty it is to punish offenders
4 whose duty it is的it應該刪掉?
...the story of Terry and Pat, who met and fell in love in 1947, though it would be more than 60 years before they felt they could come out to their families. In 2016, they revealed the nature of their relationship to Terry's niece...
5 it would be more than 60 years為何要用猜測語氣? 他們在1947年相遇，2016年公開他們的關係，1947至2016年，近70年的時間，時間很確定，為何要用would be more than 60 years(猜測) ?
You read a poem slowly, repeatedly, not to pick up information but to enjoy the reading experience, to be moved and thrilled.
6 to be moved and thrilled前面有逗點，後面有句點，所以 to be moved and thrilled是可有可無的資訊 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除是
2
是
3
「假如看到的話」
4
不必。it是假主詞，內容是不定詞片語to punish offenders，前面的whose duty是主詞補語
5
「猜測」一詞代表的是各種可能性、或然率的表示，包括一切尚未發生、將來可能或將會發生的事情（就是傳統文法所謂的「未來式」）。在1947年，「將要」過70年後才公開，所以用would
6
是，用來補充說明上文to enjoy the reading experience
老師您好
回覆刪除He has no qualms about lying to the police
He has no qualms about having lied to the police
1 qualms 表示: a painful feeling of uneasiness arising from a consciousness that one is or may be acting wrongly，由qualms的定義得知已經做了某事，才有 a painful feeling of uneasiness。那麼 having lied to the police 及lying to the police都 表示已騙了警察(已做了某事)，having lied to the police 及lying to the police 在語意上來講是相同的(因為有qualms這個字，所以就語意上來講是相同的) ?
Broken marriages are like bottles of wine let fall to the stony basement floor....
2 let=which are let ?（let很少以被動的形式出現)
If a plant cannot live according to nature, it dies; and so a man
3 so a man=so does a man, 而does代替dies ?
a study on famine and population dynamics
4 dynamic是something that causes change or growth in something else，那麼population dynamics表示:population dynamics會造成"其他很多因素"的改變，那麼"其他很多因素"之一就是famine。不知是否可以這樣解釋 ?
A solitary man, it was perhaps fitting that he should have died alone...
5 should在此指「就應該如此」。 那麼should have died在這是從過去的角度猜更早?
It was an outrage that so much public money should have been wasted in this way
6 錢浪費是既成的事實，should have been wasted為何還要用猜測語氣 ?
If you are the least bit self-reflective
7 the least bit self-reflective: 有一點點self-reflective ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除不同。He has no qualms可以解釋為He never has any qualms「他隨時隨地都可以向警察說謊，絕不會心虛」
2
是
3
是。在此用so a man是因為前面有兩個子句、兩個動詞（cannot live與dies），後面本來是If a man cannot live according to nature, he dies。同時要代表兩個子句，因而避免說出動詞（兩個動詞不同）
4
population dynamics指的就是「人口變化」，famine可能是結果而非原因。例如某項外在因素造成出生率變高，於是總人口增加，因而引發famine
5
可以。也可能就是和was同樣時間
6
這裏的語氣是「竟然…」，有「料想不到」的意思
7
是
4
老師您好
回覆刪除If our society can't provide health care workers with adequate protective equipment, we can at least provide their experience with its own framework and not simply analogize it to being a soldier in a war. So let's not diminish what they've done for us by assuming they had to do it. That would inflict a final wound, one familiar to any soldier: the moral injury of attempting to reintegrate into a society that doesn't understand what it's asked of you.
1 provide their experience with its own framework所要傳達的意思是?
2 a society that doesn't understand what it's asked of you.所要傳達的意思是:人們對於醫護人員、軍人所作的貢獻，認為理所當然，所以當醫護人員、軍人重返社會時， 人們期望他們能為社會作出什麼樣的貢獻，根本不了解 ?
He was ready to go to war, should the government ask it of him. [=should the government ask him to go to war]
3 為什麼不用He would be ready, 還是 was ready to(準備做某事)有過去未來的味道在，所以才不用He would be ready，用He was ready to即可，若是這樣的話，則原句的was ready 也可以改成would be ready ?
4 should是萬一的意思?
5 I will feel very guilty should anything go wrong. [=if anything goes wrong]這個句子我能理解。但是I will feel very guilty if anything should [=were to] go wrong. should在這是未來非事實，那麼為何可用I will feel，用I would feel 才對吧?
6 should是萬一的意思，
謝謝老師
1
刪除描述醫療人員的工作就說是醫療人員，不要打比方說就像戰場上的士兵
2
社會要求士兵做戰，但只有真正上過戰場的士兵才知道那是多麼過份的要求。如今退役了、要重新進入社會，但是社會上的人根本不了解你受過怎樣的苦難，還以為一切都是應該的！
3,4
he was ready是事實語氣，表示真正有這樣的準備。should是「萬一」，仍有可能發生，所以可以搭配事實語氣
5, 6
should是「不排除萬一」，were to是「事實上絕無可能」，兩者的語氣不同。should可以搭配事實語氣，were to只能搭配非事實語氣
老師您好
回覆刪除Allegations of sexual harassment have led to disciplinary proceedings being taken against three naval officers.
