Mr. Cameron is a filmmaker whose ambitions transcend a single movie or mere stories to embrace cinema as an art, as a social experience, and as a shamanistic ritual.
請問我應該把後面的as拿掉變成
Mr. Cameron is a filmmaker whose ambitions transcend a single movie or mere stories to embrace cinema as an art, a social experience, and a shamanistic ritual.
1 如果是這個句子：If it rains tomorrow, I will stay home.，主要子句中的動詞will stay是限定動詞。如果是這個句子：If you will talk to your father again, we may still have a chance.，副詞子句（if子句）中的動詞will talk也是限定動詞。 2 這個問題我倒是沒有想過。看起來「動詞原形」預設是動詞，也就是限定動詞。「原形動詞」則有兩種用法： Come in!裏面的原形動詞come是限定動詞。 I'll make him pay for this.裏面的原形動詞pay是非限定動詞（形容詞補語）。
He told me to go. 對於老師在2020年11月27日 下午9:51的回答依舊困惑。 老師說，這是個簡單句，句型就是SVOC。受詞me與受詞補語to go之間加上be動詞，可以解釋得通，所以定位為受詞補語。
可是「基本句型」章節也說過，補語的詞類有五種：名詞、形容詞、時間副詞、地方副詞、介副詞。 這裡的to go肯定不是名詞、時間副詞、地方副詞、介副詞，那麼就剩下「形容詞」這個考慮了，可是簡單句裡面的形容詞補語有兩個形式：形容詞本身、介繫詞片語當形容詞，這裡的to go並不符合這兩種形式，況且，不定詞片語to go可以還原為含有語氣助動詞的句子：I should go.，如果一以貫之用減化子句的思路來還原He told me to go.這個句子，是否可以： 還原為SVO句型：He told that I should go. 還原為SVOO句型：He told me the thing. = He told me that I should go. 哪個對？
謝謝老師，我明白了。 He told me to go.= He told me that I was (able) to go. to go和(able) to go都是補語。 如果進一步還原為：He told me that I should go. 名詞子句that I should go裡面的should go才是動詞V。
老師您好 For example, one day in 1831, Michael Faraday was playing around with a coil and a magnet when he suddenly saw how he could generate an electrical current. At first, it wasn’t clear what use this would have, but it actually made electricity available for use in technology, and so changed the world. 1.第二句後面的and so其後馬上接動詞changed，主詞應該是it (指運用coil及magnet的科學結果) ，為何主詞可省略呢? 2. 此句是否也可寫成…, and it changed the world. 或 …, and changed the world嗎? 放上so是否要強化與前面對等子句的連結，亦即說明前面是一種累積原因。 3. 延續第二個問題，此句是否也可寫成…, so it changed the world. 4. 與此句無關的問題，就是關於具語氣轉折的副詞如however, moreover, as a result...等，為何then的用法與其它副詞不同，就是將兩句結合時，其前面與其它副詞一樣，要加上分號 ，但其後卻不加上逗點? 如: We drove all day; then at sundown we began to look for a place to camp.
The Times not only found its own way, it slashed a shaft of light through the murk of social media–those immersive platforms that have gummed up the machinery of democracy by reducing citizens to followers and news to content.
1 reducing news to content. 背後的意思是 ?
In the era of the 1 %, of hyper partisanship, of identity politics and divisivenss of hyper partisanship, a reverse-engineered draft could be prove a powerful tool to counteract these corrosive forces.
2 of identity politics and divisivenss of hyper partisanship感覺是補充說明of hyper partisanship，那1 %該如何解釋 ?
One challenge of a “subscriber-led” approach is all too evident in the age of Trump: people take sides. The Times‘ marketing slogan–“The truth is worth it”–itself walks the line between fearless reporting and confrontation. On Twitter there were calls to cancel subscriptions in early August over a stenographic headline (Trump Urges Unity vs. Racism) that was changed for the next edition. “They are completely reader-focused now,” says Shafer. “And I think that’s why Dean Baquet went on his groveling tour to explain what was just a sh-tty headline.”
In many ways, the fevered attention signals the stakes–for the leader of a free press, in a fraught world. So for the Times, perhaps the trickiest part may be signing subscribers who do not fret about the Republic but are keen on movies, science, books–the world the Times has always offered. A parenting app is being weighed. Among the opportunities of the digital world is leaving behind baggage, including the long-held reputation as an “elite” read. “There’s a percentage of people who will listen to The Daily every day who don’t know it’s from the New York Times,” Sulzberger says.
3第二段 subscribers who do not fret about the Republic是指對於政治方面不在意、不關心的人 ?
Yet caregivers can’t just charge less. So confounding is the childcare economy that despite the sticker shock for parents, looking after children remains a very poorly paid job.
4 Yet caregivers can’t just charge less 如果從下文來看的話，應該是caregivers的工資低。可是 Yet caregivers can’t just charge less 我再怎麼看字面上的意思，好 像 不是caregivers的工資低。不知如何理解 ? 謝謝老師
There’s one major problem, however: most audiences won’t see Gemini Man in the way Lee intended. While the film is shot at a hyperrealistic 120 frames per second, most theaters in the U.S. are equipped to show it only at 60 frames, which is slightly blurrier and less detailed. And that’s to say nothing of the thousands of people who prefer to wait until the film comes out on streaming, who might watch it on a tablet or a phone.
Lee is aware he’s pulling the cart before the horse, but he sees no other way forward. He remains adamant that theatrical releases are a vital form of communal catharsis, even as filmmakers like Martin Scorsese and Steven Soderbergh have decamped for Netflix. “I think sitting in a temple shape with a ceremony will always be important,” he says. “ 1 pulling the cart before the horse在這的意思是:若要3D普及，應該要”先”解決(1)most theaters in the U.S. are equipped to show it only at 60 frames, which is slightly blurrier and less detailed. (2)And that’s to say nothing of the thousands of people who prefer to wait until the film comes out on streaming以上兩個問題。可是在未3D普及前，這兩個問題就存在，所以原文才說pulling the cart before the horse
When the 1980s arrived, America wanted to forget the recent past. But O'Brien k kept writing about it, societal amenia be damned. 2 societal amenia be damned前是否有少連接詞 ? be前是不是有省略什麼 ?
Celestial Bodies is strongest in its exploration of how the changes in Oman affect women: within one generation, they are exposed to ideas from abroad and start moving away from cloistered, rural life. But Alharthi, who began writing the novel while homesick in Edinburgh as she completed her Ph.D. in classical Arabic literature, pushes past stereotypical narratives of Muslim women defying patriarchy, instead illustrating the difficulties of balancing tradition and newfound freedoms. It’s a tale that perhaps could have been written only in a strange new place itself. 3 It’s a tale that perhaps could have been written only in a strange new place itself. 的意思是 ? If humanity is going to stand a chance of surviving every horror the current century has thrown at us, from authoritarianism to climate change, we’ll have to ramp up our efforts to stamp out hate. And to do that, we must understand how it works. If one group’s antipathy for another has its roots in systemic injustice, then no amount of individual kindness is going to solve that problem. Meditation, one of the hopeful ideas outlined in the finale, can’t heal the wounds of slavery or genocide. It’s never going to change the fact that some people have more reason to be angry than others. Why We Hate is a vital show. If only it had the courage to consider that the most effective form of conflict resolution might be justice. 4 Why We Hate is a vital show.中的is為何不是were?(非事實語氣) 而且If only it had…為何不寫成Why We Hate is a vital show if only it had the courage to consider that the most effective form of conflict resolution might be justice., (在原文中把If獨立成一個句子 ?) 謝謝老師
1 合理的順序是先蓋好3D電影院、以及解決串流影片問題，然後再動手拍3D電影。李安則是先拍電影。 2 和下面這句類似：Be it ever so humble, there is no place like home.句中的Be有Let it be的味道，也可以解讀為However humble it may be。這種句子不需要連接詞，是比較古老的句法。 3 這位女作家是在英國Edinburgh創作關於安曼家鄉的小說。故事內容描寫一個傳統國家進入現代化，那是一個strange new place。或許就該在異鄕Edinburgh這麼一個strange new place來寫作。 4 兩句分開，語氣並不相同。Why We Hate is a vital show這句是作者的評論（正面），採取事實語氣。If only...是作者的另一句評論（負面）：「只可惜它沒有足夠的勇氣…」，採取非事實語氣。
老師以前在講到transplant的時候給過這麼一個例句：Nothing short of a heart transplant can save the patient. 請問老師，這裡的Nothing short如何理解？nothing不是代名詞嗎？為何代名詞後面可以接形容詞short？
另外，我還看到劍橋字典有這樣的表達：be nothing short of...，這裡的代名詞nothing和形容詞short又怎麼解釋，為何能放在be動詞後面做補語？ https://dictionary.cambridge.org/zhs/詞典/英語-漢語-繁體/be-nothing-short-of?q=be+nothing+short+of...
short of something「不到…，不及…」有介系詞片語（of something）修飾short，構成一個形容詞片語，而片語形狀的形容詞本來就放在名詞（如nothing）後面。這裏的nothing是複合名詞：no thing「沒有任何事情」。nothing short of a heart transplant意思是「除了換心手術之外，沒有任何事情…」。句中的nothing當主詞。
The procedure is nothing short of a revolution.我覺得構造與解釋都不同。nothing是有否定功能的程度副詞，修飾short。整個片語nothing short of...意思是「不遜於、不亞於」，也就是almost「幾乎是」。句中的short當主詞補語。
Life is too short to waste a second.，還原為復句：Life is so short that we cannot waste a second.，這裡的a second做受詞。
有疑問的是下面這句：Life is too short to be wasted a second.，這個句子對嗎？我總覺得怪怪的，因為還原為復句（這個復句對嗎？）：Life is so short that it cannot be wasted a second.，這裡的副詞從句it是主詞，a second是什麼東西，是時間單位做副詞嗎？還是說，這根本就是一個語法錯誤的句子？ 之所以覺得怪怪的，是因為主動態是we cannot waste life.，被動態是Life cannot be wasted (by us) a second.，實在看不懂a second在被動態裡面的句子成分。
可以視為： Life is too short to be wasted (for) a second. 因為second是時間單位，可以直接當作時間副詞使用，取代介系詞片語for a second，修飾to be wasted。情況和下句相同： I walked (for) two hours. 句中的hours是時間單位，名詞片語two hours因而可以直接當作時間副詞使用，取代介系詞片語for two hours，修飾動詞walked。
老師您好 A small but significant number of boys are... significant 是large enough to be important or affect a situation to a noticeable degree 。但原句中的small 跟significant感很予盾，不知如何解釋 ?
我看到一位名人說過這樣的話，if you can make it here, you can make it everywhere.。 請問老師，這個副詞子句使用不確定語氣can make，是否違背「表示時間、條件的副詞子句要用現在式替代未來式（不確定語氣）」這一文法規則？這位名人說的這個句子是不是有文法錯誤？
問題2 如果問題1的結論成立（表示條件的副詞子句要用「直說語氣」代替「不確定語氣」），為何在表示條件的副詞子句裡面沒有把它當真，即把它當作直說語氣，採取if you make it here，而是if you 「can」 make it here？，如同老師所說，「can在句中的一般用法」，那不就說明這也是不確定語氣嗎，不管是一般用法還是猜測用法，實際上都沒有把它當真（直說語氣）？ if you can make it here, you can make it everywhere.能不能寫成：if you make it here, you can make it everywhere.？
語氣助動詞分為一般用法和猜測用法。在猜測用法中，要用現在式代替未來式。例如： It will (or may) rain tomorrow. If it rains tomorrow, I will stay home. 這是把「有可能發生」的事情當真，所以要採用事實語氣，也就是現在式。但是，一般用法的情況不同。
will若解釋為「願意」，屬於一般用法。它用在條件子句裏面就不會有衝突。例如： Maybe you will talk to your father again, and maybe you won't. 「或許你願意再跟你父親商量一下，也許你不願意。」 If you will talk to your father again, we may still have a chance. 「若你願意再跟你父親談一次，我們也許還有機會。」 句中的will talk解釋為「願意談」，這個will是一般用法，有兩種可能的情況：可能願意、也可能不願意。If you will「若你願意」、If you won't「若你不願意」，這種用法沒有衝突。這和猜測用法的If it rains tomorrow不同：明天可能下雨、也可能不下。If it rains「如果真的下雨」，是把可能發生的情況當真，也就是規則所謂的「現在式代替未來式」。
If you can make it here裏面的can相當於able to，表示「能力」，屬於一般用法。If you can「如果你能」、if you can't「如果你不能」，這兩種說法都是對的。
老師您好 Despite these painful hiccups, Sherman and his brethren wind up helping their handlers just as much, if not more, than they aid the animals. 1 than是跟前面more是一組的嗎?可是if not more是插入句，感覺又不是一組?
It was a mark of his unfamiliarity with Hollywood that he didn’t understand that an agent was paid out of his client’s share 2 It was的It是指he didn’t understand that an agent was paid out of his client’s share ? 3 an agent was paid out of his client’s share暗示client的費用要付給He及agent ? out of可否解讀為from ?
The Egyptians measured their day in twenty-four hours of unequal length 4意思是Egyptians的24小時跟其他人的24小時相比，Egyptians的24小時可能實際只有23小時或25小時之類的 ? 謝謝老師
1 是一起的： just as much (as they aid the animals) if not more than they aid the animals 然後省略重複的部分 2 是 3 好萊塢經紀人的客戶就是影星、編劇、導演等等，後者的酬勞往往主要來自於電影獲利的抽成，然後再從其中分一部分給經紀人。out of和from意思類似 4 意思是24個小時有長有短：有些是65分鐘、有些是55分鐘之類
老師您好 He felt unequal to the job and wished there were someone he could go to for advice there were改成there would have been 及 he could go 改成he could have gone 會比較好?感覺原句採用的是非正式用法 謝謝老師
老師您好 以下是來自CNN新聞網站一篇報導中的句子: While there were some dissenters concerned that the move could be perceived as an overreach and turn off Trump supporters in their districts, the view among most top Democrats -- including Pelosi -- is that Trump should be held accountable for his actions. 覺得 dissenters後面是否原來是: dissenters who were concerned about the fact that the move... 若是的話, 進行形容詞子句的簡化, 也應該變成While there were some dissenters concerned about that the move... 請教老師了!
老師您好 The Egyptians measured their day in twenty-four hours of unequal length 老師您的回答是:24個小時有長有短：有些是65分鐘、有些是55分鐘之類 1所以表示:The Egyptians也是用24小時制的。只是1小時可能有時是65分，有時是55分 ? 2如果1小時固定為65分或固定為55分，那上述的句子要如何改，才不會讓人誤以為構成1小時裡面的分鐘數是浮動的 ? 謝謝老師
老師您好 Your metabolism is the way that chemical processes in your body cause food to be used in an efficient way, for example to make new cells and to give you energy. 1 in an efficient way跟 to make new cells and to give you energy. 是同位格的關係? 也就是 to make new cells and to give you energy. 在解釋in an efficient way
The party has just lost office and with it a substantial number of seats. 2 with可以解釋為because of 嗎(如果是這樣，The party has just lost office 跟 a substantial number of seats就有因果關係) ?還是可以把with解釋為along with or together with (The party has just lost office 跟 a substantial number of seats沒有因果關係?
3 The party has just lost office and brought with it a substantial number of seats. 若此句子多了brought，是不是The party has just lost office 跟 a substantial number of seats就有因果關係 ? 謝謝老師
1 是 2 是together with。整句是對等子句省略，可還原為：The party has just lost office and with it (the party has lost) a substantial number of seats.這樣仍然有因果關係。 3 這樣改的意思不對。
老師您好 A tangle of wires is all that remains of the computer and phone system remains查了字典，其後面不該接of , 是否可以看作A tangle of wires is all that remains及A tangle of wires is of the computer and phone system ? 謝謝老師
老師您好 He is as a great student of human nature as a writer of dictionaries 1的意思是: He is as a great student of human nature and he is a great writer of dictionaries ? 2 student of human nature的意思是 ?
原句有錯，應該是He is as great a student of human nature as a writer of dictionaries. 可還原為下面兩句： He is a great student of human nature. He is a great writer of dictionaries. 兩句用as great as來做比較級，但是改寫之後不再能夠放在名詞片語a student裏面，而要移到外面，成為as great a student... as...
老師您好 He completed the rout with a low shot from the edge of the penalty area １ complete通常接novel, degree 等正面的字，但原句接the rout，是不是有諷刺的意思？ ２low shot的意思是? 謝謝老師
Of the computer and phone system a tangle of wires is all that remains 1 Of 在此可以解釋為about 關於的意思嗎
He is as great a student of human nature as a writer of dictionaries 2意思是:他把這兩個角色都作得很成功 ? ３(原句中所比較的是程度great，如果a student of human nature 做到98分，那麼a writer of dictionaries也是98分) ? There are as many different kinds of robots currently used in care settings as there are tasks for them to perform. 4如果有50種類型的 robots，那麼就有50種類型的tasks? 5 tasks前如果加different，會不會更清楚 ?
The people there are fighting, in a literal sense, for their home 6因為有 in a literal sense，所以 fighting在這是指身體上的扭打之類 ? (此句子的fighting for 不是figurative )?
7 A trade war is not a war in a literal sense我覺得 literal是不是改成 figurative比較合適，因為 war這個字的basic sense是用槍炮等暴力 ?
8 They had no mind in any real sense of that word的意思是? 謝謝老師
老師您好 Physical appearance is far from the only determinant of racial identity, but it’s certainly a factor, says Jessica DeCuir-Gunby, a professor at North Carolina State University who studies the topic but has not worked with Chelsea. Accepting a face from a donor with a much lighter skin tone could present a nuanced set of emotions, she says, since black identity exists across a spectrum of colors, hair textures and facial features. A drastic change in appearance can unmoor someone from his or her identity, potentially resulting in psychological trauma, she says. 1 black identity exists across a spectrum of colors, hair textures and facial features. 的意思是? (Black identity應該是spectrum中的某一部分， 為什麼是exists across a spectrum of…)
All of these factors have combined to shift doctors’ politics to the left. In 1994, 67% of political campaign contributions by doctors went to Republicans, according to research by Adam Bonica, Howard Rosenthal and David Rothman. By 2004, donations to Republicans dropped below 50%. And by 2018, the ratio had more than flipped: Democrats captured more than 80% of physician donations last year. 2 By 2004, donations to Republicans dropped below 50%.中的By 2004=in 2004? 3 by 2018, the ratio had more than flipped: Democrats captured more than 80%動詞是過去完成式，所以整句的意思是: 在2018年時，the ratio早就已經…? 4 more than flipped的意思是 ?