1 disciplinary proceedings...=that disciplinary proceedings was taken against ... ?
2 disciplinary proceedings being taken...= disciplinary proceedings which was being taken?
A message bounces from Wuhan to San Francisco far quicker than a heartbeat (and far quicker than any virus). We can zoom into a living room so that half way around the world is now no more than next door, We are reminded constantly that we incredibly tiny: it is as if we can look at ourselves from above and see the little molecules of our meaninglessness bounce. Who would have thought that the crusade against science by those in power would condemn so many to die?
3 因為科技的關係，世界變小了。但是我不了解We are reminded ‧‧‧meaninglessness bounce. 與" 科技的關係，世界變小了" 及 Who would have thought...有什麼關聯 ?
4 Who would have thought 猜過去 ?
She bristled at the suggestion that she had in any way neglected the child.
5 in any way 直覺上的意思:在任何方面。但是為什麼它的意思是:多少有點 ?
But to see earlier footage of her as a teenager is wrenching
6 to see=if one should see , 為何是should, 而不是would, could 之類的 ?
7 should=used to say that something is expected or correct ?
謝謝老師
1, 2
刪除還原為Allegations of sexual harassment have led to the fact that disciplinary proceedings are taken against three naval officers.
3, 4
科技造成世界變小，所以人也變渺小。最後who would have thought那句說的是什麼並不清楚，有可能是說反疫苗者造成眾多死亡。用who would have thought是過去時間非事實語氣，意思是「當時有誰料想得到」，就是「其實當時沒人料想得到」
5
in any way「任何一種方式」。否定not in any way就是in no way「絕無」
6
用could也講得通
7
用在if one should see中解釋為「萬一」
老師您好
回覆刪除He had no qualms about lying to the police
1 他隨時隨地都可以向警察說謊，絕不會心虛?
He has no qualms about having lied to the police
2 他已向警察說過謊的這一件事，他不會心虛?
Christian religion, as organized in its churches, is the enemy of moral progress
3 Christian religion, as (it was) organized in its churches意思是:這個Christian religion與當初在教會所組織的Christian religion是同一個Christian religion(這個Christian religion和當初的Christian religion是一樣的) ?
The rich went to live in the west of London, upwind of the smell of people and industry
4 upwind of the smell of people and industry字面上的意思是在迎風面處可以聞得到people and industry，引申為 the west of London是個有people and industry的地方?
The hunters burned the forest from the open side of the V, forcing the animals to run towards the point where the village's hunters waited in an opening.
5 forcing 可以還原為so that they forced the animals to run... 。但感覺 還原為so this (that The hunters burned the forest from the open side of the V) forced the animals to run...也可以講得通 ?
Not quite a third of workers receive jobless benefits
6 Not quite =less than ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除是
2
是
3
as organized in its churches還原為as it is organized in its churches「以教會組織的形式」
4
有錢人住在氣味的上風處，就是聞不到污染空氣的地方
5
可以
6
slightly less than
老師您好
回覆刪除RESORT is usually used of a final resource, qualified as by last
1 如果只有qualified by，還好理解，現在多了個as, 不知as在這的意思是 ?
Waiters went scurrying down the aisles, thumping down tureens of soup.
2 tureens of soup.應該是掉在地上了?
loud, dull sound
3 dull :not clear or loud ，那loud, dull放在一起的話，會有衝突嗎 (不知意思變成什麼了)
Can things be different ? Fairer ? It may well be that the country emerges as a more generous place, buoyed by the communal spirit that brings New Yorkers to their windows every evening at 7, to cheer and bang pots in praise of those risking their lives to save others. It's no less possible that in the year or more it takes to create the vaccine that will allow a return to routine daily life, the virus will become one more corrosive element in public life, and we return to business as usual.
4 the country emerges as a more...to save others是 描述事實，那為什麼開頭會用 it may well be (=probably )?
5 it takes to create the vaccine的用法類似it takes time(需要花時間), to create the vaccine(需要研發疫苗)?
6 it takes to create為何不是it will take to create ?
7 we return為何不是we will return ?
8 in the year or more表示在未來的一年或未來的幾年 ?
If our society can't provide health care workers with adequate protective equipment, we can at least provide their experience with its own framework and not simply analogize it to being a soldier in a war. So let's not diminish what they've done for us by assuming they had to do it.