Of the computer and phone system a tangle of wires is all that remains 5Of 老師您說有out of的意思，那out of在這的意思是 ? 謝謝老師
1 「代表黑人身分的，有許多種不同（濃淡）的膚色、髮質、以及面部特徵。」 2 是until或before的意思 3 是 4 之前是67%捐給共和黨。若翻過來（flip），就是67%變成捐給民主黨。實際上已經高達80%，所以是more than flipped 5 all that remains of the computer and phone system「原來的電腦電話設備，就只剩下…」
老師好 以下是介紹陶倫斯創造思考測驗的一句話: The tests typically consist of “divergent thinking” tasks—the ability to generate a wide variety of solutions that are then scored on fluency, flexibility, originality, and how fully explained they are. 最後的they指的應是solutions, 如此的話, 最後的部分應是, and how they are fully explained 不知, and how fully explained they are的合理性在哪裡?
直述句 They are very fluently explained. 改為 They are so fluently explained. 其中程度副詞so修飾方法狀態的副詞fluently，再改為疑問句 How fluently explained are they? 再改為名詞子句 how fluently explained they are
老師您好 For founder Christine Lemke, one of Evidation's ongoing projects, to see if new technologies can effectively measure chronic pain, is personal: Lemke has a rare genetic disease that causes back pain. 1如果 to see if new technologies can effectively measure chronic pain前後的逗號去掉，是不是句子也夠清楚 ?
The Open Insulin Project falls into a black hole outside of FDA regulation, according to Peccoud, the Colorado State professor. For one thing, the project may skirt some regulations by being a nonprofit. Also, the FDA allows individuals to largely do whatever they want to themselves. “If you want to inject yourself with home-brew beer, there’s no law to stop that,” says Peccoud. 2The Open Insulin Project不受 FDA regulation的約束，但為何用 black hole來形容 ?
He was not able to walk without a cane and could only navigate steps backwards 3 navigate steps backwards的意思是 ?
老師您好 We started out by looking at ways in which big projects such as railways could be financed by the private sector … 1這個句子ways in which ...的意思是: ways by which big projects could be financed: the private sector and the public sector ? (原句是字典的例句，此句子應該還沒有完,the public sector是我自己加的)
Jojo isn’t so tough after all, and his mother Rosie (Scarlett Johansson, who’s the lustrous soul of the movie) knows it. His Nazi fixation cuts against everything she believes, though she doesn’t dare express that. When the two encounter a group of traitors who’ve been hanged in the town square–we don’t see their faces, but their legs dangle, a lifeless reproach, a few feet off the ground–Jojo asks what these people did to deserve such a fate. Her clipped answer: “What they could.”
Jojo Rabbit isn’t subtle, yet it’s still somehow delicate–more of a piece with Waititi’s earlier films, like the prickly-sweet 2016 coming-of-age comedy Hunt for the Wilderpeople, than with his booming 2017 Marvel hit, Thor: Ragnarok. Jojo Rabbit‘s ad campaign calls the movie “an antihate satire,” which perhaps doesn’t do it any favors. Being anti-hate is almost as vague as being pro-rainbow: Who doesn’t like rainbows?
But then, nearly every other news story these days addresses some problem that has sprung from hatred of “the other,” whoever that other might be. Evil can recycle itself, wearing a different disguise each time it appears. Jojo Rabbit is an entreaty to stay vigilant, and to live up to the ultimate epitaph: They did what they could.
4第二段 Jojo Rabbit‘s ad campaign calls the movie “an antihate satire,” which perhaps doesn’t do it any favors. Being anti-hate is almost as vague as being pro-rainbow: Who doesn’t like rainbows? which perhaps doesn’t do it any favors 的原因在於多此一舉，因為大家都知道這部電影是 an antihate satire ?
5最後一段They did what they could. 所要表達的意思是 ?
It’s easy to see why Aciman might be wary of the pressure that comes with a sequel. Though his novel was acclaimed upon its release, garnering him a Lambda Literary Award for Gay Fiction, the movie, directed by Italian filmmaker Luca Guadagnino, turned his story into a phenomenon. Ten years after the book’s initial release, it finally landed on the best-seller list, and Aciman’s publisher says 800,000 copies have now been sold in the U.S. and Canada. Such a definitive account was Guadagnino’s film that when Aciman thinks of Elio and Oliver, he sees actors Timothée Chalamet and Armie Hammer. 6 Such a definitive account was Guadagnino’s film that when Aciman thinks of Elio and Oliver, he sees actors Timothée Chalamet and Armie Hammer. Such a definitive account was Guadagnino’s film 的意思是 ? Such ...that 是一組的嗎(就像這個句子中 it is such a amazing sight that we'll never forget itSuch ...that 是一組的 )
Growing up, Aciman developed the worldly existence he would come to show through his characters, moving from Egypt to Italy to France to the U.S., all by the time he was 17. ７all by the time he was 17. 表示 在17歲前(包括17歲時） ？
Research suggets that 83% visit some kind of doctor in the year before their death 8如果某人在1970年2月3日去找醫師看診，那麼in the year before their death 表示某人有可能在１９７０年死亡 ?
In 1994, 67% of political campaign contributions by doctors went to Republicans, according to research by Adam Bonica, Howard Rosenthal and David Rothman. By 2004, donations to Republicans dropped below 50%. And by 2018, the ratio had more than flipped 9 by 有at 或before 的意思(If something happens by a particular time, it happens at or before that time. )，為什麼By 2004不 能解釋為in 2004 ?
1 不一樣。原句就只有提到the private sector，而且in ways比by ways通順。 2 their legs dangle, "as" a lifeless reproach。那是幾個被處絞刑的人，人已經死了，腿懸空，好像在做無聲的抗議。 3 說此人not subtle，表示他「無忌憚、無遮攔」。但他又是delicate，表示他「卻又含蓄、不是大鳴大放」。 4 因為antihate有點「廢話、多餘」。沒有人不是antihate。 5 呼應第1段結尾的What they could。看來第1段這些受刑人是反抗暴政者。最後一段an entreaty to stay vigilant, and to live up to the ultimate epitaph: They did what they could.「敦促大家要隨時保持警戒、要對得起那句終極的墓誌銘：他們盡其所能，不惜性命」 6 是一組的。「這部電影是小說最經典的詮釋。就連原作者想到書中男女主角時，腦海中浮現的也是電影的男女主角。」 7 是 8 在1969年2月4日到1970年2月3日之間 9 動詞dropped用的是過去簡單式，所以在此的by 2004意思和in 2004其實是一樣的。若用過去完成式had dropped就不一樣了。
We started out by looking at ways in which big projects such as railways could be financed by the private sector … 1 ways in which big projects such as railways could be financed by the private sector …表示私部門對大計畫提供資金的方法，(這些方法可能包括私部門變賣股票得到資金，並把資金投入在大計畫等方式)
The world which the book inhabits seems too self-consciously literary, too introverted 2意思是: 這本書太齩文嚼字，不容易讓人了解 ?
The place is as self-consciously trendy as they come 3 Come=exist ?
In 1994, 67% of political campaign contributions by doctors went to Republicans, according to research by Adam Bonica, Howard Rosenthal and David Rothman. By 2004, donations to Republicans dropped below 50%. And by 2018, the ratio had more than flipped 4 By 2004, donations to Republicans dropped below 50%.若dropped改為had dropped， By 2004=before 2004?
I place a high premium on what someone is like as a person 5 what someone is like as a person的意思是 ?
Money & Marriage is organized by Ramsey Solutions, a faith-based financial-advice group started in 1992 by the wildly popular Dave Ramsey, who looks upon debt as approvingly as NASA engineers look upon oxygen leaks. In the first half, psychologist Les Parrott offers couples’ bonding skills and exercises. In the second, Rachel Cruze, Ramsey’s middle child, shares financial advice. 6 Dave Ramsey, who looks upon debt as approvingly as NASA engineers look upon oxygen leaks.的意思是 ? 謝謝老師
Sometimes it’s hard to conceive of awe-inspiring historical figures like abolitionist hero Harriet Tubman as living, breathing people. But a single visual cue can make a difference: a recently discovered photograph shows a younger Tubman, a contemplative, vibrant-looking woman in a stylish dress. That’s the Tubman director Kasi Lemmons brings to life in her carefully observed biographical film Harriet: it’s as if Tubman walks among us, melting away the years between her life and ours.
Cynthia Erivo plays Tubman, whom we first meet as a slave–her birth name is Araminta Ross–on a farm in Bucktown, Md., circa 1849. She’s married to a free black man and yearns for freedom herself, at least partly to escape the sinister advances of her master’s son (an oily Joe Alwyn). Araminta pulls off a daring escape, even leaping from a bridge when she finds herself cornered by the dogs and men on horseback who are quite literally hunting her. She makes her way, at great risk, to Philadelphia, building a new life for herself with the help of a sophisticated businesswoman and adviser (played, with glittering vitality, by Janelle Monáe). But the woman who now calls herself Harriet Tubman can’t forget those she left behind. She returns again and again to Maryland’s Eastern Shore, often in disguise, to guide other slaves to freedom. The dangers increase with each trip.
Lemmons–who has directed some splendid pictures over the years, among them Eve’s Bayou and The Caveman’s Valentine–is fully alive to both the danger and beauty of the landscape of the American South–even the shape of a tree, craggy and twisted or lush with leaves, could be either a warning or a welcome. Erivo shines through it all, giving us a glimpse into the mind of a steadfast woman of purpose. Her Tubman is as bold and alive as the woman staring at us from that photograph. The directness of her gaze is the ultimate challenge 1 it’s as if Tubman walks among us, melting away the years between her life and ours.是說雖然Tubman是古人，但跟今人是沒有距離的; Tubman在那個時代所發生的事，對於今人來說，導演的手法會像觀眾(今人)認為是當代的事 ?
2 it’s as if Tubman walks的動詞用現在式適合嗎? 因為Tubman早就死亡了，不可能walks among us (即使前面用as if ) ?
3最後一段The directness of her gaze is the ultimate challenge是暗示Tubman對slavery這個制度的不屑 ? 謝謝老師
In reaching a conclusion, students have to do research across several subjects and be creative in the fullest sense. No doubt Torrance would have approved if he was still alive. 想請老師解惑的是第二句No doubt Torrance… Torrance提出了被引用最多的創造力測驗，其已過世。他若看到現在的學生能在學習上發揮創意思考，一定非常稱許approve。基此，第二句應是與現在事實相反的假設語句。其意為若陶倫斯現在仍在世的話，他一定會大力稱許學生發揮創造力的學習方式，如此則應寫成No doubt Torrance would approve if he were still alive. 原句的if條件句的動詞用was而非were，研判原因是採口語的寫法。至於主要子句，就不知為何採would have approved 此與過去事實相反或對過去狀況可能推論的寫法?
否定並非都要轉移，例如： I see you are not well.「看得出來你不舒服。」 不能改為I don't see you are well.
但是I think you are not right.聽起來有點不自然（句子並沒有錯），不如說I think you are wrong或I don't think you are right.。我覺得，其實是因為you are not right這種說法本身就不自然（不如直接說you are wrong）。
老師您好 The constituion did not definitively rule out divorce 1意思是: 對於rule out divorce這一件事還沒有最終的定案 ? 2若原句改成The constituion did not rule out divorce則表示對於divorce這個選項已完全排除 ?
As we travel south, the countryside begins to undulate as the rolling hills sweep down to the riverbanks ３sweep down to the riverbanks的意思是 ?
she sighed, her heart banging away agaist her ribs as she opened the door 4she所表達的情緒是很無奈(sighed)及激動(her heart banging away agaist her ribs) 嗎 ?
There was widespread picketing of mines where work was continuing. 5意思是礦場裡面的人還在工作，但礦場外面有人罷工 ?
Nationwide industrial action began earlier this week, when staff at banks walked out ６是指銀行業的人罷工，而工業的人在上工? 謝謝老師
1，2 did not definitely rule out divorce「並沒有明確禁止離婚」，暗示「有反對離婚，但並不硬性規定禁止」。若改為did not rule out divorce就是「並沒有禁止離婚」，暗示「可以離婚」 3 原先是連綿的山巒，然後高度逐漸下降、來到河邊（水平面是最低點） 4 是。很緊張，又不得不開門。 5 是。原本在礦場工作的礦工罷工，在外頭舉牌抗議（picketing）。但是有些工人沒有參與罷工、或者場主另外找來工人，所以礦區內仍然在繼續工作。 6 「本週，銀行人員開始罷工，全國性的工業行動也同時展開」。這裏的industrial，有可能指的是銀行業，也有可能是生產製造業，要看上下文而定
老師您好 His anxiety about the outcome melted, to return later but not yet. 1 =His anxiety about the outcome melted; his would( or will ) return later but not yet ? 原句的 to return表未來式，如果是過去之未來，則用 would; 如果是現在之未來，則用will ?
Money & Marriage is organized by Ramsey Solutions, a faith-based financial-advice group started in 1992 by the wildly popular Dave Ramsey, who looks upon debt as approvingly as NASA engineers look upon oxygen leaks. In the first half, psychologist Les Parrott offers couples’ bonding skills and exercises. In the second, Rachel Cruze, Ramsey’s middle child, shares financial advice. ２ Dave Ramsey, who looks upon debt as approvingly as NASA engineers look upon oxygen leaks.的意思是 not approvingly at all或是in great alarm , 可是從這個句子來看，看不到有否定的意味 ?
3 His arm swept around the room的意思是 ?
There was a risk of genuine refugees being returned to …. 4不了解 refugees being returned及 refugees returned 有何差別 ?
5 The possibility that the party imploded in opposition the party imploded in opposition的意思是 ? 而且in 在這的意思是?
老師，不好意思，這一段之前有向您請教by的用法，可是我很笨，還不了解，想再請教老師，謝謝 In 1994, 67% of political campaign contributions by doctors went to Republicans, according to research by Adam Bonica, Howard Rosenthal and David Rothman. By 2004, donations to Republicans dropped below 50%. And by 2018, the ratio had more than flipped
6 By 2004, donations to Republicans dropped below 50%.若dropped改為had dropped，那麼 By 2004就等於before 2004? 7And by 2018, the ratio had more than flipped中的by 2018就是before 2018 ?
After a brief and failed attempt to get back into power as a candidate for President in 2008, he returned to the money game. By 2018, he was making between $5 million and $10 million a year. 8 因為有a year的關係，表示某一動作是常態，那麼動詞應該用made才比較適合，為何原句用was making ? ９ By 2018=before 2018 ?
What Giuliani's quest for money and power has cost Trump 10如果原句改成What Giuliani's quest for has cost Trump 我還能理解，但是原句What Giuliani's quest for money and power中的money and power是不是多餘的，因為what就是money and power，所以money and power應該省略才是 ? 謝謝老師
老師好: Over recent years, a far more localized subculture has been developing in Mexico, where a style of music known as Tribal Guarachero has evolved, complete with its own remarkable fashions.
Joan had been in favour of a huge party, complete with flashing disco lights and a proper DJ. 從這兩句的語意看出complete with有連同的意思，但不知: 1. complete with…是副詞還是形容詞片語? 2. complete with 為何前面有個逗點?
老師您好 I tell my mother that Mary told me yesterday(3月7日) she would do …. 1原句如上，如果現在此刻是3月8日，would改成will, 原句變成Mary told me yesterday(3月7日) she will do ….(3月9日) 。不知這樣子是否可以 ?
2如果原句改完之後可以的話，那麼His anxiety about the outcome melted, to return later but not yet.= His anxiety about the outcome melted; his will return later but not yet (原本是his would, 現在改成his will不知是否可以
Money & Marriage is organized by Ramsey Solutions, a faith-based financial-advice group started in 1992 by the wildly popular Dave Ramsey, who looks upon debt as approvingly as NASA engineers look upon oxygen leaks. In the first half, psychologist Les Parrott offers couples’ bonding skills and exercises. In the second, Rachel Cruze, Ramsey’s middle child, shares financial advice. 4從上面的段落，可以看出是跟理財的技巧有關，絕對不是教人要負債之類的。但who looks upon debt as approvingly as NASA engineers look upon oxygen leaks. 中的approvingly為何不改成disapprovingly? (老師 不好意思 我還是一直卡在這個句子)
There was a risk of genuine refugees being returned to …. 5 being returned to應該不是who were being returned to ….的簡化(being的功能就如同老師調的，加上being，被動的意思比較明確)? 6老師您說 若無being，則returned可能只表示完成。完成的意思是，表returned這個動作之完成 ? 有完成式的意味嗎 ?
1 可以 2 可以 3 傳統文法稱will為未來式，新的文法稱will為語氣助動詞，分為一般用法（表示「意願」）與猜測用法（表示「可能」）。傳統文法的未來式will，相當於新文法語氣助動詞will的猜測用法 4 如果說「高雄市民look upon陳其邁as approvingly as they look upon蔡英文」，就是很支持陳其邁。但如果說「高雄市民look upon陳其邁as approvingly as they look upon韓國瑜」，就是說完全不支持陳其邁，恨不得把他罷免掉。這有點「反諷」的味道 5, 6 過去分詞有被動、完成兩種暗示。 return的用法可以是不及物動詞，表示「回到」，如： He returned to Taiwan.但也可以是及物動詞「遣返」，例如： The criminal was returned to Taiwan.。再來看： There was a risk of genuine refugees being returned to …. 句中用being returned就只能解釋為被動，還原為： There was a risk that genuine refugees are returned to ….。但如果沒有being，成為： There was a risk of genuine refugees returned to …. 句中的returned就不一定是被動（及物動詞「被遺返」），而有可能是完成（不及物動詞「回到了」），還原為 There was a risk of genuine refugees who have returned to ….
老師您好 At the time the Berlin Wall fell, he was already living a privileged life 1=At the time the Berlin Wall fell, he had been already living a privileged life ?