9 and not simply...=and can not in a simple manner ... ? (原句的not simply跟This is not simply a question of basic fairness.的not simply意思不同)
謝謝老師
1
刪除相當於for example
2
「碰」的一聲放下、重重放下
3
loud but not sharp「很響但頻率不高」
4
it may wall be不是描述事實，而是「很可能…」，後面是有可能但尚未發生的事（因為前面交代過may，後面直接採用事實語氣，不再重複交代）
5
關係子句that it takes省掉關係代名詞that，先行詞是a year or more
6
這是事實敘述：事實需要那麼久
7
and前後有兩個動詞will become與will return，省略掉一個will
8
是
9
還原為we cannot simply analogize it...，這和not simply a question裏面的用法相同
Cars made in Japan are better than cars made in the US.
回覆刪除請問老師第二個cars為何不得省略，只能用代名詞代替？只要名詞後面有修飾語就都不得省略囉?
謝謝
也不是一定不能省略。比較級，總要交代出兩個比較的對象，其中一個完全省掉會感覺不大清楚。
刪除對於「2023年3月12日 凌晨12:23」的提問，老師在「2023年3月17日 下午6:32」只回答了問題一：The discussion(S) lasted (V) an hour.，其中，an hour是時間單位，雖然是名詞，可以直接當作時間副詞使用，修飾動詞last。
回覆刪除老師沒有回答問題二，即：
句子2的基本句型是：S（The discussion）+V（did last），還是：S（The discussion）+V（did last）+C（How long）？
我不知道how long構成一個形容詞片語還是副詞片語，也不知道how long在句子2裡面修飾什麼，故有此疑問。
直述句：
刪除The discussion(S) lasted(V) an hour.
其中an hour當時間副詞使用。改為疑問句，用疑問副詞how long取代an hour，成為：
How long did the discussion(S) last(V)?
句型是SV，how long是時間副詞改寫為疑問副詞，修飾動詞did last
老師好
回覆刪除Prices of papayas in Thailand are lower than in England. 副詞子句的主詞因重複而可以省略。同理，我能說 Cars made in Japan are better than (made) in the US. 或者 Video games developed by this team are more exciting than by any other team in this company. 嗎？
謝謝 。
這三句都一樣：than後面最好加上those比較清楚。沒有those勉強可以接受。
刪除老師您好
回覆刪除If our society can't provide health care workers with adequate protective equipment, we can at least provide their experience with its own framework and not simply analogize it to being a soldier in a war. So let's not diminish what they've done for us by assuming they had to do it.
1 we can at least provide their experience...war描述醫療人員的工作就說是醫療人員，(a)不要打比方說就像戰場上的士兵 。那我的問題是:we cannot simply analogize it... 的意思是:(b)我們不能僅僅打比方說就像戰場上的士兵 。那這樣子(a)與(b)的意思就有所抵觸 ?
It's not just that a gulf exists in living standards–there's a psychological ravine
2 psychological ravine 可以說是心理正常與心理不正常的大落差嗎
It freaks me out to see people being so violent.
3 可還原..to see the fact that people are so violent ?(看到人不會freak out, 是看到人所表現出來的行為才會freak out)
The growing number of people seeking refuge in Thailand is beginning to concern Western aid agencies...
4 The growing...refuge=That the growing number of people seek refuge
Buck swung to the right, ending the movement in a plunge that took up the slack and with a sudden jerk arrested his one hundred and fifty pounds
5 a plunge that arrested his one hundred and fifty pounds :這個畫面應該是有人拉住繩子或者繩子固定於某一處，才有辦法拉住他150磅的身軀 ?
6 the movement 是Buck swung to the right ?
Are we disposed to be of the number of those who don't see the seeing which so nearly concern their temporal salvation ?
7 Are we disposed to be of the number ...為何要有of ?是因為we不等於the number of those (the number of 是數字) ?
8 Are we disposed to be of the number of those 中of的前後有省略哪些字嗎 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除如果把醫務人員比方為戰場上的士兵，那麼他們冒險犧牲、資源匱乏就是應該的。這裏說不要那樣去比方，醫務人員就是醫務人員，不該要求他們冒險犧牲，而且要供應給他們充裕的資源。
2
就是「心態大不相同」
3
是
4
The growing number of people (who are) seeking refuge...
5
繩子另一端繫在載重的雪橇上：這裏是在打賭Buck能否拉得動雪橇
6
是
7
是。相當於among the number
8
只有of those (people)
老師您好
回覆刪除1 這是字典的例句: Cassette recorders cannot rival the sound quality of CDs...雖然意思清楚，但是 the sound quality of cassette recorders cannot rival that of CDs 應該會比較好 ?
2 這也是字典的例句:The regeneration of the city's downtown dock front will put it on a par with Nice or Cannes. 但事實上NIce 及Cannes沒有regeneration , 只有dock front有regeneration, 所以也不可能改為The regeneration of the city's downtown dock front will put it on a par with that of Nice or Cannes. 如果要修改，不知如何改 ?
Lesley had agreed to Jim going skiing in alternate years.
3原句改成Lesley had agreed with Jim on going skiing in alternate years會不會比較好 ?
I kept having flashbacks of her lying there bleeding
4 flashbacks...可還原: flashbacks that she was lying there while bleeding ?
raw vulnerability
5 raw= not protected : susceptible to hurt ?
I've been on an emotional roller-coaster since I've been here...
6 原句since與完成式相配合，不知如何解釋? (改成since I was here就比較不 會那麼奇怪)
謝謝老師
1
刪除會比較清楚
2
改為The regeneration of its downtown dock front will put the city on a par with Nice or Cannes.
3
這裏要用agree to來表示「答應」，agree with的意思不一樣
4
可以
5
是
6
用was比較清楚
老師您好
回覆刪除Yet Malcolm largely ignored the opposite scenario, in which a journalist, or the media at large, becomes the pawns of a subject--or lawyer--intent on winning in the so-called court of public opinion. Netflix's trial by media--whose executive producers include George Clooney, Court TV founder Steven Brill and Malcolm's New Yorker colleague Jeffrey Toobin--seems more concerned about the latter form of manipulation. I say "seems" because at no point in the elegantly structured, deeply researched docuseries does the creators' point of view come into focus
1 I say "seems"…意思是說: executive producers在紀錄片上所表達的觀點不清楚，無法信服觀眾，所以這篇review的作者才"推論"說: 這些executive producers是想要 winning in the so-called court of public opinion(雖然在紀錄片上所表達的觀點不清楚) ?
What's missing is synthesis. Each episode tracks how attorneys, activists and other interested parties interact with the media. Sometimes it's illuminating; Apprentice alum Blagojevich rides a tabloid roller coaster to a presidential commutation catalyzed by his wife's appearance on Fox News. More often, cause and effect remains fuzzy. The series neither creates a timeline nor makes an overarching argument. We're left wondering: When journalists are in thrall to murderers, what is to be done?
2 what is to be done?的意思是:當journalists太過專注，太過受murderers的影響的話，journalists就沒有辦法把其他的事做好 /沒有辦法完成其他的事?
3 what is to be done有未來的意味在(to be done) ?
The growing number of people seeking refuge in Thailand is beginning to concern Western aid agencies..
4 The growing number of people seeking refuge 可還原The growing number of people (who are) seeking refuge...。那我的問題是 : The growing...refuge=That the growing number of people seek refuge，也就是這一件事(That the growing number of people seek refuge)會讓人擔心，感覺也說得過去 ?
謝謝老師
Netflix's trial by media--whose executive producers --seems more concerned about the latter form of manipulation. I say "seems" because at no point in the elegantly structured, deeply researched docuseries does the creators' point of view come into focus
刪除1
「媒體公審Netflix，這次公審似乎比較在意的是要操作輿論。之所以說『似乎』，是因為紀錄片從頭到尾都沒有明確交代幾位製作人的觀點。」
2
「記者遭到殺人凶手控制，這種情況該怎麼辦才好？」
3
是
4
也通
老師「2023年3月25日 晚上11:49」回復說，How long did the discussion(S) last(V)?句型是SV，how long是時間副詞改寫為疑問副詞，修飾動詞did last。
回覆刪除請問：
1.
形容詞可以修飾副詞嗎？能舉出幾個「形容詞修飾副詞的片語」嗎？
2.
（1）疑問副詞how long，拆解分析起來，是形容詞long修飾副詞how嗎？
（2）how long是不是一種副詞片語？我認為，如果是形容詞long修飾副詞how，那麼，修飾語的形容詞long是次要的，主要的還是副詞how，構造的片語how long就是一種副詞片語。
1
刪除形容詞只能修飾名詞，不能修飾副詞
2
It lasted so long.
其中long是時間副詞，修飾動詞lasted。so是程度副詞，修飾時間副詞long。改為疑問副詞how來修飾long，移到句首製造疑問句：How long did it last?
老师请问这句话怎么分析：“But he grew increasingly frustrated by the restraints on research and development in companies due to their unrelenting pursuit of profits. In 2012, Ruan quit his job to focus on developing open source software. ”
回覆刪除1
刪除He(S) grew(V) frustrated(C) by the restraints on R&D in companies ... 後面的due to their pursuit of profits修飾the restraints
2
第2句可還原為副詞子句如下：
Ruan(S) quit(V) his job(O) so that he could focus on developing...
老師
回覆刪除Hagrid, with his long,wild,tangled black hair and beard,looked slightly alarming-a misleading impression, for Harry, Ron, and Hermione knew Hagrid to possess a very kind nature.—《哈利波特》
小說原句為什麼句末要用to possess, 換成別的非限定動詞行不行的通？
也可以用They knew Hagrid as having a kind nature.。用to possess可以還原為名詞子句：They knew that Hagrid must possess a kind nature.