Hoffa, garrulous and avuncular and gruffly kind, also adores Peggy, and she loves him back, seeing him, with at least partial accuracy, as a champion of the little guy–not as the kind of man who, like Frank or Russell, might crush that guy under his boot. Paquin is wonderful here: she turns Peggy’s disgust and revulsion into a kind of bristly radiance. No wonder she’s one of the most powerful characters in the movie, albeit one with relatively few lines. Both Frank and Russell see how easily Hoffa’s charm works on her; how could they not resent it? What’s coming is a betrayal of Shakespearean proportions, and it’s a daughter’s love–or withholding of that love–that helps set off its destructive vibrations.
2What’s coming is a betrayal of Shakespearean proportions, and it’s a daughter’s love–or withholding of that love–that helps set off its destructive vibrations.的意思是 ?
It’s a wonderful story, rendered with the liveliness—and the budget—Pullman’s books deserve. Keen’s Lyra has tomboy charm for miles, and her frustration that everyone seems to know more than she does about who she is captures a feeling that, in more abstract form, is universal to her age. Yet the show’s world-building can be messy, as early episodes struggle to establish the conventions of this reality, and watching CGI animals talk plunged me straight into the uncanny valley. Coulter’s Art Deco apartment, a Harry Potter–ish Oxford and an arctic outpost straight out of the 19th-century Yukon don’t add up to a coherent aesthetic. His Dark Materials doesn’t transcend its genre—but if you love fantasy, it’ll cast a spell. ３ His Dark Materials doesn’t transcend its genre的意思是 ?
By half distance we held a comfortable two-lap lead 4如果跑一圈是400公尺，共有6圈。那麼領先的那一個人已跑了1200公尺（By half distance），比落後的那一個人多跑了800公尺（two-lap），就是原句的意思 ?
He read the scene, with Seaton cueing him ５原句的意思是 ?
The famine turned the normal modulation of climate into disaster 6如果此地原本就有food rationing, 並依據當年的情況(所得、人口結構)作調整，那麼今年發生famine ，所以今年food rationing的調節對整個區域沒幫助，反而造成更多人餓死(rations 原本就不夠，大家就用搶的偷的，讓整個區域更混亂)，就可以用上面的句子?
以下是電影關鍵少數當中三位主角之一Mary在戶外派對與其先生的對話 (附上英文及中文)，對” Less you want this female’s mind right here”本以為是不是要說unless而說成less，但再三查證腳本及影片，確定是使用less。對此結構我有兩種解析，請老師指正哪一個正確或是都不正確。 1. (省略The) less (省略thing) (省略that) you want (省略is) this female’s mind 應該要說成: The less thing that you want is this female’s mind. Less做形容詞用 2. You want this female’s mind less right here. Less作形容詞用，倒裝置於句首
MARY: You better settle down, Levi Jackson. Less you want this female’s mind right here, in front of everybody. 瑪莉: 你最好安靜點 (或你最好說清楚) 除非你要我當眾發脾氣 (或要我在大家面前攤開來說嗎)
LEVI JACKSON (Mary的先生): All I’m saying, don’t play a fool. I don’t want to see you get hurt. NASA’s never given you gals your due, having another degree won’t change that. Civil rights ain’t always civil. 瑪莉先生: 沒這意思，我只希望你別被騙 (我只想說，別被耍了) 不希望你受傷 (我不想看到你受傷) NASA從沒幫你們說句公道話 (NASA從沒幫你們爭取什麼?) 再多個學位也無法改變 公民權利需靠抗爭爭取 (公民權利有時只是說說而已)
老師您好 the lofty disdain he often expresses for his profession 1本句暗示: 他對於目前的工作不滿意，他可以有更好的工作 ?
It doesn’t help those arguing that the implied and temporary attempt at a quid quo pro necessitates impeachment that the aid was eventually released and disbursed on Sept. 11. 2 that the aid was eventually released and disbursed on Sept. 11.看起來跟前面的impeachment無關，(有一種天外飛來一筆感覺) ? 不知可何解釋 ?
An investigation into the origins of the probe into Russia’s 2016 election meddling, including any Ukrainian matters relating to it, is under way. It is being handled through appropriate channels and with built-in independence by a career prosecutor, John Durham, the U.S. Attorney in Connecticut, and presumably outside of political interference at Main Justice in Washington. If Durham finds actual evidence warranting investigation of the Bidens, that would be entirely appropriate, unless one is prepared to argue, speciously, that a presidential candidate enjoys absolute immunity from investigation during the course of a campaign. So things are finally in the right hands.
That is not to say that the “no harm, no foul” argument excuses the evident lack of judgment exhibited by the White House in attempting to spur action by a foreign government outside of proper channels to investigate a political rival. But it is another thing altogether to claim that such conduct is clearly and unmistakably impeachable. If recent polls are any guide, many fair-minded Americans seem prepared to accept that even if such conduct was wrong, it was not so seriously wrong as to warrant removal from office. 3 “no harm, no foul” argument 是什麼意思？（是指民主黨一直要彈劾川普，但來了一位公正的人士John Durham來主持公道?）
Journalists, as a species, generally despise being the subjects of the news. We sign up to see our names in the bylines, not the headlines. But events put the staff of the Capital Gazette in a new place. As journalists, they were a new addition to the expanding annals of American gun violence—uniquely positioned to register all its impacts, from the initial moments so horrifying they draw the attention of the entire world, through the far longer period when that attention has moved on, and they don’t get to. “There are people all around the country and all around the world who are just sitting with these massive amounts of PTSD, and we need to know how to get through it,” says Capital Gazette reporter Selene San Felice, 24, who hid under a desk to survive the rampage. “We’re having a national conversation about mental health and anxiety, but we’ve got to do something to talk about what happens after.”
4 from the initial moments so horrifying they draw… 中的they draw前面是不是省略了that (so… that ), 為何that 可以省略 ? 5 through the far longer period when that attention has moved on, and they don’t get to.的意思是指人們對capital這個報社的謀殺案不再關注了;而且its impact(第一段第五行)也已不再，因為槍擊案一再發生，人們都麻木了 ?
Capital journalists are attempting to embrace the good things. The world—particularly the Annapolis community—continues to show an outpouring of love. New opportunities, small solace that they are, have arisen from the tragedy. The Pulitzer Prize board awarded the Capital a $100,000 grant; the extra money enabled, for example, San Felice to take on in-depth, high-impact projects. The Capital has partnered with the nonprofit ProPublica, a leading investigative newsroom, to examine public housing in Annapolis.
“Putting out the paper has value besides what’s in the paper,” Hutzell says in a room in the Capital’s new space. “Every day you’re here is another day farther away from what happened. Every day you’re here is another day when you’re alive. And we have friends who are not. Every day here is another day we can honor their memories, and do the work we love.” 6 Putting out the paper has value besides what’s in the paper怎麼感覺跟底下的Every day…那一段話沒有什麼關聯?
1 是 2 that the aid was eventually released and disbursed on Sept. 11這個名詞子句就是原句假主詞it的內容。整句意思是：「這位助理到最後被解僱，這個發展對於持彈劾論者不利」 3 「沒有造成傷害，就不算犯規」。2020大選期間，川普施壓烏克蘭總統，要他調查政敵拜登，意圖使拜登不當選，因而造成民主黨提案彈劾川普。為川普辯解者主張no harm, no foul：既然拜登成功當選了，川普就算有過小動作，但沒有造成傷害，所以不需彈劾 4 是省掉that。因為that沒有內容，常常可以省略，但是once that, in case that, lest that等等，裏面的that都可以省 5 這裏的they指的是記者：世人早已淡忘、去關注別的事情（attention has moved on），但記者不能忘（they don't get to move on, or can't move on） 6 「繼續出刊，這樣做的價值不只在於報紙刊出什麼內容」，暗示「更大的價值在於我們屹立不倒、不屈服於暴力」。所以才會說「只要我們存在一天，就有一天的意義」
It lost an appeal last month at the U.K. Supreme Court following a yearslong court battle, in a decision that holds wider implications for the country's gig economy. 請問老師 1. in a decision 的 in 是什麼意思? 2. hold implications 的 hold 又該怎麼解釋呢? 謝謝老師。
老師您好 She manifestly failed to last the mile and a half of the race 1意思是:她沒跑完賽程最後的一哩半?
The chairman quipped that he would rather sell his airline than his computer systems 2其背後的意思是 ?
£2,500 for software is soon swallowed up in general costs 3意思是:軟體費用是包含在general costs這個大項目裡 ?
4 Consensus 有a general(general 是involves or affect MOST people) agreement about something 及an idea or opinion that is shared by All the people in a group的意思。但MOST people(有人反對) 及All the people(沒人反對) 是不一樣的，不知如何解釋 ?
Anyone who breaks the law does so at their peril. 5 does so有breaks the law的意思。原句為何不寫成Anyone breaks the law at their peril.? 這樣子不是比較不會那麼wordy ?
While examples of truly settled science being overturned are far fewer than is sometimes claimed, they do exist. But the beauty of this scientific process is that it explains what might otherwise appear paradoxical: that science produces both novelty and stability. 6 than is sometimes claimed有省略，麻請老師還原 ? 7 what might otherwise的might是現在非事實 ?
At the time the Berlin Wall fell, he was already living a privileged life 8 already是earlier than the time expected ? 9 he was already living及he already lived的語意是相同的 ?
Republicans sought to downplay the election outcome as the result of local factors. In a week’s time, they’ll have a chance to recapture another red-state governorship in Louisiana. But to Perez, the Democratic chairman, this election is a cheering portent. “This is a microcosm of America,” he tells TIME. “In Trump Country, they now see the president for what he is. And they’re coming back to the Democratic side.” 10hey now see the president for what he is 的意思是?
Though a helper smooths the bird’s feathers before the camera rolls, Big Bird himself is largely unruffled by the fuss. It’s not just that the fame isn’t new to him, though that’s certainly the case–he appeared on the cover of TIME in 1970, as the show marked its first birthday; led the 1985 movie Follow That Bird; has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame; and appeared with Bob Hope in the first U.S. television special ever filmed in China. though that’s certainly the case= though that the fame WAS new to him is certainly the case?
下面兩個例句，不知該如何解釋 1. grew up後接eating meat 2. to get from your house to school 後接wearing a blindfold的用法 是否分別是grew up後面省略from此介系詞，及to get from your house to school後面省略by此介系詞。若此說法成立，表示eating meat…及wearing a blindfold為動名詞片語，但為何可省略前面的介系詞呢? 或是我的解讀錯誤，而有另外正確的解讀? Almost all of us grew up eating meat, wearing leather, and going to circuses and zoos. Imagine trying to get from your house to school wearing a blindfold, or writing without using your hands.
老師您好 The Capital has emerged a symbol: of press freedom, of the vitality of community journalism, of the fight against gun violence. “People have interpreted us,” says Capital editor Rick Hutzell, “how they see fit.”
There is a pattern after mass shootings, which Pacella’s statehouse testimony fit in only too well: a moving plea for change from a mass-shooting survivor, followed by … no real change. The gun-regulation bill stalled. Meanwhile, shootings elsewhere made headlines: Virginia Beach; El Paso, Texas; Dayton, Ohio. None of it damped the resolve of the newsroom. The staff has promised itself that what happened to the Capital won’t be in vain. 1 of press freedom, of the vitality of community journalism, of the fight against gun violence這幾件事是不同的事，為何of the fight前不加and ?
2 emerge 後不接受詞，為何The Capital has emerged a symbol 可以接a symbol ?
3 which Pacella’s statehouse testimony fit in only too well可以還原為Pacella’s statehouse testimony fit in only too well with mass shootings. 所以原句的which前加with會比較好 ?
In The Great Pretender, journalist Susannah Cahalan turns her investigative skills to this famous experiment. Her interest in the trauma of being labeled insane is personal: at 24, she was hospitalized with symptoms including seizures, hallucinations and psychosis—an experience she recounted in her 2013 best seller, Brain on Fire. She was misdiagnosed with bipolar disorder before it emerged that she had a rare autoimmune disease of the brain. “For every miracle like me, there are…a thousand rotting away in jails or abandoned on the streets for the sin of being mentally ill,” she writes, “a million told that it’s all in their heads, as if our brains aren’t inside those heads.” 4 a million told that it’s all in their heads, as if our brains aren’t inside those heads.的意思是 ?
While the best of West’s records are intensely personal and self-aware, Jesus Is King has a glazed-over quality, as if being delivered through stained glasses, or from the Sunken Place, the fictional purgatory from Get Out that West fears the most. He professes to be “so radical” on “Everything We Need,” but this album is strictly functional --and, ironically, weighed down by its lack of demons. 5this album is strictly functional --and, ironically, weighed down by its lack of demons. 在此句子中，and前後兩個句子是對比的句子，所以--and, ironically, 是不是有but 的意思 ?
You’ve long been a critic of President Trump. What are your thoughts on the House’s current impeachment inquiry?
Let’s put it this way: if the Russians aren’t paying him, they should have, because he’s torn this country in two. I think that his 15 minutes are just about up. I think even his hardcore supporters have started to soften. 6 they should have (paid) 在這的語氣應該是猜測 ? (好像should have pp 大都用在非事實語氣) ?
The notions we children were able to form of the great world beyond were exceedingly nebulous 7 the great world beyond的意思
His cough grew more persistent until it never stopped 8 persistent 及never stopped都有continue的意思，這個句子在語意上是不是有問題 ?
Ian was a hopeless innocent where women were concerned. 9原句的意思是 ?
Different animals in the colony had different manifestations of the disease 10意思是: 雖然都是同一疾病，但是在不同的動物身上所表現出的病徵是不同的 ?
1 新聞英語中常常不加and 2 作has become a symbol解讀（emerge當連綴動詞使用） 3 還原為Pacella’s statehouse testimony fit in the pattern only too well 4 (For every miracle like me, there are) a million (who are) told that it’s all in their heads, as if our brains aren’t inside those heads. 5 functional和lacking demons都是比較務實的、正常的，連接詞用and比較好。irony在於weighed down: 一般是有demon才會產生weight 6 不是猜測，而是一般用法、過去時間非事實語氣 7 可能是居家環境之外、也可能是地球之外 8 never stopped程度比persistent嚴重，所以沒錯 9 凡是跟女人有關的事，Ian天真得不可救藥 10 是
老師您好 Anyone who breaks the law does so at their peril. 1 Anyone who breaks the law是否指的是慣性違法的人 ? 2 Anyone who breaks the law does so是指慣性違法的人如果再做違法的事，就可能使自己受到損害、危險 ?
While examples of truly settled science being overturned are far fewer than is sometimes claimed, they do exist. 3比較級是examples of truly settled science being overturned及跟哪一件事比? 而且is sometimes claimed的主詞是什麼(is是單數，其主詞一定是單數，但examples of truly settled science中的examples是復數)
Though a helper smooths the bird’s feathers before the camera rolls, Big Bird himself is largely unruffled by the fuss. It’s not just that the fame isn’t new to him, though that’s certainly the case–he appeared on the cover of TIME in 1970, as the show marked its first birthday; led the 1985 movie Follow That Bird; has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame; and appeared with Bob Hope in the first U.S. television special ever filmed in China. 4 It’s not just that the fame isn’t new to him, though that’s certainly the case。既然the fame isn’t new to him ，後面為何又再重復though that’s certainly the case (It's the case (or it's true) that fame "isn't" new to him).?感受不到It’s not just that the fame isn’t new to him, though that’s certainly the case所要表達的語意為何? 謝謝老師
1 「任何、凡是」違法的人 2 Anyone who breaks the law breaks the law at their peril. 「凡是犯法的人要自行承擔風險。」也就是「大家不要犯法。」 3 是下面這兩句在比較： Examples of truly settled science being overturned are few. It is sometimes claimed that the examples are many. 4 「開始拍攝之前，Big Bird並不怯場。一般說來，新人比較容易怯場。Big Bird是老鳥（後面列出3項紀錄），當然不怯場。但這並非主要原因。牠之所以不怯場，其實另有原因。」這一段鋪陳，主要為了帶出下文要說的話。
The fund distributed aid //without discrimination because, as its director Macurice Pate said, “There are no enemy children.” One of those helped by the fund was seven-year-old Dzitka Samkova from Czechoslovakia, as it was known then. She painted a picture of five dancing girls as a thank you and it was turned into a greeting card, the first of many such cards sold to raise money for millions more children.
針對第二句，我的第一個解讀是it指的是前面整個句子所說的事—“受到基金會幫助的其中一位來自捷克七歲大名叫Dzitka Samkova的小孩 (繪畫很行)” 若此解讀正確，則第二句的意思即是—當時大家都知道一件事，那就是基金會幫助的其中一位來自捷克七歲大名叫Dzitka Samkova的小孩。 但有另一解讀就是it指的是Czechoslovakia，若如此，則第二句的意思即是--受到基金會幫助的其中一位名叫Dzitka Samkova的小孩，其來自當時稱做捷克斯洛伐克的國家。 想請老師解惑三點: 1. 哪一個解讀正確? 2. 不論哪個解讀，as it was known then都應是補充性質的形容詞子句，依此，則應寫成as (準關代) was known then才符合標準文法，那為何有此as it was known then的寫法呢? 3. as是否可換成which?
Czechoslovakia現已分裂為Czech與Slovakia兩國，句中的it指的是那個國家，所以整句可以還原如下： The nation was known as Czechoslovakia then. 改為as it was known then，應該是副詞子句，as是外加的從屬連接詞，但是as與than這兩個來自比較級的連接詞，後面的副詞子句通常可以大量省個，所以才變成as it was known then
老師您好 In The Great Pretender, journalist Susannah Cahalan turns her investigative skills to this famous experiment. Her interest in the trauma of being labeled insane is personal: at 24, she was hospitalized with symptoms including seizures, hallucinations and psychosis—an experience she recounted in her 2013 best seller, Brain on Fire. She was misdiagnosed with bipolar disorder before it emerged that she had a rare autoimmune disease of the brain. “For every miracle like me, there are…a thousand rotting away in jails or abandoned on the streets for the sin of being mentally ill,” she writes, “a million told that it’s all in their heads, as if our brains aren’t inside those heads.” 1 it ‘s all in their heads, as if our brains aren’t inside those heads.所要傳達的意思是 ?