刪除請問老師
回覆刪除1. That chair which you are sitting on is an antique.
2. My favorite movies are those in which all ends well.
同樣是介系詞片語，為何第二句的 in which 就不可拆，判斷的準則是甚麼？謝謝。
句若若要拆為which all ends well in也不算錯。沒有一定標準，只能憑感覺吧！
刪除老師您好
回覆刪除The interior is planned with a precision the military would be proud of.
1 precision為不可數名詞，在其前面加a，不知a的意思是 ?
2 I just couldn't take the aggravation.意思是不會生氣 ?
The author's perspective as a father, witnessing his kids immerse themselves in a foreign culture, keeps the memoir from being bogged down in the history and often aggravating precision of preparing French food.
3 (keeps the memoir from)aggravating precision of preparing French food的意思是?
His admiration of Lyon, however, doesn't mean he fits in. Jessica, a wine writer, speaks French easily, but he does not--and their outsider status sets up a tension that simmers throughout the memoir. His mission was to feel confident in a French kitchen. Through studying at a culinary institute and working at a Michelin-starred restaurant, he acquires the technical skills he needs. But to belong, he realizes, will require a different kind of education
4 to belong煩請老師還原 ?
5 to belong改成belonging 不知語意有何差別 ?
6 學煮菜，可以到學校等其他地方學習。那要fit in 的話，需要 a different kind of education。 a different kind of education是指社會大學的歷練以增進人際關係之類的，久而久之，就會fit in /belong ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除暗示a kind of, a degree of
2
aggravation在此的意思是irritation, provocation：「無法忍受對方的挑釁、激怒」
3
其一是法國烹餁史、其二是法國烹餁對精準的要求往往令人無法忍受。這本書充斥這兩項主題，本來是很無聊的，還好有「父親觀點」加以人性化的調劑
4
That he can belong
5
to belong表示目前尚未belong
6
是
老師您好
回覆刪除Tap each one firmly on your work surface to settle the mixture.
1 tap=hit something gently, 而firmly=strongly /forcefully 感覺gently跟strongly /forcefully 的意思是互斥的，不知tap firmly該如何解釋 ?
Their faces were nose to nose, scowling at each other
2 Their faces were nose to nose的意思是?
Buck threw himself forward, tightening the traces with a jarring lunge. ... His great chest was low to the ground, his head forward and down, while his feet were flying like mad, the claws scarring the hard-packed snow in parallel grooves
3 tightening the traces...=while he tightened the traces... ?
4 the claws scarring...=可還原 as the claws were scarring...。那麼 as=while ?
Although their stories couldn't begin more differently, the author weaves in connective threads to comment on the timelessness of male power.
5 their stories couldn't begin more differently意思是:他們故事的開端很不同 ?
6 His music is purer poetry than a poem in words.的意思是
If their forces were not involved, then who is to blame?...
7 事實上 their forces沒有參與，用非事實可以理解。但 who is to blame(事實上除了 their forces外，沒有其他人可以blame)為何不用who were to blame(非事實) ?
Hospitality at the Presidential guest house was graciously declined.
8 是指服務的品質慢慢下降 ?
Attorneys are ethically and legally bound to absolute confidentiality.
9 bound to= bound by ?
Lesley had agreed to Jim going skiing in alternate years.
10 比較正確的寫法是不是: Lesley had agreed to go skiing with Jim in alternate years ?
11 原句如果要還原: Lesley had agreed to a plan that Lesley and Jim would go skiing in alternate years ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除就是用比較重的手法去tap
2
兩人正面相對，鼻子幾乎要碰到一起
3
是
4
是
5
是
6
用音樂譜的詩，比用文字寫的還更加有詩意
7
If their forces were not involved在此是事實語氣：「當初他們有可能並未參與。假如屬實…」，那是把有可能的情況當真，採用過去簡單式當作事實來陳述
8
請對方到總統招待所去住，但對方婉拒
9
bound to something是有義務要做某事，bound by something則是受到某事的約束
10, 11
應還原為Lesley had agreed to the arrangement that Jim went skiing in alternate years.，亦即Lesley同意Jim隔一年去一次（與Lesley無關）
老師好，旋元佑文法一書裡講到準關係代名詞，有這麼一句話：The theory raised more questions than the questions that it answered. 這句經還原的句子是不是有問題？因為照一樣的結構，我寫成I have more books than his.，似乎就不是正確的省略方式。還請老師解說，感恩。
回覆刪除I have more books than his不對。同樣的構造應該是I have more books than the books that he has，亦即I have more books than he (has).