Buolamwini has since provided her expertise in two congressional hearings and is now working with government agencies in Europe. “The more I engage with companies and policymakers, the more I am convinced responsible innovation cannot happen if we leave companies to sort themselves out,” says Buolamwini. “The age of ‘just trust us’ is over.” (https://time.com/collection/time-100-next-2019/5718893/joy-buolamwini/) 2 sort themselves out 依上下文的意思應該是deal with the problems之類的。但是字典: If you sort yourself out, you organize yourself or calm yourself so that you can act effectively and reasonably。所以sort themselves out是deal with the problems之類的意思嗎 ? 3 just trust us的us是companies嗎 ? (‘just trust us’前後有用標點標示起來，所以應該是指companies。若沒有標點，則us就不清楚指誰了?不知觀念是否正確 )
He’s publishing two to three page-turners a year: the latest, Look Both Ways, is a finalist for a National Book Award. Judges have showered his more than a dozen books with awards; readers have devoured them. 4 Judges have showered his more than a dozen books with awards的意思是 ?
He is a part of a generation that realizes time is of the essence. As Mayor Pete says, his generation came of age with school shootings, will be on the “business end” of climate change, and risks being the first to be worse off economically than their parents. 5 his generation came of age with school shootings, will be on the “business end” of climate change的意思是 ?
We still have some outstanding issues to resolve before we'll have a treaty that is ready to sign 6 before we'll have 及before we have就語意上的差別是? 記得以前有學過after before 後面不可接will動詞，不是是否正確?
Taylor combined great knowledge with an irreverent attitude to history 7意思是:雖然他有博大的歷史知識，但對於歷史卻不屑 ?
Hyde shifted his weight and felt himself teeter forward, beginning to overbalance 8 shifted his weight的意思是 ? 謝謝老師
1 (There are) a million (people who are) told that it’s all in their heads, as if our brains aren’t inside those heads.”「有許多精神病患被醫生告知：『全都是你腦袋裏頭的事』（意思是『都是胡思亂想、並無其事』），就好像我們的腦子不是裝在腦袋裏（意思是說『我們真的是這樣想的、我們的腦子真正認為是這樣的、我們不相信自己的腦子還能相信什麼？』）」 2 公司碰到問題，就讓它自己去解決，也就是信任它能夠解決問題（just trust us）。 3 正確，us是指companies 4 他寫了超過一打的書，評審給了這些書許多獎項 5 「他那個世代，成年時（到了20歲）剛好碰上美國大規模學校槍擊事件泛濫，將來又要由那個世代來承擔climate change最嚴重的後果」 6 這裏的will have帶點can have的味道。如果是純粹未來式的will是不能用的 7 有點玩世不恭，不會奉歷史為神聖不可侵犯 8 調整一下重心
老師您好 He insisted on living dangerously for his new film by performing his own stunts 1 living dangerously的意思是 ?
A tumult of feelings inside her fought for supremacy 2原句的意思是?
Round one ends, to a tumult of whistles, screams and shouts 3 to的意思是?
He speaks with rage of insinuations… 4 rage of insinuations的意思是?
Taylor combined great knowledge with an irreverent attitude to history 5老師您的解釋是: 有點玩世不恭，不會奉歷史為神聖不可侵犯。可是我感受不到有有點玩世不恭，煩請老師解答 ?
There is a pattern after mass shootings, which Pacella’s statehouse testimony fit in only too well: a moving plea for change from a mass-shooting survivor, followed by … no real change.
6which Pacella’s statehouse testimony fit in only too well可還原為Pacella’s statehouse testimony fit in the pattern only too well。但原句的fit是不是要改成fits ?(因which代表a pattern)
When Regan Smith was only 10, U.S. swimming star Missy Franklin set a world record in the 200-m backstroke at the London Olympics. As the native Minnesotan began her competitive swimming career, her best times were a full 10 seconds off that mark, which seemed impossible to match, let alone beat. But at the World Championships this year—where at 17 she was the youngest member of Team USA—Smith dropped Franklin’s record by more than half a second. 7 a full 10 seconds off that mark由字面上的意思是Missy Franklin的時間減掉10秒=Missy Franklin的時間，也就是指Regan Smith比Missy Franklin的記錄快10秒 ? (但從上下文來猜，應該是Regan Smith比Missy Franklin的記錄慢10秒?)不知何者才是正確的?
Showing off acne and highlighting mundane moments like badly needing an iced coffee are hallmarks of vlogs by Chamberlain, whose editing style spawned a subgenre of young creators following her lead. And while fame, a high-profile visit to Paris Fashion Week and a friend in model-entrepreneur Karlie Kloss could change her trajectory, Chamberlain says YouTube remains her home. 8 while fame的意思是? 9 a friend in model-entrepreneur的意思是? 謝謝老師
1 就是字面的意思：不避危險 2 內心的七情六慾互相角力，也就是五味雜陳 3 字面上是「到某處」，暗示「導至某種結局」 4 應該是with a rage of insinuations「大量的含沙射影」。a rage of就是a huge amount of 5 主要是在irreverent一字，字面上是「不恭敬」，也就是「敢於揶揄、戲謔」 6 fit是過去式 7 Regan Smith的最佳記錄比Missy Franklin慢10秒。off是away from，表示「有距離」，不表示「少」 8, 9 fame, a high-profile visit to Paris Fashion Week and a friend in model-entrepreneur Karlie Kloss是A, B, and C的構造，共同構成while子句的主詞
Ryan’s activism is hilarious, seductive and totally original in that he’s hell-bent on showing us that cerebral palsy defines him, but only as much as anxiety, loneliness, horniness and ambition. 1 but only as much as anxiety, loneliness, horniness and ambition 的意思是 ?
I am so impressed with how level-headed she is, especially for someone her age who has been in this business as long as she has. 2看不出來especially for someone her age who has been in this business as long as she has.跟I am so impressed with how level-headed she is之間的邏輯關係，煩請老師解釋 ?
Taylor combined great knowledge with an irreverent attitude to history 3意思是: 有點玩世不恭，不會奉歷史為神聖不可侵犯。那句中的great knowledge是什麼意思，因為”從有點玩世不恭，不會奉歷史為神聖不可侵犯”看不出來有great knowledge的意思在?
From the turn of the century onward, she shared the life of the aborigines. 4 she shared the life of the aborigines.= she shared the life with the aborigines ?
We have learnt how to condense serious messages into short, self-contained sentences 5 self-contained sentences的意思是 ?
Research in this area is somewhat equivocal. 6如果科學進步到可以發展”半人半獸”的生物，好處是可以解決器官捐贈長久不足的問題，但壞處是道德層面的問題，不知上面的句子是否就可以套用 ?
He was tortured by an awareness of the equivocal nature of his position 7某人研究所考試備取，但不確定可不可以備取的上，不知上面的句子是否就可以套用 ?
1 but only as much as anxiety, loneliness, horniness and ambition "define him"。他雖然患有cerebral palsy，但那並非頂重要，另外還有anxiety…等等同樣重要 2 年紀輕，不容易做到being level-headed。幹這一行，也不容易做到being level-headed。她年紀如此輕、幹這一行又如此之久，仍然能夠保持level-headed，所以令人佩服 3 兩種特色有點相反，但此人兼而有之 4 she participated in the life of the aborigines 5 意思完整的 6 可以。更常用的情況是：有一項科學爭議（例如據報導打疫苗可能出現血栓），但關於這方面的研究尚無定論（不能確定是否會有此副作用） 7 可以。更貼切的例子是：此人擔任川普的發言人，從好的一面看是政府高官、從壞的一面看是專門為騙子圓謊，因此這項工作幹得很掙扎
老師好 下面這句摘自經濟學人標題為The most dangerous place on Earth文章中的兩句，我的第一個疑問是not only…but (also)…為一組的對等連接詞，為何第一句單獨使用not only? 這種用法是否不符合標準語法? 第二個疑問是War would be a catastrophe是子句，為何對等連接詞and後面接的是片語?
War would be a catastrophe, and not only because of the bloodshed in Taiwan and the risk of escalation between two nuclear powers. One reason is economic.
1 這是把not only ... but also分開來使用。一旦分為兩句，就不需要連接詞but了。這種用法雖然不符合not only ... but also的搭配，但仍然意思清楚、文法正確，是可以使用的。 2 句中有經過省略： War would be a catastrophe, and "it would be a catastrophe" not only because of the bloodshed in Taiwan and the risk of escalation between two nuclear powers.
老師好 Of course, the country uses oil for many things other than powering cars; currently, the bulk of its electricity is produced using oil. 這句的using oil，該如何解釋其文法功能? 是否是副詞子句的減化，可還原成: the bulk of its electricity is produced while the bulk of its electricity uses oil. 若此說法正確，while的意思為”而且”之意嗎?
using oil是分詞構句，應還原為副詞子句while the country uses oil。嚴格說起來，副詞子句主詞是the country，主要子句主詞是the bulk，主詞不同，減化之下會有dangling modifier的問題。但是原句是被動態：the bulk of its electricity is produced "by the country" using oil，若還原為主動則成為the country produces the bulk of its electric ity using oil，這種情況下的dangling modifier可以接受
老師好 Start by building one successful platform, then take a page out of Jack Ma and Jeff Bezos’s book, and acquire other successful businesses, adding them to your own fold. Only the strong survive in New Retail. 1.”acquire other successful businesses, adding them to your own fold”這部份的意思該如何解讀? 2. fold這個字的意思, 查了好幾個字典,都找不到合適的意思, 我想your own fold是否為企業版圖的意思?
Given his stratospheric rise in recent weeks, strategists warn that this is likely just the beginning of an onslaught of new criticism of Buttigieg from fellow Democrats. “He’s been attacking a lot of his opponents for a while now without having any real incoming. What record he does have has not been looked into in a serious way. He’s got a glass houses problem,” says Katz. “I don’t think the Pete pile-up has started, but he’s long overdue for one.”
1 real incoming 及pile-up的意思是 ?
What monstrous perversion of the human spirit leads a sniper to open fire on a bus carrying children ?
2原句跟what does monstrous perversion…的差別(考試是不是以what does monstrous perversion…的寫法比較安全)
3原句是問句，如果要回答的話，可以用bipolar disorder之類的疾病嗎 ?
Loop the rope over the bar
4原句是:用繩子在欄杆上纏一圈。原句真的有纏一圈的意思在嗎? 如果是纏二圈，可以寫成Loop the rope twice?
the realities of life outside the government and academic spheres of society
Peel a thick-skinned orange and square off the ends with a sharp knife
9 square off the ends的意思是?
every day of the week
10是指這一個星期當中的每一天嗎
He ran 350 miles across California over three days. He didn’t stop to eat or sleep during his run, which last 80 hr. 44min.
11如果原句只有He ran 350 miles across California over three days. 這一個句子，那麼over three days.就可以表示跑了3天 ? 但原句又說which last 80 hr. 44min. ，表超過了3天，所以over three days真正的意思是”超過3天”？不知觀念是否正確 ?
1 real incoming (attack) pile-up本意是「大車禍」，在此比喻「大災難」，指Pete遭到同黨攻擊 2 What did he eat for breakfast? What he ate for breakfast was a hamburger. 前者是獨立的疑問句，後者是從屬的名詞子句 3 可以。不過原句不是真正在問，而是在大聲譴責 4 是。可以 5 有兩種解讀： the(限定詞) / government and academic(形容詞) / spheres(名詞)，就是兩個領域 the government (一個名詞片語) and academic spheres (第二個名詞片語），表示政府只有一個，學術圈有好幾個 6 看起來就是「向上」，the bush可能在高處 7 應該沒有這個意思，就是「用力推過去」 8 比較接近的情況是：大家本以為Mary是個凶悍的女強人，沒想到本人的長相慈祥和靄。這個disconcertingly就是「出人意料」 9 削平 10 也可以指「每一天，不論星期幾」 11 over three days在此就只能解釋為「花了3天」。3 days是取個整數
紐約時報記者克雷爾（Christopher Clarey）在推特大讚納達爾是紅土網球之王，是一位無論比分如何都會找到方法贏球的西班牙網球選手，她說: Nadal a Spanish tennis player who will fight no matter the score and usually find a way to win
No matter 的用法是「no matter + 疑問詞 + 主詞 + 動詞」 所以應該是…who will fight no matter what the score is and usually… 或是…who will fight regardless of the score and usually
請問老師 China landed a rover on Mars in what was seen as a huge step for its ambitions in space. 1. 本句的 in 是在……裡面的意思嗎? 2. 本句若寫成 ... in a huge step for its ambitions in space. 不是更直截了當?原句那樣寫有什麼意思嗎? 感謝老師。
請問老師 The chances are a million to one against being struck by lightning. 1. 在講機率有多少，為何 chance 不是用單數呢? 2. 百萬分之一的機率，為何不是 one to a million (1:一百萬)? 3. against 在這句裡是什麼意思? 感謝老師。
老師您好 History is the story of conditions that long seem reasonable until they begin to seem ridiculous. So it is with America’s present manic hyper-capitalism.
Until recently, it seemed normal that a technological revolution that began with promises of leveled playing fields had culminated in an age of platform monopolies. Normal that businesspeople should try to make as much money as possible by paying as little as possible in taxes and wages, then donate a fraction of the spoils to PR-friendly social causes. 1 So it is with 中的it 及with的意思是?
“Ultimately, the Sacklers used their ill-gotten wealth to cover up their misconduct with a philanthropic campaign to whitewash their decades-long success in profiting at New Yorkers’ expense.” The suit cited donations to many arts institutions, resulting in Sackler wings and institutes and centers, while also serving to cleanse their name in a way that allowed the grim machinery of drug peddling to grind on for years. ２resulting in Sackler wings and institutes and centers =donations which resulted in … = donations which goes to..?
3the mood could not have been grimmer 及the mood could not be grimmer個別的意思 ?
I write frequently about racism and Islamophobia and have received more death threats, calls for my firing and racist insults than I can keep track of. But when people who believe cancel culture is a problem speak out about its supposed silencing effect, I know they’re not talking about those attacks. When they throw around terms like “cancel culture” to silence me instead of reckoning with the reasons I might find certain actions or jokes dehumanizing, I’m led to one conclusion: they’d prefer I was powerless against my own oppression. 4 I was powerless against my own oppression.是現在非事實語氣? 5 oppression可能是指cancel culture之類的外來因素，為何 會說”my own” oppression (感覺是自己加諸的oppression)?
If you get the users, the thinking has gone, profitability will figure itself out over time. For a while, it seemed even Wall Street bought into that philosophy–counterintuitive as patience might be to capitalism. 6 counterintuitive as patience might be to capitalism.的意思是 ? 謝謝老師
1 it是虛字、沒有內容。可以詮釋為the situation is so with...「對於…而言，情況亦是如此」 2 =donations which produced... 3 差別在時間。could not have been表示時間在「相對過去」，could not be則表示「同樣時間或相對未來」 4 是 5 不是。意思就是oppression on me 6 還原就是although patience might be counterintuitive to capitalism「雖然我們直覺上會認為資本主義是最缺乏耐心的」
老師您好 It’s hardly surprising. When you think about it, “move fast and break things”–the old Facebook mantra–is the kind of energetic, anticorporate philosophy that attracts fresh college grads, that emphasizes a break from the past and traditional ways. But for risk-averse Wall Street, a more dependable, if less inspirational, tagline might be “move fast and build reliable software that can be described in complicated B2B jargon and ensure profitability from day one.”
Consumer tech is far from dead, and Lyft, Uber and their peers could still pull things off. But don’t be surprised if the next big wave of successful IPOs aren’t “unicorns” but rather “paper clips”–a bit boring, perhaps, but based on reliable business software. Companies where business-model drama is a bug and not a feature. 1 software that can be described in complicated B2B jargon的意思是?
2Companies where business-model drama is a bug and not a feature.的意思是?
you will find something in the fourth aisle along from the entrance 3 in the fourth aisle along from the entrance的意思是?
The seething mass of 15 million people straddling the confluence of Yangtze and Jialing rivers boasted 2 million surveillance camera… 4 The seething mass …rivers的的意思是:河流的交界處四周都有人居住嗎?
What monstrous perversion of the human spirit leads a sniper to open fire on a bus carrying children ? 5老師您說原句不是真正在問，而是在大聲譴責。那是不是What S V ?的形式其實都不是真正的問句 ?
Given his stratospheric rise in recent weeks, strategists warn that this is likely just the beginning of an onslaught of new criticism of Buttigieg from fellow Democrats. “He’s been attacking a lot of his opponents for a while now without having any real incoming. What record he does have has not been looked into in a serious way. He’s got a glass houses problem,” says Katz. “I don’t think the Pete pile-up has started, but he’s long overdue for one.” 6 He’s been attacking a lot of his opponents for a while now without having any real incoming.意思是說: 雖然他有批評他的對手，但他其實沒有真正的使出火力? 謝謝老師
p7 4. The government official said, "I hereby request that the attached application ___________ under 35 USC 122(b)." 答案是(A) not be published 使用(A)的原形動詞, 是因為 request 的祈使語氣嗎?
p11 4. This is an (A)especially competitive year for the women, too, because the (B)defending champion, UCONN, did not (C)turn out to be the juggernaut it was (D)advertise to be. 答案是(D), 請問是要改成 advertised 嗎? 這裡的 it 指什麼, 可以請老師解析一下句子和句意嗎?
p18 3. The reason we find celebrities ______ is chiefly due to our craving for becoming a peeping Tom. 答案是(D) fascinating 這裡用 (D) 的現在分詞表示使人著迷, 可以理解; 但可以請老師解析一下句子和句意嗎?
p18 5. Health officials in New Zealand's largest city Auckland suggest ______ parking near schools to make overweight kids walk more as a way to fight childhood obesity. 答案是(D) banning 用 suggest 的動詞, 是祈使語氣嗎? 如果後面是限定子句就要用 主詞 + ban, 但改成簡化子句才變成 banning 嗎?
p19 7. (A)_Several delegates_ flew from Panama (B)_to greeting_ the (C)_ambassador_ and his family (D)_before the concert_. 答案是(B), 請問是要改成 to greet 嗎? 可以解釋一下這裡修飾的對象嗎?
p19 8. Ronald (A)_was relieved_ to see his girlfriend finally (B)_arrived in_ Japan, (C)_having waited_ (D)_for hours_ at the terminal for the flight. 答案是(B), 請問是改成 arrive, 配合感官動詞使用原形動詞嗎?
老師您好 Mary looks disconcertingly like a familiar aunt or grandmother. １ Disconcerting 是feel anxious, confused, or embarrassed. ，可是感覺disconcertingly 沒有出人意料的意味，麻請老師解答 ?
If you square something off, you alter it so that it has the shape of a square. 例句:Peel a thick-skinned orange and square off the ends with a sharp knife 2可是我感覺 square off the ends沒有削平的意思。麻請老師解答 ?
The mood could not be grimmer ３=The mood is extremely grim ?
If by getting richer, we mean that our economies must grow as conventionally measured–by perpetually increasing GDP–then the answer is almost certainly not. 4 by getting richer, we mean that our economies must grow as conventionally measured意思是: getting richer的意思是our economies must grow as conventionally measured ?
Why make a whole village prisoner if it was not to some nefarious purpose? 5 a whole village prisoner:全村的人都是囚犯 ?
We are all prisoners of our childhood and feel an obligation to it. 6 不了解原句所要表達的意思是 ?
After the deduction of tax at 20 per cent, the interest rate will be 6.2 per cent ７若原本的稅率是30%, 則the deduction of tax at 20 per cent,稅率變成24%(0.3*0.8) ?
Since the basic currency of whistle-blowing is a respect for facts and the rule of law, the act of whistle-blowing is at hazard in today’s world 8 currency of whistle-blowing表whistle-blowing的價值在於.... ?
What an odd coincidence that he should have known your family. ９ should have known表竟然認識，(完全沒有猜測的意味) ?可是should have pp 不是也表示猜測嗎 ?
There was no one available at such short notice to take her class 10take her class表送她去上課 ? 謝謝老師
1. 直述句：You are ten. 特殊問句：How old are you？ 問題： （1）how不是對somehow (或者so)的提問嗎？這裡為何可以使用疑問詞how？ （2）How old are you？的句型是：S (you) V (are) C (old)嗎？How在句型S-V-C裡面是什麼成分？
2. 直述句：There are 3 books in the library. 特殊問句：How many books are there in the library? 問題： （1）這裡為何使用疑問詞how？ （2）How many books are there in the library?的句型是：S (many books) V (are) C (there in the library)嗎？How在句型S-V-C裡面是什麼成分？
3. 直述句：You have 5 dollars. 特殊問句：How much money do you have? 問題： （1）how不是對somehow (或者so)的提問嗎？這裡為何使用疑問詞how？ （2）How much money do you have?的句型是：S (you) V (have) O (much money)嗎？How在句型S-V-O裡面是什麼成分？
4. 直述句：The apples are 9 dollars. 特殊問句：How much are the apples? 問題： （1）這裡為何使用疑問詞how？ （2）How much are the apples?的句型是：S (the apples) V (are) C (much)嗎？How在句型S-V-C裡面是什麼成分？
5. 直述句：It's about ten minutes' walk from here to your school. 特殊問句：How far is it from here to your school? 問題： （1）這裡為何使用疑問詞how？ （2）How far is it from here to your school?的句型是：S (it) V (is) C (far)嗎？How在句型S-V-C裡面是什麼成分？
6. 直述句：The river is about 500 km. 特殊問句：How long is the river? 問題： （1）how不是對somehow (或者so)的提問嗎？這裡為何使用疑問詞how？ （2）How long is the river?的句型是：S (the river) V (is) C (long)嗎？How在句型S-V-C裡面是什麼成分？
7. How many times do you read English everyday? How often do you visit your mother? How soon will you come back? 問題： （1）how不是對somehow (或者so)的提問嗎？這裡為何使用疑問詞how？ （2）How在句型裡面是什麼成分？
1 You are 10 years old. You are so old. How old are you? 疑問副詞來自程度副詞so 2 There are 3 books in the library. There are so many books in the library. （3和many都是限定詞，so是程度副詞，修飾many） How many books are there in the library? 3 You have 5 dollars. You have so much money. （5和much都是限定詞，so是程度副詞，修飾much） How much money do you have? how是疑問副詞 4 The apples are 9 dollars. The apples are so much money. How much (money) are the apples? 5 It's about 10 minutes' walk. It's so far. How far is it? 6 The river is about 500 km (long). The river is so long. How long is the river? 7 I read English 8 times. I read English so many times. How many times... I visit my mother once a week. I visit my mother so often. How often... I will come back in two days. I will come back very soon. I will come back so soon. How soon...
There are so many books. 老師說過，副詞so是「程度副詞」。 可是老師在對比「程度副詞」和「加強語氣副詞」的時候講到：刪掉「程度副詞」會影響句意；「加強語氣副詞」只對語氣強弱有影響，刪掉加強語氣副詞並不影響句意。 上述句子刪掉副詞so變成：There are many books.，並不會影響原來的句意，那麼，so是否應該是加強語氣副詞，而不是程度副詞？不太理解為什麼老師說so是「程度副詞」。
What about Lola - Shall we invite her? 洛拉呢——我們該不該邀請她？ What about taking a few days off? 休幾天假怎麼樣？
How about the cinema tonight? 今晚去看電影怎麼樣？ How about going to the cinema? 去看電影怎麼樣？ You don't eat meat, do you? How about fish? 你不吃肉，是不是？那魚呢？
以上例句均來自劍橋字典。
問題： 1. 以上五句都是「特殊問句」嗎？
2. 如果以上五句是「特殊問句」，請問裡面的what和how分別是對「什麼東西」的提問？如何從直述句變成這種What about和How about引導的特殊問句，「老師能否還原為直述句」？ 像How old are you?，我知道是從直述句You are 10 years old. (You are so old.)變來的，裡面的疑問副詞how是對程度副詞so的提問。但是What about和How about引導的特殊問句還原不出直述句，也不知裡面的what和how分別是對什麼東西的提問。
老師您好 The water curved round the rocks in great bursts of foam 1 The water curved round the rocks的意思是？
Until we've got official permission to go ahead with the plans we're in limbo. 2 Until we've got official permission to go ahead 為何要用完成式?如果改用現在式Until we get official permission to go ahead不知語意跟現在完成式有何不同 ?
If ever a school deserved this award, Westdale Primary is the one 3 deserved為何用過去式(Westdale Primary is the one是現在式) ?
Prior to this century, fashionable Western women regard tans as about as desirable as the bubonic plague 4 regard as 是一組，as desirable as是另外一組，為何又有一個about ? 5about 有大約、大槪的意思嗎? 6為什麼 fashionable Western women會喜愛tans(晒黑)及同樣喜樣bubonic plague(一種疾病) ? (沒有人會喜愛疾病) (還是我會錯意了) ?
The company is tapping shareholders for £15.8 million 7意思是:公司向股東募集£15.8 million的資金 ? 謝謝老師
老師您好 There was not so much as a trickle of water １原句的意思是？
a most entertaining book ２原句的意思是？(如果a 改成the , 很明顯就是最高級) The flood of cars has now slowed to a trickle. 3意思是:車流量很多，導致只有小部份的車子能動得了 ?
Broad humor 4 Broad=coarse ?
Readers familiar with English history will find a vague parallel to the suppression of the monasteries 5如果在句尾加上in French history 則句意為English history及French history都有the suppression of the monasteries這件事，只是English history的the suppression及French history的the suppression只有小小的相同點(a vague parallel)
INCLINATION refers to a more or less vague mental disposition toward some action, practic 6 vague mental disposition 表一點點的傾向 ?
A self-conscious young woman and her best friend throw debauched parties—judgment-free zones where women can gorge, get high and “take up space”, itself a radical feminist act in a society that’s always policing women’s hunger 7 take up space在這的意思是 ? 8 itself應該是“take up space”?
we have to fictionalize names 9如果原本的名字是Tom Chen, 改成John Chen , 這個就是to fictionalize names ?
He journeys deep into mines and into glaciers to examine a layer of the world that humans irrevocably shape but rarely stop to consider. He asks what most haunting of questions: what is our true mark on this planet? 10 what is our true mark on this planet?所要表達的意思是 謝謝老師
1 就是there is not even a trickle of water「連一滴水都沒有」 2 就是an extremely entertaining book，在此most只是加強語氣 3 原本是車輛多如洪流，如今車已經變少了，有如涓滴細流 4 是 5 若這樣修改，那麼拿來做比較的是the French suppression of monasteries，但是原本英國的事件就不一定得是同一件事：例如可能是英國地主鎮壓佃農 6 不明顯的傾向 7 「佔空間」，暗示「什麼都不做、發呆」 8 應該是前面整句話：「有人會辦這種party」一事 9 是 10 「我們留給地球真正的改變是什麼？」
15. There are (A)way few jobs in banking (B)at the moment that you’re not (C)really in a position (D)to pick and choose. 這題的答案是把 (A)改成 so, 變成 so... that 的副詞子句; 那請問可以把 way 去掉, 後面的 that 變成 when 的關係詞, 變成關係子句嗎?
老師您好 We base this call on grounds of social justice and equity 1 base … on 為一組，on the grounds of 是固定用法，原句 on grounds of是不是少了the ? 而base … on 中的on 是不是省略 ?
The team needs players who want to play cricket for England, not merely any country that will have them. 2意思是:雖然這些球員能效力於任何國家，但英國希望當這些球員為英國打球時，這些球員是真正的想效力英國 ?
I do believe in people being able to what they want to do, providing they are not hurting someone else. 3 people being able 跟people able 哪個比較好，為什麼 ?
The Consumer Federation claims banks are ripping you off by not passing along savings on interest rates. 4 savings on interest rates.指利息費用的節省? It is essential to build up the military option and show that this is not a bluff. 5 build up the military option跟build up the military options有何不同 ?
What we're at here is a game of bluff. 6 What we're at here的意思是?
Surely such weighty matters merit a higher level of debate? 7如果不要有問號，我還能理解句意。但加了問號，不知怎麼理解 ?
The whale, like the dolphin, has become a symbol of the marvels of creation 8 marvels of creation的意思是 ?
Affecting nonchalance, I handed her two hundred dollar bills. 9 Affecting nonchalance的意思是 ? Affecting nonchalance是不是有省略哪些字 ?
Most of the crowd were cheering for the underdog to win just this one time 10 to win just this one time= so that the underdog won …. ? 謝謝老師
1 base...on的on就是後面on grounds of同一個on。因為gounds是複數，可以採用零冠詞，所以不需要the 2 ... not merely (for) any country that will have them。有些球員是只要有錢賺、有球打就行。但這裏要的卻是「只肯為英國效命」的球員 3 people able to...感覺像是people who are able to...，說的是「人」。people being able to...感覺像是that people are able to...，說的是「事」。當作believe in的受詞，應該是「事」比較通 4 是。央行調降基本利率，商業銀行就應該相對調降放款利率，但是沒有調降，把利差吞沒了 5 the military option相對於另一個option，例如the diplomatic option 6 We are at something here就是We are playing some sort of game here。所以what we are at here就是the game we are playing here 7 這是邀請讀者做判斷，但是採取「相當然爾」的語氣 8 「創造的奇蹟」，表示「造物主的神蹟、自然的神奇」 9 分詞構句，相當於making believe that I am nonchalant, acting as if I were nonchalant (while in actuality I am not) 10 cheering for the chance that the underdog could win just this one time
老師您好 Two prisoners bungled an escape bid after running either side of a lamp-post while handcuffed 1 running either side of a lamp-post的意思是 ?
Women's apparel is offered in petite, regular, and tall models. 2 in petite, regular, and tall models.指的是petite, regular, and tall這三種尺寸嗎 ?
If ever a school deserved this award, Westdale Primary is the one 3若Westdale Primary is the one中的is改成was, 則表示現在沒有任何一所學校符合資格 ?
Prior to this century, fashionable Western women regard tans as about as desirable as the bubonic plague 4原句有反諷的意味在(因為有desirable) ?
On that condition, the Taliban would agree to stop targeting US troops as they withdrew, thought it would continue to fight Afghan forces while the militants and a delegation of Afghan leaders separately hammered out a way forward in later talks to be hold in Oslo. 5 it would continue是過去之未來，所以 hammered out也是過去之未來(雖然句子沒有顯示would hammer out, 因為while the militants and…中while的緣故) ?
Former Danish Prime Minister led one of the world’s happiest countries and says other democracies should rethink their priorities: ”Happiness may seem like a conceptual nicety, but it is a change in narrative that leaders sneer at to their peril.” 6 conceptual nicety的意思是 ? 7 it is a change in narrative that leaders sneer at to their peril.的意思是 ?
Schoenaerts, one of our finest and perhaps most underappreciated actors, plays a closed-off prison inmate who’s redeemed by training a wild horse. With just a glance, he shows us a lifetime’s storehouse of resentment, or deep-rooted wariness giving way to trust—and all opposite an equine co-star whose soulful eyes might have otherwise stolen the show. 8 a lifetime’s storehouse of resentment跟deep-rooted wariness是兩個不一樣的東西，為什麼可以用or (用or 會讓人感覺a lifetime’s storehouse of resentment及 deep-rooted wariness是同一件事 ) ?
請問老師 1. It's kind of you to say so. 意思是別人說了好話，但英文卻用 to say 表示不確定。 2. It's a pity to have missed the show. 表演已錯過了，英文卻用 to 表示不確定。 以上兩句為何會該用直說語氣卻用條件語氣呢? 3. 既然新的文法觀念認為沒有未來式，那麼未來時間的完成式是不是能用任何主要的情態助動詞來代替 will?好比以下這句: She may/might/should/can/could have finished her homework by 2 p.m.
1,2 to say來自could say，to have missed來自should have missed。雖然都是確定、已經發生的事，但仍有「能夠、願意、應該、竟然」的語氣存在。 3 可以。例如：If she keeps at it and takes no break from now on, she may/might/should/can/could have finished her homework by 2 p.m.
老師您好 Colonel Pagh, for the prosecution, said that the offenses occurred over a six-year period 1 for the prosecution指Colonel Pagh是支持 the prosecution的?
We base this call on grounds of social justice and equity 2=We make this decision for reasons of social justice and equity ?
Former Danish Prime Minister led one of the world’s happiest countries and says other democracies should rethink their priorities: ”Happiness may seem like a conceptual nicety, but it is a change in narrative that leaders sneer at to their peril.” 3conceptual nicety為何是奢侈的觀念?從字面上看不出來有奢侈的意思?
Schoenaerts, one of our finest and perhaps most underappreciated actors, plays a closed-off prison inmate who’s redeemed by training a wild horse. With just a glance, he shows us a lifetime’s storehouse of resentment, or deep-rooted wariness giving way to trust—and all opposite an equine co-star whose soulful eyes might have otherwise stolen the show. 4 soulful eyes might have otherwise stolen the show為何要用過去式 (前面的動詞plays shows都是現在式) 5all opposite…表示he shows us all opposite…? 6 老師您說or deep-rooted wariness giving way to trust的or前面有打逗點，表示後面是另舉一個例子，那為什麼不用and取代or 呢 ?
The team needs players who want to play cricket for England, not merely any country that will have them. 7 any country that will have them表示players play cricket(沒有want) for any country that will have them
Self-partnered: happily unattached, romantically, as coined by actor Emma Watson in an interview 8 as=for instance ? (可是又好像有according to的意思)
His laughter was cathartic, an animal yelp that brought tears to his eyes 9animal yelp是野性的叫聲 ?
He warned that to negate the results of elections would only make things worse. 10to negate…是不是比用negating 還要好，因為to negate…有表未來的意思? 謝謝老師
1 他是檢方傳喚的證人 2 是 3 A nicety is something nice or fine, but not quite necessary. 意思是說：一般國家都在追求經濟成長、提高國民所得與生活水平，是非成敗皆以GDP來衡量。在「顧三餐」的前提之下，「快樂」似乎沒那麼重要 4 前面用現在式來敘述觀眾看得到的電影內容（事實語氣）。這裏用might have stolen the show，是說「若無男主角精湛的演技，那匹馬可能會搶走鏡頭」，則是回到當初拍攝時的條件，所以用過去非事實語氣 5 all the above is opposite a co-star... 6 not at the same time. 男主角用一個眼神，可以傳達忿怒、也可以表現出信賴的曙光（這是舉兩個例子：眼神可以傳達其一或者其二，不能同時傳達兩者） 7 who want to play for any country也行 8 as it is coined by...「如某人造此字時的用法」 9 是（比喻），暗示「原始、發自內心、帶有痛苦」 10 是。to V帶有假設性，暗示「若這樣去做，不會有好結果」
老師您好 A group of young women and teenage girls from Spain’s chapter of Fridays for Future escort Thunberg slowly from a nearby press conference to the march, linking their arms to create a human shield. Once again, Thunberg was the calm in the eye of a hurricane: buffeted and lifted by the surging crowd, cacophonous and furious but also strangely joyful. 1因為Thunberg was “the calm”，所以cacophonous and furious but also strangely joyful.應該是the surging crowd who are cacophonous and furious but also strangely joyful. ?
The dense final report was, in its detail, damning: Mueller presented at least 10 times the President may have attempted to obstruct the probe, a criminal offense. But Trump claimed “complete exoneration” on the marquee allegation, that he had sought assistance from a foreign power on his effort to win election. And then, the day after Mueller testified on Capitol Hill, Trump telephoned the leader of another foreign country, Ukraine, and sought assistance on his effort to win re-election by investigating Democratic rival Joe Biden and his son. Thus did the year draw to a close with the U.S. House of Representatives preparing articles of impeachment that, even if voted down in the Senate, will define Trump in history. 2 Thus did the year draw to a close... history.這個句子是肯定句，為什麼開頭用did, 這樣不就變成疑問句了 ?
Bibliophile: a lover of books especially for qualities of format ３ qualities of format指的是書本的紙張、排版等品質?(所以書的內容是次要重要的嗎 )
老師好，請問 It's kind of you to say so. It's a pity to have missed the show. to say來自could say，to have missed來自should have missed。雖然都是確定、已經發生的事，但仍有「能夠、願意、應該、竟然」的語氣存在。 我的問題是，條件語氣表示真假不確定，上面兩句明明都是事實語氣，卻還用了語氣助動詞，這不就是相牴觸了嗎?