刪除老師好，上次我問了這一句：The theory raised more questions than the questions that it answered. 我對句型仍有問題，所以再問一次。
回覆刪除than是從屬連接詞，應該引導子句，但上面這句的than後面接的卻是名詞片語，請問這是什麼樣的用法？感謝。
前面那是採用準關代的方式來還原。若直接還原為比較級的複句結構，那是從這兩句出發的：
刪除1. The theory raised many questions.
2. It answered many questions.
第2句中重複的questions先省掉，成為：
It answered many.
再和第1句用more...than連起來，成為複句：
The theory raised more questions than it answered many.
最後把重複的比較點many省掉即是。
老師您好
回覆刪除1 established works是指終身制的員工嗎(不會被解雇) ?
She began to wonder whether she wouldn't go mad with the tedium of the job.
She began to wonder whether she would go mad with the tedium of the job.
2這兩個句子在whether後面都省略whether (or not ) , 所以這兩個句子的意思是完全一樣的:她想要知道對於這無趣的工作她是否會不會捉狂?
We do not need to simplify
3 =We do not have to simplify , 暗示:即使要simplify 也沒關係 ?
More than 30 million people have filed for unemployment--more than three times as many as lost their jobs during the Great Recession.
4 as many as lost their jobs可還原as many as (those who) lost their jobs ?
vague suspicion / vague hope
5 vague與strong是反義字 ?
The interior is planned with a precision the military would be proud of
6 a precision=a kind of precision=a degree of precision, 意思是某種程度上的精確 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除如果是established workers，意思是比較穩定的員工，是否終身制則不得而知
2
是
3
need to「有需要」，have to「有必要」，語氣還是有少許差別
4
可以
5
是
6
是
4
老師您好
回覆刪除The author's perspective as a father, witnessing his kids immerse themselves in a foreign culture, keeps the memoir from being bogged down in the history and often aggravating precision of preparing French food.
1 often aggravating precision...=(in the)often aggravating precision... ?
If a conflict or a quarrel simmers, it does not actually happen for a period of time, but eventually builds up to the point where it does.
2 but eventually...為何不是 but will eventually build up to the point where it will (happen) ?
In those days they felt that children belonged in the nursery and out of sight.
3 out of sight有excellent的意思，可是我還是不了解原句中的 out of sight.要如何解釋 ?
...but the king suggested that it would be more prudent to use convicts as test passengers, with the convicts pardoned if they survived the ordeal
4 with the convicts pardoned...可以還原為while the convicts would be pardoned ...。我在想若還原為: with the caveat that the convicts would be pardoned... 不知可以嗎?
Her attitude encouraged neither trust or friendship, and she quickly became an outsider wandering the corridors like a stray cat
5 wandering 可還原為while she was wandering, 那不知是否也可以還原為while she wandered ?
6 while she was wandering 跟while she wandered，感覺意思應該是完全一樣 ?
With the renewed concerned over technology leaking out, the security services have stepped up monitoring of former weapon scientists
7 technology leaking out可還原that technology is leaking out, 那是不是也可以還原為that technology leaks out ?
8 have stepped up 後面接名詞，原句monitoring of ...是不是改為the monitoring of ...會不會比較好 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除是
2
這裏採用現在式敘述事實（解釋名詞）
3
在此不表示excellence，而是「眼不見、心不煩」。小孩丟到nursery去就好，眼不見為淨
4
caveat換為provision
5, 6
還原為關係子句比較好：who wandered (or was wandering) the corridors...，意思相同
7
可以
8
加上the也行
老师这个句子我感觉好复杂：“However, it is acutely aware of the potential for domestic pushback against the influx of Chinese money and how it could widen Singapore’s income gap, already a political pressure point given the rising cost of living and soaring rents.”我该怎样分析？
回覆刪除主要子句：
刪除It(S) is(V) already aware(C) of the potential for domestic pushback.
後面的against A and B是介系詞片語，修飾前面的名詞domestic pushback。其中A是名詞片語the influx of Chinese money，B是名詞子句how it could widen Singapore's income gap。後面的already a political pressure point是上文Singapore's income gap的同位格。given the rising cost of living and soaring rents直接當介系詞片語看：given是介系詞。
老師您好
回覆刪除His mission was to feel confident in a French kitchen. Through studying at a culinary institute and working at a Michelin-starred restaurant, he acquires the technical skills he needs. But to belong, he realizes, will require a different kind of education
1 to belong=that he can belong, (有個規則是不確定語氣，含有語氣助動詞，簡化時就會變成不定詞片語 。所以to belong 應該是適用這個規則) ?
2 established workers，意思是比較穩定的員工. 表示: 一家公司的員工大多是established workers，則員工的流動率會比較低 ?
I read it while you were drying your hair
3 while you were drying your hair跟 while you dried your hair ，就語意上來講，是不是完全相同(因為有while的緣故) ?
4 While比較常看到While S V 或者是while S be Ving。有while S 加上完成式的用法嗎 ?
Hardy as a young man played the fiddle at local dances.