意思是： It is kind of you to say so (while you could have chosen not to). It is a pity to have missed the show (while we shouldn't have). 以第一句為例：「你能夠這樣說，真是太好心了」，暗示「你大可以不這樣說」
8. The “Bow of God’s Wrath is bent, and the Arrow (A) made ready on the string,” (B) waits to pierce (C) the sinners’ hearts (D) at any moment.
答案是 (B), 請問老師怎麼修正嗎? 是要改成 which waits 嗎? 另外, “Bow of God’s Wrath is bent, and the Arrow (A) made ready on the string,” 用 and 連接的2句: 前面句子的動詞是is, 後面的句子的動詞是made, 為什麼時態可以不一樣呢?
10. (A) On occasion the koala (B) does come down to the ground, usually to shuffle over to another tree, generally (C) take opportunity along the way to lick up some gravel to aid (D) in digestion.
答案是(C), 請問怎麼修正呢? 請老師分析一下句子, 另外請問第一句的 does come 為什麼可以這樣用呢?
15. ______ the philosophy that medicine is a human experience, Dr. Mars placed the course “Medicine in Society” in the core curriculum of the medical school. A. Holding B. Held C. Having hold D. To have held E. To be held
答案是(A), 我理解是前面是分詞構句. 但不太理解 "medicine is a human experience" 可以請老師解釋一下句子的意義嗎?
8 改為waiting，分詞構句。 另外部分： The Bow of God’s Wrath is bent, and the Arrow "is" made ready on the string. 對等連接詞and連接兩個對等子句，兩子句的動詞都是is，可以省略一個。 10 改為taking，分詞構句。可還原為副詞子句如下： On occasion the koala does come down to the ground, usually to shuffle over to another tree, "while it" generally "takes" opportunity along the way to lick up some gravel to aid in digestion. 另外，does come是用does來加強語氣、表示與上文相反。上文應該是這種意思：The koala almost always stays high up in the trees where it feeds and sleeps. On occasion (= occasionally, once in a while) the koala does come down to the ground. 15 「醫療是人文的體驗」，意思是說它不是理論科學、而是實際在人類社會中發生的事。
re8. 感謝老師的回答, 第10題的解答很精采。但第8題, 我還是對句型/句意很困惑: 1. “Bow of God’s Wrath is bent, and the Arrow (A) made ready on the string,” 似乎是引用一段句子當名詞子句, 但前面不曉得為什麼只接了冠詞the 2. 後面是分詞構句的話，似乎全文又少了限定動詞。
請問老師The winner in the primaries will be nominated as Presidential Candidate. 旋元佑文法裡說普通名詞專有化的條件是只設一席的職位、專有名詞的同位語。我看這句的Presidential Candidate可以還原成主詞補語，但仍不是只設一席的職位，後面沒有介系詞片語指出是哪個黨派的，且其他黨派也有Presidential Candidate，為何這樣還能不加限定詞呢?謝謝。
老師您好 Once customers come to rely on these systems they almost never take their business elsewhere 1 They almost never take their business elsewhere意思是: 他們不會到其它商店光顧?
Taxation is not popular in principle, merely acceptable in context. 2如果稅負增加使人民的錢包減少，但整體來說 (成本效益分析)，稅負可以投資公共建設使人民的生活更便利，人民尚可接受稅負增加，是不是就可套用這個句子 ? 3merely acceptable in context前面是不是省略了but ?
This takes account of the number of countries in which a company wins approval for a new drug, weighted by the size of each country's market 4意思是:如果有10個國家， Y company 生產一種新藥，這新藥在各個10個國家的市占率來考慮權重，以決定是不是讓新藥approved ?
5 a company指any company ?
My throat constricted \ 6的意思是?
she had become the voice of millions, a symbol of a rising global rebellion 7 she had become the voice of millions的意思是大眾的立場以她為代表 ?
In Germany, a total of 1.4 million people took to the streets, with thousands flooding the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin... 8with=including ?
The scene was palpably to watch 9 intense=arduous ?
He twisted her arms behind her back and clipped a pair of handcuffs on her wrists. 10 clipped a pair of handcuffs on her wrists.的意思是 ?
Strapping the skis on the roof, they boarded the hovercraft in Dover. 11Strapping the skis=after strapping the skis… ?
…an American-dominated investment manager with a quotation on the London stock market. 12意思是: 雖然這位投資交易的經理人大部分都在美國從事投資交易，但他在英國也從事投資交易?
Unnecessary duplication of resources 13指不必要的浪費資源(重復使用資源) ?
老師好 此為測試留言 請您不用回覆
回覆刪除Dear 老師,
回覆刪除Mr. Cameron is a filmmaker whose ambitions transcend a single movie or mere stories to embrace cinema as an art, as a social experience, and as a shamanistic ritual.
請問我應該把後面的as拿掉變成
Mr. Cameron is a filmmaker whose ambitions transcend a single movie or mere stories to embrace cinema as an art, a social experience, and a shamanistic ritual.
有點難判斷平行對稱怎麼取捨
as a, b, and c 還是 as a , as b, and as c
謝謝老師
兩種都對。「當做A, B, 與C」和「當做A, 當做B, 當做C」。後者感覺是三種做法。前者感覺是一種做法。
刪除作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除老師好，我在老師的教材裡面多次看到「原形動詞」的說法，有幾個問題請教老師。
回覆刪除1.
我在《旋元佑文法》P315看到，老師說到「原形動詞」包含兩種：限定動詞（如命令句裡面的真正動詞Come in）、非限定動詞（省略to的不定式）。
那麼，請問，條件語氣裡面的「助動詞+原形動詞」，這裡的「原形動詞」是指限定動詞，還是指非限定動詞（即：省略to的不定式）？之所以產生這個疑問，是因為看到有些文法書寫著「will+不定式」可以表達未來，於是我對條件語氣裡面的「原形動詞」的性質（限定動詞 Or 非限定動詞）產生疑問。
2.
「原形動詞」和「動詞原形」是同一個意思？
因為我經常看到有人說「原形動詞」，有人說「動詞原形」，很是困惑。貌似按照1的說法，原形動詞包括限定動詞和非限定動詞（省略to的不定式），動詞原形只是限定動詞而已？
1
刪除如果是這個句子：If it rains tomorrow, I will stay home.，主要子句中的動詞will stay是限定動詞。如果是這個句子：If you will talk to your father again, we may still have a chance.，副詞子句（if子句）中的動詞will talk也是限定動詞。
2
這個問題我倒是沒有想過。看起來「動詞原形」預設是動詞，也就是限定動詞。「原形動詞」則有兩種用法：
Come in!裏面的原形動詞come是限定動詞。
I'll make him pay for this.裏面的原形動詞pay是非限定動詞（形容詞補語）。
請問老師，以下的句子的附加問句:
回覆刪除He is too young to drive a car,isn't he?為什麼這句的附加問句要用否定呢?這句的意思不是說他太年輕了，不能開車嗎?
謝謝老師
Isn't he就是Isn't he too young...?「他不是太年輕了嗎？」
刪除He told me to go, but I stayed on.
回覆刪除課堂上老師說，這個句型是：S(He) V(told) O(me) C(to go)。
問題1:
這個句子應該還原為哪種？
還原為SVO句型：He told that I should go.
還原為SVOO句型：He told me the thing. = He told me that I should go.
問題2：
老師在課堂說過，to go是受詞補語，我不太理解，為什麼to go不能是受詞（SVOO句型），而必須是受詞補語（SVOC句型）？
1
刪除這是個簡單句，句型就是SVOC。
2
補語的檢驗方式是加be動詞來解讀。在受詞me與受詞補語to go之間加上be動詞，就是：I was to go.這可以還原為I should go.或I must go.（語氣助動詞等於be + to）。因為加個be動詞可以解釋得通，所以定位為受詞補語。
請問老師，既然合句就是對等子句，為何還弄出兩個文法概念：合句、對等子句？為何文法書不直接稱對等子句為合句即可，這樣就可以減少一個概念（對等子句），或者相反，只剩下對等子句的名稱，去掉「合句」概念？留存兩個同樣含義的概念（合句、對等子句）是否也是一種疊床架屋（沒有對各大文法學者的不敬之意，純粹討論問題而已），還是說區分這兩個概念背後有其深層的考慮？
回覆刪除兩個對等子句合在一起成為一個合句，所以這兩個概念不盡相同。
刪除He told me to go.
回覆刪除對於老師在2020年11月27日 下午9:51的回答依舊困惑。
老師說，這是個簡單句，句型就是SVOC。受詞me與受詞補語to go之間加上be動詞，可以解釋得通，所以定位為受詞補語。
可是「基本句型」章節也說過，補語的詞類有五種：名詞、形容詞、時間副詞、地方副詞、介副詞。
這裡的to go肯定不是名詞、時間副詞、地方副詞、介副詞，那麼就剩下「形容詞」這個考慮了，可是簡單句裡面的形容詞補語有兩個形式：形容詞本身、介繫詞片語當形容詞，這裡的to go並不符合這兩種形式，況且，不定詞片語to go可以還原為含有語氣助動詞的句子：I should go.，如果一以貫之用減化子句的思路來還原He told me to go.這個句子，是否可以：
還原為SVO句型：He told that I should go.
還原為SVOO句型：He told me the thing. = He told me that I should go.
哪個對？
1
刪除不定詞片語可以當作名詞、形容詞、副詞使用，所以它可以當作形容詞補語。
2
He told that I should go.這個句子不通。但是He told me that I should go.是正確的，減化為He told me to go.這可以成立。
謝謝老師，我明白了。
刪除He told me to go.= He told me that I was (able) to go.
to go和(able) to go都是補語。
如果進一步還原為：He told me that I should go.
名詞子句that I should go裡面的should go才是動詞V。
老師您好
回覆刪除For example, one day in 1831, Michael Faraday was playing around with a coil and a magnet when he suddenly saw how he could generate an electrical current. At first, it wasn’t clear what use this would have, but it actually made electricity available for use in technology, and so changed the world.
1.第二句後面的and so其後馬上接動詞changed，主詞應該是it (指運用coil及magnet的科學結果) ，為何主詞可省略呢?
2. 此句是否也可寫成…, and it changed the world. 或 …, and changed the world嗎? 放上so是否要強化與前面對等子句的連結，亦即說明前面是一種累積原因。
3. 延續第二個問題，此句是否也可寫成…, so it changed the world.
4. 與此句無關的問題，就是關於具語氣轉折的副詞如however, moreover, as a result...等，為何then的用法與其它副詞不同，就是將兩句結合時，其前面與其它副詞一樣，要加上分號
，但其後卻不加上逗點? 如:
We drove all day; then at sundown we began to look for a place to camp.
1
刪除and是對等連接詞，後面的對等子句，主詞it和前面重複，所以可以省略。
2
兩種改寫都成立。加上so是連接副詞，表示因果關係。
3
也行。這時so成為連接詞。
4
then只是個時間副詞，however等等則是連接副詞，不完全相同。
老師您好
回覆刪除The Times not only found its own way, it slashed a shaft of light through the murk of social media–those immersive platforms that have gummed up the machinery of democracy by reducing citizens to followers and news to content.
1 reducing news to content. 背後的意思是 ?
In the era of the 1 %, of hyper partisanship, of identity politics and divisivenss of hyper partisanship, a reverse-engineered draft could be prove a powerful tool to counteract these corrosive forces.
2 of identity politics and divisivenss of hyper partisanship感覺是補充說明of hyper partisanship，那1 %該如何解釋 ?
One challenge of a “subscriber-led” approach is all too evident in the age of Trump: people take sides. The Times‘ marketing slogan–“The truth is worth it”–itself walks the line between fearless reporting and confrontation. On Twitter there were calls to cancel subscriptions in early August over a stenographic headline (Trump Urges Unity vs. Racism) that was changed for the next edition. “They are completely reader-focused now,” says Shafer. “And I think that’s why Dean Baquet went on his groveling tour to explain what was just a sh-tty headline.”
In many ways, the fevered attention signals the stakes–for the leader of a free press, in a fraught world. So for the Times, perhaps the trickiest part may be signing subscribers who do not fret about the Republic but are keen on movies, science, books–the world the Times has always offered. A parenting app is being weighed. Among the opportunities of the digital world is leaving behind baggage, including the long-held reputation as an “elite” read. “There’s a percentage of people who will listen to The Daily every day who don’t know it’s from the New York Times,” Sulzberger says.
3第二段 subscribers who do not fret about the Republic是指對於政治方面不在意、不關心的人 ?
Yet caregivers can’t just charge less. So confounding is the childcare economy that despite the sticker shock for parents, looking after children remains a very poorly paid job.
4 Yet caregivers can’t just charge less 如果從下文來看的話，應該是caregivers的工資低。可是 Yet caregivers can’t just charge less 我再怎麼看字面上的意思，好 像 不是caregivers的工資低。不知如何理解 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除暗示新聞應該不只是社交媒體上推送的內容而已。
2
暗示貧富不均：1%的人擁有大部分的財富。
3
是
4
文章是說「美國托兒所的經濟結構有問題」。家長這方面，看到收費會嚇一跳。托兒所方面，照護人員真正拿到的待遇又很低。Yet caregivers can’t just charge less「不過，光是叫照護人員少收一點也行不通」。乍看之下是矛盾，原因是這個行業的經濟結構有問題。
老師您好
回覆刪除There’s one major problem, however: most audiences won’t see Gemini Man in the way Lee intended. While the film is shot at a hyperrealistic 120 frames per second, most theaters in the U.S. are equipped to show it only at 60 frames, which is slightly blurrier and less detailed. And that’s to say nothing of the thousands of people who prefer to wait until the film comes out on streaming, who might watch it on a tablet or a phone.
Lee is aware he’s pulling the cart before the horse, but he sees no other way forward. He remains adamant that theatrical releases are a vital form of communal catharsis, even as filmmakers like Martin Scorsese and Steven Soderbergh have decamped for Netflix. “I think sitting in a temple shape with a ceremony will always be important,” he says. “
1 pulling the cart before the horse在這的意思是:若要3D普及，應該要”先”解決(1)most theaters in the U.S. are equipped to show it only at 60 frames, which is slightly blurrier and less detailed. (2)And that’s to say nothing of the thousands of people who prefer to wait until the film comes out on streaming以上兩個問題。可是在未3D普及前，這兩個問題就存在，所以原文才說pulling the cart before the horse
When the 1980s arrived, America wanted to forget the recent past. But O'Brien k kept writing about it, societal amenia be damned.
2 societal amenia be damned前是否有少連接詞 ? be前是不是有省略什麼 ?
Celestial Bodies is strongest in its exploration of how the changes in Oman affect women: within one generation, they are exposed to ideas from abroad and start moving away from cloistered, rural life. But Alharthi, who began writing the novel while homesick in Edinburgh as she completed her Ph.D. in classical Arabic literature, pushes past stereotypical narratives of Muslim women defying patriarchy, instead illustrating the difficulties of balancing tradition and newfound freedoms. It’s a tale that perhaps could have been written only in a strange new place itself.
3 It’s a tale that perhaps could have been written only in a strange new place itself. 的意思是 ?
If humanity is going to stand a chance of surviving every horror the current century has thrown at us, from authoritarianism to climate change, we’ll have to ramp up our efforts to stamp out hate. And to do that, we must understand how it works. If one group’s antipathy for another has its roots in systemic injustice, then no amount of individual kindness is going to solve that problem. Meditation, one of the hopeful ideas outlined in the finale, can’t heal the wounds of slavery or genocide. It’s never going to change the fact that some people have more reason to be angry than others. Why We Hate is a vital show. If only it had the courage to consider that the most effective form of conflict resolution might be justice.
4 Why We Hate is a vital show.中的is為何不是were?(非事實語氣) 而且If only it had…為何不寫成Why We Hate is a vital show if only it had the courage to consider that the most effective form of conflict resolution might be justice., (在原文中把If獨立成一個句子 ?)
謝謝老師
1
刪除合理的順序是先蓋好3D電影院、以及解決串流影片問題，然後再動手拍3D電影。李安則是先拍電影。
2
和下面這句類似：Be it ever so humble, there is no place like home.句中的Be有Let it be的味道，也可以解讀為However humble it may be。這種句子不需要連接詞，是比較古老的句法。
3
這位女作家是在英國Edinburgh創作關於安曼家鄉的小說。故事內容描寫一個傳統國家進入現代化，那是一個strange new place。或許就該在異鄕Edinburgh這麼一個strange new place來寫作。
4
兩句分開，語氣並不相同。Why We Hate is a vital show這句是作者的評論（正面），採取事實語氣。If only...是作者的另一句評論（負面）：「只可惜它沒有足夠的勇氣…」，採取非事實語氣。
老師以前在講到transplant的時候給過這麼一個例句：Nothing short of a heart transplant can save the patient.
回覆刪除請問老師，這裡的Nothing short如何理解？nothing不是代名詞嗎？為何代名詞後面可以接形容詞short？
另外，我還看到劍橋字典有這樣的表達：be nothing short of...，這裡的代名詞nothing和形容詞short又怎麼解釋，為何能放在be動詞後面做補語？
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/zhs/詞典/英語-漢語-繁體/be-nothing-short-of?q=be+nothing+short+of...
short of something「不到…，不及…」有介系詞片語（of something）修飾short，構成一個形容詞片語，而片語形狀的形容詞本來就放在名詞（如nothing）後面。這裏的nothing是複合名詞：no thing「沒有任何事情」。nothing short of a heart transplant意思是「除了換心手術之外，沒有任何事情…」。句中的nothing當主詞。
刪除The procedure is nothing short of a revolution.我覺得構造與解釋都不同。nothing是有否定功能的程度副詞，修飾short。整個片語nothing short of...意思是「不遜於、不亞於」，也就是almost「幾乎是」。句中的short當主詞補語。
Life is too short to waste a second.，還原為復句：Life is so short that we cannot waste a second.，這裡的a second做受詞。
回覆刪除有疑問的是下面這句：Life is too short to be wasted a second.，這個句子對嗎？我總覺得怪怪的，因為還原為復句（這個復句對嗎？）：Life is so short that it cannot be wasted a second.，這裡的副詞從句it是主詞，a second是什麼東西，是時間單位做副詞嗎？還是說，這根本就是一個語法錯誤的句子？
之所以覺得怪怪的，是因為主動態是we cannot waste life.，被動態是Life cannot be wasted (by us) a second.，實在看不懂a second在被動態裡面的句子成分。
可以視為：
刪除Life is too short to be wasted (for) a second.