5 Hardy as a young man的意思是 ?是有省略什麼字嗎?
Lie on your back, clasp your knees and pull them down towards your chest.
6 pull them down 中的down 是往下的意思嗎，(如果是往下，怎麼會往下而朝向胸部，因為胸部在上面的位置) ?
Your kids might even be compelled to make their own podcasts for the show: a fun and productive parent-child activity while schools and camps are closed
７to make their own podcasts for the show與a fun...是同位格的關係 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除正確
2
沒錯。如果是新進員工就比較不是established
3
意思一樣
4
如果while解釋為「當…時」，比較少搭配完成式。如果解釋為「雖然…」，可以搭完成式
5
Hardy是人名，as a young man意思是while he was a young man，就是說此人年輕時曾經做過什麼事
6
上文說是仰臥，再把腿抬起來，所以是往下拉沒錯
7
是
老師您好
回覆刪除With the renewed concerned over technology leaking out, the security services have stepped up monitoring of former weapon scientists
1 technology leaking out可以還原為 that technology is leaking out，用現在進行式表示現在正在發生的事，可以跟have stepped up現在完成式配合使用的原因是因為現在完成式的截止點是"現在"，而”現在”包含現在進行式、現在完成式及簡單現在式，所以現在進行式可跟現在完成式配合使用 ?
Some murderers are executed by mistake in the sense that they might have a good legal defense to being sentenced to death, such as having been prevented from offering evidence in mitigation of their crime, such as evidence of having grown up in terrible circumstances that made it difficult for them to resist the temptations of a life of crime.
2 in the sense that=because ?
3 a good legal defense 的例子就是such as having been...of their crime ?
4 ...offering evidence的evidence的例子就是such as evidence of ... ?
His long legs bent up in the confined space.
5 bent 是指腿彎曲。bent up 是指腿彎曲並朝上，不過加up很多餘，因為彎曲就有朝上的意思了 ?
If you'd just put your mind to it, I'm sure you could do it.
６you'd just put 是過去非事實，而you could do是現在非事實 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除沒錯
2
接近但不完全相同。in the sense that「意思是說」
3
是
4
是
5
也可以bent sideways
6
不是。'd是would的縮寫，語氣助動詞一般用法：願意，屬於不確定語氣。could也是一樣：「如果你願意，你一定能夠辦到」，這整個敘述是有可能成真的。
老師好
回覆刪除某文法書將Bill went out of the room, singing a song (比爾一面唱著，一面走出房間).=and he sang a song 修正為: Bill was walking down the stairs singing a popular song. 我的問題是為何修正版本後半部的對等子句的減化當中的逗點不見了?
這個逗點不是應該保留嗎?
對等子句只能省略，例如：
刪除Bill went out of the room(,) and (he) sang a song.
右邊的對等子句可以省略重複的主詞he，兩個子句中間的逗點可有可無。
只有從屬子句才能減化，例如：
Bill went out of the room while he was singing a song.
其中從屬的副詞子句while he was singing a song可以減化為分詞構句singing a song，而分詞構句需要用逗點和主要子句隔開。
It would be wonderful to have studied under that master in high school.
回覆刪除請問主要子句用的是不是現在時間的假設語氣？這種情況會用到一般用法的語氣助動詞，但本句顯然跟意願無關，到底would在此該作何解釋呢？謝謝。
是。請比較：
刪除It is wonderful to have studied ...
意思是高中時候真正跟過那位名師，現在覺得真的很幸運。
It would be wonderful to have studied ...
意思是假如高中時有跟過那位名師，那會是多麼棒的事（事實上沒有）。所以這個would表示的就是現在時間假設法非事實語氣。
老師您好
回覆刪除something is small enough to put in your mouth whole
1 to put in your mouth whole及 to put in your whole mouth 在語意上有何不同?
Dominick and Thomas Birdsey are as different as identical twins can be. Born on opposite sides of midnight on New Year's Eve 1950, they began life at the end of one decade and the beginning of the next-- with separate birthdays...
2 Dominick and Thomas Birdsey are as different as identical twins can be.是說雖然是雙胞胎，但個性等特質卻不同 ?
3 Born on opposite sides of midnight on New Year's Eve 1950意思是一個在1949年12月31日出生，一個在1950年1月1日生 ?
...an adopted boy whose cause is taken up by a crusading lawyer.
4 意思是:律師會幫男孩調查他的身世之類的 ?
5 在2020年5月18日的TIME封面，有一句: More Americans are unemployed than at any time since the Depression. 在這一句話下方寫著:THE GREAT RECKONING 。RECKONING應是指the amount of Americans unemployed ?
A missile fired from a navy frigate hit a support vessel that had been putting out targets for a training exercise.
6 had been putting out targets 是放置目標物 ?