因為second是時間單位，可以直接當作時間副詞使用，取代介系詞片語for a second，修飾to be wasted。情況和下句相同：
I walked (for) two hours.
句中的hours是時間單位，名詞片語two hours因而可以直接當作時間副詞使用，取代介系詞片語for two hours，修飾動詞walked。
通過老師在[2020年12月24日 上午1:17]的回復已明白，Life is too short to be wasted a second.，其中a second充當時間副詞修飾to be wasted。
回覆刪除請問老師，Life is too short to waste a second.，還原為復句：Life is so short that we cannot waste a second.，這裡的a second是做及物動詞waste的受詞，還是做時間副詞修飾不及物動詞waste？
及物動詞waste的受詞。
刪除老師您好
回覆刪除A small but significant number of boys are...
significant 是large enough to be important or affect a situation to a noticeable degree 。但原句中的small 跟significant感很予盾，不知如何解釋 ?
謝謝老師
「數目雖然不大，但也不是無足輕重」。
刪除我看到一位名人說過這樣的話，if you can make it here, you can make it everywhere.。
回覆刪除請問老師，這個副詞子句使用不確定語氣can make，是否違背「表示時間、條件的副詞子句要用現在式替代未來式（不確定語氣）」這一文法規則？這位名人說的這個句子是不是有文法錯誤？
句子出處
https://architizer.com/blog/inspiration/stories/daniel-libeskinds-tribute-to-new-york/#:~:text=Laptops-,%E2%80%9CIf%20You%20Can%20Make%20It%20Here%2C%20You%20Can%20Make%20It,Libeskind's%20Tribute%20to%20New%20York
這個句子就是現在時間。can在句中的一般用法，表示「能夠」。這和if「如果」並無衝突。
刪除作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除依舊對老師在[2020年12月30日 下午5:22]的回復存疑。
回覆刪除If you can make it here, you can make it everywhere.
老師在新版文法教材P259寫道，直說語氣，除了用來敘述事實，還可以用來表達「雖無法確定，但是當作是事實」的情況。
老師又在教材P387繼續寫道， 連接詞if解釋為「如果」，言下之意是「假如是真的」，也就是把一件尚未確定的事情先當作是真的來講，因此要採用敘述事實的直說語氣，文法規則「表示條件的副詞子句要用現在式代替未來式。」說的就是這種情況。
同時又在教材P261說道，語氣助動詞should的一般用法屬於條件語氣，實際上的情況並不確定。這句話說明，語氣助動詞的一般用法也是不確定語氣。
問題1
文法規則「表示條件的副詞子句要用現在式代替未來式。」實質就是語氣問題，換言之（按照老師的文法觀念來講），就是：表示條件的副詞子句要用「直說語氣」代替「不確定語氣」，對嗎？
問題2
如果問題1的結論成立（表示條件的副詞子句要用「直說語氣」代替「不確定語氣」），為何在表示條件的副詞子句裡面沒有把它當真，即把它當作直說語氣，採取if you make it here，而是if you 「can」 make it here？，如同老師所說，「can在句中的一般用法」，那不就說明這也是不確定語氣嗎，不管是一般用法還是猜測用法，實際上都沒有把它當真（直說語氣）？
if you can make it here, you can make it everywhere.能不能寫成：if you make it here, you can make it everywhere.？
語氣助動詞分為一般用法和猜測用法。在猜測用法中，要用現在式代替未來式。例如：
刪除It will (or may) rain tomorrow.
If it rains tomorrow, I will stay home.
這是把「有可能發生」的事情當真，所以要採用事實語氣，也就是現在式。但是，一般用法的情況不同。
will若解釋為「願意」，屬於一般用法。它用在條件子句裏面就不會有衝突。例如：
Maybe you will talk to your father again, and maybe you won't.
「或許你願意再跟你父親商量一下，也許你不願意。」
If you will talk to your father again, we may still have a chance.
「若你願意再跟你父親談一次，我們也許還有機會。」
句中的will talk解釋為「願意談」，這個will是一般用法，有兩種可能的情況：可能願意、也可能不願意。If you will「若你願意」、If you won't「若你不願意」，這種用法沒有衝突。這和猜測用法的If it rains tomorrow不同：明天可能下雨、也可能不下。If it rains「如果真的下雨」，是把可能發生的情況當真，也就是規則所謂的「現在式代替未來式」。
If you can make it here裏面的can相當於able to，表示「能力」，屬於一般用法。If you can「如果你能」、if you can't「如果你不能」，這兩種說法都是對的。
老師您好
回覆刪除Despite these painful hiccups, Sherman and his brethren wind up helping their handlers just as much, if not more, than they aid the animals.
1 than是跟前面more是一組的嗎?可是if not more是插入句，感覺又不是一組?
It was a mark of his unfamiliarity with Hollywood that he didn’t understand that an agent was paid out of his client’s share
2 It was的It是指he didn’t understand that an agent was paid out of his client’s share ?
3 an agent was paid out of his client’s share暗示client的費用要付給He及agent ? out of可否解讀為from ?
The Egyptians measured their day in twenty-four hours of unequal length
4意思是Egyptians的24小時跟其他人的24小時相比，Egyptians的24小時可能實際只有23小時或25小時之類的 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除是一起的：
just as much (as they aid the animals) if not more than they aid the animals
然後省略重複的部分
2
是
3
好萊塢經紀人的客戶就是影星、編劇、導演等等，後者的酬勞往往主要來自於電影獲利的抽成，然後再從其中分一部分給經紀人。out of和from意思類似
4
意思是24個小時有長有短：有些是65分鐘、有些是55分鐘之類
老師您好
回覆刪除He felt unequal to the job and wished there were someone he could go to for advice
there were改成there would have been 及 he could go 改成he could have gone 會比較好?感覺原句採用的是非正式用法
謝謝老師
there were改為there had been比較正式，後面的he could go不用改
刪除老師您好
回覆刪除以下是來自CNN新聞網站一篇報導中的句子:
While there were some dissenters concerned that the move could be perceived as an overreach and turn off Trump supporters in their districts, the view among most top Democrats -- including Pelosi -- is that Trump should be held accountable for his actions.
覺得 dissenters後面是否原來是: dissenters who were concerned about the fact that the move...
若是的話, 進行形容詞子句的簡化, 也應該變成While there were some dissenters concerned about that the move... 請教老師了!
that子句不能放在介系詞about後面，所以只能把介系詞片語about the fact整個省掉
刪除作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除老師您好
回覆刪除The Egyptians measured their day in twenty-four hours of unequal length
老師您的回答是:24個小時有長有短：有些是65分鐘、有些是55分鐘之類
1所以表示:The Egyptians也是用24小時制的。只是1小時可能有時是65分，有時是55分 ?
2如果1小時固定為65分或固定為55分，那上述的句子要如何改，才不會讓人誤以為構成1小時裡面的分鐘數是浮動的 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除是
2
例如There were 55 minutes only to an Egyptian hour.
作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除老師講到strategy時，說strategy、stratum的字根都是strat，翻譯為layer（層）。
回覆刪除可是在《GRE字彙通》P424裡面，又寫道，stratagem、strategic、stratum的字根都是stat，翻譯為spread。
請問老師，字根strat翻譯為layer好，還是spread比較好？為何？
字根strat在OED的翻譯是spread。
刪除stratum解釋為layer是單字的翻譯。
老師您好
回覆刪除Your metabolism is the way that chemical processes in your body cause food to be used in an efficient way, for example to make new cells and to give you energy.
1 in an efficient way跟 to make new cells and to give you energy.
是同位格的關係? 也就是 to make new cells and to give you energy.
在解釋in an efficient way
The party has just lost office and with it a substantial number of seats.
2 with可以解釋為because of 嗎(如果是這樣，The party has just lost office 跟 a substantial number of seats就有因果關係) ?還是可以把with解釋為along with or together with (The party has just lost office 跟 a substantial number of seats沒有因果關係?
3 The party has just lost office and brought with it a substantial number of seats. 若此句子多了brought，是不是The party has just lost office 跟 a substantial number of seats就有因果關係 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除是
2
是together with。整句是對等子句省略，可還原為：The party has just lost office and with it (the party has lost) a substantial number of seats.這樣仍然有因果關係。
3
這樣改的意思不對。
老師您好
回覆刪除A tangle of wires is all that remains of the computer and phone system
remains查了字典，其後面不該接of , 是否可以看作A tangle of wires is all that remains及A tangle of wires is of the computer and phone system ?
謝謝老師
原句沒錯。可以這樣理解：Of the computer and phone system, a tangle of wires is all that remains.
刪除老師您好
回覆刪除He is as a great student of human nature as a writer of dictionaries
1的意思是: He is as a great student of human nature and he is a great writer of dictionaries ?
2 student of human nature的意思是 ?
謝謝老師
原句有錯，應該是He is as great a student of human nature as a writer of dictionaries.
刪除可還原為下面兩句：
He is a great student of human nature.
He is a great writer of dictionaries.
兩句用as great as來做比較級，但是改寫之後不再能夠放在名詞片語a student裏面，而要移到外面，成為as great a student... as...
老師您好
回覆刪除He completed the rout with a low shot from the edge of the penalty area
１ complete通常接novel, degree 等正面的字，但原句接the rout，是不是有諷刺的意思？
２low shot的意思是?
謝謝老師
1
刪除rout在此的意思是「徹底打敗對手」
2
看起來是在踢足球：在罰球區邊緣踢出低角度球（得分）
Of the computer and phone system a tangle of wires is all that remains
回覆刪除1 Of 在此可以解釋為about 關於的意思嗎
He is as great a student of human nature as a writer of dictionaries
2意思是:他把這兩個角色都作得很成功 ?
３(原句中所比較的是程度great，如果a student of human nature 做到98分，那麼a writer of dictionaries也是98分) ?
There are as many different kinds of robots currently used in care settings as there are tasks for them to perform.
4如果有50種類型的 robots，那麼就有50種類型的tasks?
5 tasks前如果加different，會不會更清楚 ?
The people there are fighting, in a literal sense, for their home
6因為有 in a literal sense，所以 fighting在這是指身體上的扭打之類 ? (此句子的fighting for 不是figurative )?
7 A trade war is not a war in a literal sense我覺得 literal是不是改成 figurative比較合適，因為 war這個字的basic sense是用槍炮等暴力 ?
8 They had no mind in any real sense of that word的意思是?
謝謝老師
1
刪除是among或out of
2
是
3
是
4
是
5
會，但不夠簡潔
6
是
7
上文有說not，那就是比喻了
8
「他們沒有真正的思維」
老師您好
回覆刪除He went careering off down the track
off在此地可以解讀為從某地離開到達track, 而down 是沿著(along) ?
謝謝老師
off就是away，所以意思就是he went charging away, along the track
刪除老師您好
回覆刪除Physical appearance is far from the only determinant of racial identity, but it’s certainly a factor, says Jessica DeCuir-Gunby, a professor at North Carolina State University who studies the topic but has not worked with Chelsea. Accepting a face from a donor with a much lighter skin tone could present a nuanced set of emotions, she says, since black identity exists across a spectrum of colors, hair textures and facial features. A drastic change in appearance can unmoor someone from his or her identity, potentially resulting in psychological trauma, she says.
1 black identity exists across a spectrum of colors, hair textures and facial features. 的意思是? (Black identity應該是spectrum中的某一部分， 為什麼是exists across a spectrum of…)
All of these factors have combined to shift doctors’ politics to the left. In 1994, 67% of political campaign contributions by doctors went to Republicans, according to research by Adam Bonica, Howard Rosenthal and David Rothman. By 2004, donations to Republicans dropped below 50%. And by 2018, the ratio had more than flipped: Democrats captured more than 80% of physician donations last year.
2 By 2004, donations to Republicans dropped below 50%.中的By 2004=in 2004?
3 by 2018, the ratio had more than flipped: Democrats captured more than 80%動詞是過去完成式，所以整句的意思是: 在2018年時，the ratio早就已經…?
4 more than flipped的意思是 ?
Of the computer and phone system a tangle of wires is all that remains
5Of 老師您說有out of的意思，那out of在這的意思是 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除「代表黑人身分的，有許多種不同（濃淡）的膚色、髮質、以及面部特徵。」
2
是until或before的意思
3
是
4
之前是67%捐給共和黨。若翻過來（flip），就是67%變成捐給民主黨。實際上已經高達80%，所以是more than flipped
5
all that remains of the computer and phone system「原來的電腦電話設備，就只剩下…」
老師好
回覆刪除以下是介紹陶倫斯創造思考測驗的一句話:
The tests typically consist of “divergent thinking” tasks—the ability to generate a wide variety of solutions that are then scored on fluency, flexibility, originality, and how fully explained they are. 最後的they指的應是solutions, 如此的話, 最後的部分應是, and how they are fully explained 不知, and how fully explained they are的合理性在哪裡?
直述句
刪除They are very fluently explained.
改為
They are so fluently explained.
其中程度副詞so修飾方法狀態的副詞fluently，再改為疑問句
How fluently explained are they?
再改為名詞子句
how fluently explained they are
老師您好
回覆刪除For founder Christine Lemke, one of Evidation's ongoing projects, to see if new technologies can effectively measure chronic pain, is personal: Lemke has a rare genetic disease that causes back pain.
1如果 to see if new technologies can effectively measure chronic pain前後的逗號去掉，是不是句子也夠清楚 ?
The Open Insulin Project falls into a black hole outside of FDA regulation, according to Peccoud, the Colorado State professor. For one thing, the project may skirt some regulations by being a nonprofit. Also, the FDA allows individuals to largely do whatever they want to themselves. “If you want to inject yourself with home-brew beer, there’s no law to stop that,” says Peccoud.
2The Open Insulin Project不受 FDA regulation的約束，但為何用 black hole來形容 ?
He was not able to walk without a cane and could only navigate steps backwards
3 navigate steps backwards的意思是 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除前後一對逗點等於一組括弧，這裏有需要。括弧內是上文one的同位格，也就是關係子句which is to see...的簡化，這個關係子句是non-restrictive usage，需要放在括弧式的逗點中
2
暗示「三不管地帶」
3
看來是「只能後退、不能前進」
老師您好
回覆刪除We started out by looking at ways in which big projects such as railways could be financed by the private sector …
1這個句子ways in which ...的意思是: ways by which big projects could be financed: the private sector and the public sector ?
(原句是字典的例句，此句子應該還沒有完,the public sector是我自己加的)
Jojo isn’t so tough after all, and his mother Rosie (Scarlett Johansson, who’s the lustrous soul of the movie) knows it. His Nazi fixation cuts against everything she believes, though she doesn’t dare express that. When the two encounter a group of traitors who’ve been hanged in the town square–we don’t see their faces, but their legs dangle, a lifeless reproach, a few feet off the ground–Jojo asks what these people did to deserve such a fate. Her clipped answer: “What they could.”
Jojo Rabbit isn’t subtle, yet it’s still somehow delicate–more of a piece with Waititi’s earlier films, like the prickly-sweet 2016 coming-of-age comedy Hunt for the Wilderpeople, than with his booming 2017 Marvel hit, Thor: Ragnarok. Jojo Rabbit‘s ad campaign calls the movie “an antihate satire,” which perhaps doesn’t do it any favors. Being anti-hate is almost as vague as being pro-rainbow: Who doesn’t like rainbows?
But then, nearly every other news story these days addresses some problem that has sprung from hatred of “the other,” whoever that other might be. Evil can recycle itself, wearing a different disguise each time it appears. Jojo Rabbit is an entreaty to stay vigilant, and to live up to the ultimate epitaph: They did what they could.
2第一段 a lifeless reproach的意思是 ?
3Jojo Rabbit isn’t subtle, yet it’s still somehow delicate 中的subtle及 delicate是同義字，不知原句的意思是 ?
4第二段 Jojo Rabbit‘s ad campaign calls the movie “an antihate satire,” which perhaps doesn’t do it any favors. Being anti-hate is almost as vague as being pro-rainbow: Who doesn’t like rainbows?
which perhaps doesn’t do it any favors 的原因在於多此一舉，因為大家都知道這部電影是 an antihate satire ?
5最後一段They did what they could. 所要表達的意思是 ?
It’s easy to see why Aciman might be wary of the pressure that comes with a sequel. Though his novel was acclaimed upon its release, garnering him a Lambda Literary Award for Gay Fiction, the movie, directed by Italian filmmaker Luca Guadagnino, turned his story into a phenomenon. Ten years after the book’s initial release, it finally landed on the best-seller list, and Aciman’s publisher says 800,000 copies have now been sold in the U.S. and Canada. Such a definitive account was Guadagnino’s film that when Aciman thinks of Elio and Oliver, he sees actors Timothée Chalamet and Armie Hammer.
6 Such a definitive account was Guadagnino’s film that when Aciman thinks of Elio and Oliver, he sees actors Timothée Chalamet and Armie Hammer.
Such a definitive account was Guadagnino’s film 的意思是 ? Such ...that 是一組的嗎(就像這個句子中 it is such a amazing sight that we'll never forget itSuch ...that 是一組的 )
Growing up, Aciman developed the worldly existence he would come to show through his characters, moving from Egypt to Italy to France to the U.S., all by the time he was 17.
７all by the time he was 17. 表示 在17歲前(包括17歲時） ？
Research suggets that 83% visit some kind of doctor in the year before their death
8如果某人在1970年2月3日去找醫師看診，那麼in the year before their death 表示某人有可能在１９７０年死亡 ?