7 extensive supplies of arms.的 extensive指的是large in amount還是complete/full ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除不同：to put in your mouth (while it is) whole「整個入嘴」。to put in your whole mouth「入整張嘴」
2
「以雙胞胎而言是最不相同的」
3
對。零時前後
4
是。也可能是關於這個男孩的別的事情
5
包括在內，不過「大清算」涵蓋的範圍更廣
6
對。這艘船放出靶子供試射，結果自己遭到誤射
7
都有可能
老師您好
回覆刪除Scuffles broke out in Hong Kong's legislature as pro-Beijing and pro-democracy lawmakers fought to physically take control of the chair of an important committee that has been left vacant in a monthslong standoff
1 to physically take control of the chair of an important committee 有physically這個字，所以the chair的意思是指椅子 ?
2 The kids are supposed to be in bed by now.應該有兩種情況: (1)經過小孩房間的門外，房間很安靜，覺得他們在睡了 (2) 經過小孩房間的門外，房間很吵。在這個時間，他們理當要睡覺才對。不知以上觀念是否確 ?
Although you'd think business would have boomed during the war, there was only a small spike in interest.
3 you'd think的would 是猜現在?
4 would have boomed 過去非事實 ?
I would have hoped a magazine like yours would take a positive angle
5 事實上沒有期望a magazine like yours would take a positive angle這件事?而would take是猜現在?不知以上觀念是否正確 ?
I would suggest that you were not adequately prepared for the interview.
6 would可表示猜現在或猜過去，視上下文而定 ?
congenital: existing as such as birth
7 as such的意思是 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除有這個意思。但解釋為「主席職位」也說得通，因為只要打架就可以說是physical
2
正確
3
would have boomed用完成式是猜過去（截至現在為止）
4
是猜測用法（猜過去）
5
看到雜誌報導並不客觀，然後說would have hoped，意思是「原本會很期望」，那是過去非事實，因為事實上並不能期望。而在hope後面用would take，那是不確定語氣（期望會，但在期望當時並不知道一定會）
6
would看起來是一般用法，表示「會如何」，過去與現在時間都可以這樣說
7
相當於as such a thing，意思就是as it is
6
老師您好
回覆刪除Dominick and Thomas Birdsey are as different as identical twins can be
1 如果拆解的話:(1)Dominick and Thomas Birdsey are different (2)identical twins can be different 。如何讓(1)與(2)連結，使其意思成為
雙胞胎而言是最不相同的?
Scuffles broke out in Hong Kong's legislature as pro-Beijing and pro-democracy lawmakers fought to physically take control of the chair of an important committee that has been left vacant in a monthslong standoff
2 老師您說the chair解釋為「主席職位」也說得通。如果原句改為fought physically to take control ..., 那麼the chair解釋為「主席職位」我可以了解。但原句to physically take control of the chair 我感受不到有主席職位的意思。煩請老師解答
I would have hoped a magazine like yours would take a positive angle
3 原句的正常版是I hoped a magazine like yours would take a positive angle，hoped是簡單過去式，而would take是過去之未來。而過去非事實就改成would have hoped，而原句的would take仍然是過去之未來。不知以上觀念是否正確?
Although you'd think business would have boomed during the war, there was only a small spike in interest.
4 you'd think意思是:你會認為(would一般用法，時間為現在)?
Their work is more cosily hermetic than ever.
5 hermetic是負面的字，那cosily hermetic的意思是?與cosily連用能降低hermetic這個字負面的程度嗎 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除A and B are so different.
Twins can be so different.
A and B are as different as twins can be.
雙胞胎能夠有多different，他們就有多different。
2
主要的意思是「椅子」，但「真正動手打鬥來爭奪職位」也通
3
是
4
是
5
表示有涉及這件工作的人互相很cozy，不的外洩漏
老師您好
回覆刪除In the 1940s, teenagers were just adults in waiting, busy with responsibilities like going to war
1 adults in waiting是未成年?
2 busy with=adults who were busy with.. ? (感覺 teenagers不太可能去打戰)
I think there is a limit to how much of this nonsense people are going to put up with.
3 how much of this nonsense跟 how much this nonsense is在語意上有何不同 ?
4 how much of this nonsense為何要加上of ?
As COVID-19 might be, polio is a seasonal disease
5 might be之後省略了seasonal ?
Now, as in 1916, the push for a vaccine is thus a cyclical one--a race against a viral time bomb set to go off by the calendar
6 a cyclical one與a race against ...的關係是同位格 ?
7 a cyclical one=a cyclical push ?
謝謝老師
1，2
刪除暗示沒有享受真正的青春，只是等著去打仗
3，4
how much this nonsense不是正確的名詞片語，只能說how much nonsense或how much of this nonsense（how much是個名詞片語，this nonsense是另一個名詞片語，中間需要一個介系詞）
5
省掉a seasonal disease
6
是
7
是