In 1994, 67% of political campaign contributions by doctors went to Republicans, according to research by Adam Bonica, Howard Rosenthal and David Rothman. By 2004, donations to Republicans dropped below 50%. And by 2018, the ratio had more than flipped
9 by 有at 或before 的意思(If something happens by a particular time, it happens at or before that time. )，為什麼By 2004不 能解釋為in 2004 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除不一樣。原句就只有提到the private sector，而且in ways比by ways通順。
2
their legs dangle, "as" a lifeless reproach。那是幾個被處絞刑的人，人已經死了，腿懸空，好像在做無聲的抗議。
3
說此人not subtle，表示他「無忌憚、無遮攔」。但他又是delicate，表示他「卻又含蓄、不是大鳴大放」。
4
因為antihate有點「廢話、多餘」。沒有人不是antihate。
5
呼應第1段結尾的What they could。看來第1段這些受刑人是反抗暴政者。最後一段an entreaty to stay vigilant, and to live up to the ultimate epitaph: They did what they could.「敦促大家要隨時保持警戒、要對得起那句終極的墓誌銘：他們盡其所能，不惜性命」
6
是一組的。「這部電影是小說最經典的詮釋。就連原作者想到書中男女主角時，腦海中浮現的也是電影的男女主角。」
7
是
8
在1969年2月4日到1970年2月3日之間
9
動詞dropped用的是過去簡單式，所以在此的by 2004意思和in 2004其實是一樣的。若用過去完成式had dropped就不一樣了。
老師您好
回覆刪除We started out by looking at ways in which big projects such as railways could be financed by the private sector …
1 ways in which big projects such as railways could be financed by the private sector …表示私部門對大計畫提供資金的方法，(這些方法可能包括私部門變賣股票得到資金，並把資金投入在大計畫等方式)
The world which the book inhabits seems too self-consciously literary, too introverted
2意思是: 這本書太齩文嚼字，不容易讓人了解 ?
The place is as self-consciously trendy as they come
3 Come=exist ?
In 1994, 67% of political campaign contributions by doctors went to Republicans, according to research by Adam Bonica, Howard Rosenthal and David Rothman. By 2004, donations to Republicans dropped below 50%. And by 2018, the ratio had more than flipped
4 By 2004, donations to Republicans dropped below 50%.若dropped改為had dropped， By 2004=before 2004?
I place a high premium on what someone is like as a person
5 what someone is like as a person的意思是 ?
Money & Marriage is organized by Ramsey Solutions, a faith-based financial-advice group started in 1992 by the wildly popular Dave Ramsey, who looks upon debt as approvingly as NASA engineers look upon oxygen leaks. In the first half, psychologist Les Parrott offers couples’ bonding skills and exercises. In the second, Rachel Cruze, Ramsey’s middle child, shares financial advice.
6 Dave Ramsey, who looks upon debt as approvingly as NASA engineers look upon oxygen leaks.的意思是 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除是
2
有這個暗示。總之是「不夠自然」
3
是
4
可以改為had dropped，意思一樣。by和before差不多
5
「是怎麼樣的人」，指的是「人品，個性」
6
就是not approvingly at all或是in great alarm
老師您好
回覆刪除Sometimes it’s hard to conceive of awe-inspiring historical figures like abolitionist hero Harriet Tubman as living, breathing people. But a single visual cue can make a difference: a recently discovered photograph shows a younger Tubman, a contemplative, vibrant-looking woman in a stylish dress. That’s the Tubman director Kasi Lemmons brings to life in her carefully observed biographical film Harriet: it’s as if Tubman walks among us, melting away the years between her life and ours.
Cynthia Erivo plays Tubman, whom we first meet as a slave–her birth name is Araminta Ross–on a farm in Bucktown, Md., circa 1849. She’s married to a free black man and yearns for freedom herself, at least partly to escape the sinister advances of her master’s son (an oily Joe Alwyn). Araminta pulls off a daring escape, even leaping from a bridge when she finds herself cornered by the dogs and men on horseback who are quite literally hunting her. She makes her way, at great risk, to Philadelphia, building a new life for herself with the help of a sophisticated businesswoman and adviser (played, with glittering vitality, by Janelle Monáe). But the woman who now calls herself Harriet Tubman can’t forget those she left behind. She returns again and again to Maryland’s Eastern Shore, often in disguise, to guide other slaves to freedom. The dangers increase with each trip.
Lemmons–who has directed some splendid pictures over the years, among them Eve’s Bayou and The Caveman’s Valentine–is fully alive to both the danger and beauty of the landscape of the American South–even the shape of a tree, craggy and twisted or lush with leaves, could be either a warning or a welcome. Erivo shines through it all, giving us a glimpse into the mind of a steadfast woman of purpose. Her Tubman is as bold and alive as the woman staring at us from that photograph. The directness of her gaze is the ultimate challenge
1 it’s as if Tubman walks among us, melting away the years between her life and ours.是說雖然Tubman是古人，但跟今人是沒有距離的; Tubman在那個時代所發生的事，對於今人來說，導演的手法會像觀眾(今人)認為是當代的事 ?
2 it’s as if Tubman walks的動詞用現在式適合嗎? 因為Tubman早就死亡了，不可能walks among us (即使前面用as if ) ?
3最後一段The directness of her gaze is the ultimate challenge是暗示Tubman對slavery這個制度的不屑 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除是。同時還表示：因為有一張真人照片，讓我們感覺和這位古人的距離一下子拉近了
2
標準文法的說法是as if Tubman were walking among us。這裏用walks，好像把這件事情「當真」，語氣更加生動，可以用在新聞體中
3
有這個暗示
老師好
回覆刪除In reaching a conclusion, students have to do research across several subjects and be creative in the fullest sense. No doubt Torrance would have approved if he was still alive.
想請老師解惑的是第二句No doubt Torrance…
Torrance提出了被引用最多的創造力測驗，其已過世。他若看到現在的學生能在學習上發揮創意思考，一定非常稱許approve。基此，第二句應是與現在事實相反的假設語句。其意為若陶倫斯現在仍在世的話，他一定會大力稱許學生發揮創造力的學習方式，如此則應寫成No doubt Torrance would approve if he were still alive.
原句的if條件句的動詞用was而非were，研判原因是採口語的寫法。至於主要子句，就不知為何採would have approved 此與過去事實相反或對過去狀況可能推論的寫法?
標準文法的寫法應該是He would approve if he were still alive.，採用「現在時間非事實語氣」。
刪除老師你好，為什麼英文中會有「否定轉移」的現象？
回覆刪除例如 「我認為你是錯的。」，為什麼要說 I don't think you are right.，而不說 I think you are not right.？
否定並非都要轉移，例如：
刪除I see you are not well.「看得出來你不舒服。」
不能改為I don't see you are well.
但是I think you are not right.聽起來有點不自然（句子並沒有錯），不如說I think you are wrong或I don't think you are right.。我覺得，其實是因為you are not right這種說法本身就不自然（不如直接說you are wrong）。
老師您好
回覆刪除The constituion did not definitively rule out divorce
1意思是: 對於rule out divorce這一件事還沒有最終的定案 ?
2若原句改成The constituion did not rule out divorce則表示對於divorce這個選項已完全排除 ?
As we travel south, the countryside begins to undulate as the rolling hills sweep down to the riverbanks
３sweep down to the riverbanks的意思是 ?
she sighed, her heart banging away agaist her ribs as she opened the door
4she所表達的情緒是很無奈(sighed)及激動(her heart banging away agaist her ribs) 嗎 ?
There was widespread picketing of mines where work was continuing.
5意思是礦場裡面的人還在工作，但礦場外面有人罷工 ?
Nationwide industrial action began earlier this week, when staff at banks walked out
６是指銀行業的人罷工，而工業的人在上工?
謝謝老師
1，2
刪除did not definitely rule out divorce「並沒有明確禁止離婚」，暗示「有反對離婚，但並不硬性規定禁止」。若改為did not rule out divorce就是「並沒有禁止離婚」，暗示「可以離婚」
3
原先是連綿的山巒，然後高度逐漸下降、來到河邊（水平面是最低點）
4
是。很緊張，又不得不開門。
5
是。原本在礦場工作的礦工罷工，在外頭舉牌抗議（picketing）。但是有些工人沒有參與罷工、或者場主另外找來工人，所以礦區內仍然在繼續工作。
6
「本週，銀行人員開始罷工，全國性的工業行動也同時展開」。這裏的industrial，有可能指的是銀行業，也有可能是生產製造業，要看上下文而定
老師您好
回覆刪除His anxiety about the outcome melted, to return later but not yet.
1 =His anxiety about the outcome melted; his would( or will ) return later but not yet ? 原句的 to return表未來式，如果是過去之未來，則用 would; 如果是現在之未來，則用will ?
Money & Marriage is organized by Ramsey Solutions, a faith-based financial-advice group started in 1992 by the wildly popular Dave Ramsey, who looks upon debt as approvingly as NASA engineers look upon oxygen leaks. In the first half, psychologist Les Parrott offers couples’ bonding skills and exercises. In the second, Rachel Cruze, Ramsey’s middle child, shares financial advice.
２ Dave Ramsey, who looks upon debt as approvingly as NASA engineers look upon oxygen leaks.的意思是 not approvingly at all或是in great alarm , 可是從這個句子來看，看不到有否定的意味 ?
3 His arm swept around the room的意思是 ?
There was a risk of genuine refugees being returned to ….
4不了解 refugees being returned及 refugees returned 有何差別 ?
5 The possibility that the party imploded in opposition
the party imploded in opposition的意思是 ? 而且in 在這的意思是?
老師，不好意思，這一段之前有向您請教by的用法，可是我很笨，還不了解，想再請教老師，謝謝
In 1994, 67% of political campaign contributions by doctors went to Republicans, according to research by Adam Bonica, Howard Rosenthal and David Rothman. By 2004, donations to Republicans dropped below 50%. And by 2018, the ratio had more than flipped
6 By 2004, donations to Republicans dropped below 50%.若dropped改為had dropped，那麼 By 2004就等於before 2004?
7And by 2018, the ratio had more than flipped中的by 2018就是before 2018 ?
After a brief and failed attempt to get back into power as a candidate for President in 2008, he returned to the money game. By 2018, he was making between $5 million and $10 million a year.
8 因為有a year的關係，表示某一動作是常態，那麼動詞應該用made才比較適合，為何原句用was making ?
９ By 2018=before 2018 ?
What Giuliani's quest for money and power has cost Trump
10如果原句改成What Giuliani's quest for has cost Trump 我還能理解，但是原句What Giuliani's quest for money and power中的money and power是不是多餘的，因為what就是money and power，所以money and power應該省略才是 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除是過去的would
2
教他們理財的技巧，就是為了避免負債
3
手臂揮一圈，示意整個房間都包括在內
4
加上being，被動的意思比較明確（若無being，則returned可能只表示完成）
5
explode是「爆炸」，implode是「崩潰」。in opposition的意思比較不清楚，要看上下文
6
是
7
是
8
表示「那幾年一直」
9
是
10
例如Giuliani's quest for money and power(S) has cost(V) Trump(O) his Presidency(O).
句中的cost是授予動詞，有兩個受詞
老師好:
回覆刪除Over recent years, a far more localized subculture has been developing in Mexico, where a style of music known as Tribal Guarachero has evolved, complete with its own remarkable fashions.
Joan had been in favour of a huge party, complete with flashing disco lights and a proper DJ.
從這兩句的語意看出complete with有連同的意思，但不知:
1. complete with…是副詞還是形容詞片語?
2. complete with 為何前面有個逗點?
可還原為關係子句which is complete with...的減化，分別修飾先行詞a style of music與a huge party。這是無指示功能（non-restrictive usage）的關係子句，用做補充說明，所以要放在括弧式的逗點中。
刪除老師您好
回覆刪除I tell my mother that Mary told me yesterday(3月7日) she would do ….
1原句如上，如果現在此刻是3月8日，would改成will, 原句變成Mary told me yesterday(3月7日) she will do ….(3月9日) 。不知這樣子是否可以 ?
2如果原句改完之後可以的話，那麼His anxiety about the outcome melted, to return later but not yet.= His anxiety about the outcome melted; his will return later but not yet (原本是his would, 現在改成his will不知是否可以
3像will未來式的動詞，會同時有猜測語氣的意味嗎 ? 還是未來式的動詞就是未來式的動詞，跟猜測語氣不能混為一談?
Money & Marriage is organized by Ramsey Solutions, a faith-based financial-advice group started in 1992 by the wildly popular Dave Ramsey, who looks upon debt as approvingly as NASA engineers look upon oxygen leaks. In the first half, psychologist Les Parrott offers couples’ bonding skills and exercises. In the second, Rachel Cruze, Ramsey’s middle child, shares financial advice.
4從上面的段落，可以看出是跟理財的技巧有關，絕對不是教人要負債之類的。但who looks upon debt as approvingly as NASA engineers look upon oxygen leaks.
中的approvingly為何不改成disapprovingly? (老師 不好意思 我還是一直卡在這個句子)
There was a risk of genuine refugees being returned to ….
5 being returned to應該不是who were being returned to ….的簡化(being的功能就如同老師調的，加上being，被動的意思比較明確)?
6老師您說 若無being，則returned可能只表示完成。完成的意思是，表returned這個動作之完成 ? 有完成式的意味嗎 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除可以
2
可以
3
傳統文法稱will為未來式，新的文法稱will為語氣助動詞，分為一般用法（表示「意願」）與猜測用法（表示「可能」）。傳統文法的未來式will，相當於新文法語氣助動詞will的猜測用法
4
如果說「高雄市民look upon陳其邁as approvingly as they look upon蔡英文」，就是很支持陳其邁。但如果說「高雄市民look upon陳其邁as approvingly as they look upon韓國瑜」，就是說完全不支持陳其邁，恨不得把他罷免掉。這有點「反諷」的味道
5, 6
過去分詞有被動、完成兩種暗示。
return的用法可以是不及物動詞，表示「回到」，如：
He returned to Taiwan.但也可以是及物動詞「遣返」，例如：
The criminal was returned to Taiwan.。再來看：
There was a risk of genuine refugees being returned to ….
句中用being returned就只能解釋為被動，還原為：
There was a risk that genuine refugees are returned to ….。但如果沒有being，成為：
There was a risk of genuine refugees returned to ….
句中的returned就不一定是被動（及物動詞「被遺返」），而有可能是完成（不及物動詞「回到了」），還原為
There was a risk of genuine refugees who have returned to ….
老師您好
回覆刪除At the time the Berlin Wall fell, he was already living a privileged life
1=At the time the Berlin Wall fell, he had been already living a privileged life ?
Hoffa, garrulous and avuncular and gruffly kind, also adores Peggy, and she loves him back, seeing him, with at least partial accuracy, as a champion of the little guy–not as the kind of man who, like Frank or Russell, might crush that guy under his boot. Paquin is wonderful here: she turns Peggy’s disgust and revulsion into a kind of bristly radiance. No wonder she’s one of the most powerful characters in the movie, albeit one with relatively few lines. Both Frank and Russell see how easily Hoffa’s charm works on her; how could they not resent it? What’s coming is a betrayal of Shakespearean proportions, and it’s a daughter’s love–or withholding of that love–that helps set off its destructive vibrations.
2What’s coming is a betrayal of Shakespearean proportions, and it’s a daughter’s love–or withholding of that love–that helps set off its destructive vibrations.的意思是 ?
It’s a wonderful story, rendered with the liveliness—and the budget—Pullman’s books deserve. Keen’s Lyra has tomboy charm for miles, and her frustration that everyone seems to know more than she does about who she is captures a feeling that, in more abstract form, is universal to her age. Yet the show’s world-building can be messy, as early episodes struggle to establish the conventions of this reality, and watching CGI animals talk plunged me straight into the uncanny valley. Coulter’s Art Deco apartment, a Harry Potter–ish Oxford and an arctic outpost straight out of the 19th-century Yukon don’t add up to a coherent aesthetic. His Dark Materials doesn’t transcend its genre—but if you love fantasy, it’ll cast a spell.
３ His Dark Materials doesn’t transcend its genre的意思是 ?
By half distance we held a comfortable two-lap lead
4如果跑一圈是400公尺，共有6圈。那麼領先的那一個人已跑了1200公尺（By half distance），比落後的那一個人多跑了800公尺（two-lap），就是原句的意思 ?
He read the scene, with Seaton cueing him
５原句的意思是 ?
The famine turned the normal modulation of climate into disaster
6如果此地原本就有food rationing, 並依據當年的情況(所得、人口結構)作調整，那麼今年發生famine ，所以今年food rationing的調節對整個區域沒幫助，反而造成更多人餓死(rations 原本就不夠，大家就用搶的偷的，讓整個區域更混亂)，就可以用上面的句子?
7 climate前加上the，會更好嗎 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除at the time表示同樣時間，兩個動詞fell和was都是過去簡單式，也是同樣時間，原句符合時態一致性要求
2
「接下來發生的背叛，有如莎翁悲劇的規模。促使背叛發生的是女兒對父親的愛（或是不愛）」。莎士比亞名劇如李爾王、王子復仇記，裏面有許多驚天動地的人倫悲劇。按照原文描述，那位女兒受到一位父執輩的吸引，她父親或許因為吃醋、或許為了保護女兒，想必做出很激烈的行為
3
「這部電影並不能超越奇幻片的類型限制」，亦即：即令拍得再好，也只不過是個奇幻片而已，沒有什麼深刻的內容
4
是
5
他持劇本唸台詞，由Seaton提示他何時開始
6
正常的氣候變化（normal modulation）本來無礙，但今年碰上饑荒，適逢氣候變化造成糧食減產，因而產生災難
7
這裏是把climate當抽象名詞使用
旋
老師好:
回覆刪除以下是電影關鍵少數當中三位主角之一Mary在戶外派對與其先生的對話 (附上英文及中文)，對” Less you want this female’s mind right here”本以為是不是要說unless而說成less，但再三查證腳本及影片，確定是使用less。對此結構我有兩種解析，請老師指正哪一個正確或是都不正確。
1. (省略The) less (省略thing) (省略that) you want (省略is) this female’s mind
應該要說成: The less thing that you want is this female’s mind. Less做形容詞用
2. You want this female’s mind less right here. Less作形容詞用，倒裝置於句首
MARY:
You better settle down, Levi Jackson. Less you want this female’s mind right here, in front of everybody.
瑪莉:
你最好安靜點 (或你最好說清楚)
除非你要我當眾發脾氣 (或要我在大家面前攤開來說嗎)
LEVI JACKSON (Mary的先生):
All I’m saying, don’t play a fool. I don’t want to see you get hurt. NASA’s never given you gals your due, having another degree won’t change that. Civil rights ain’t always civil.
瑪莉先生:
沒這意思，我只希望你別被騙 (我只想說，別被耍了)
不希望你受傷 (我不想看到你受傷)
NASA從沒幫你們說句公道話 (NASA從沒幫你們爭取什麼?)
再多個學位也無法改變
公民權利需靠抗爭爭取 (公民權利有時只是說說而已)
你的第一直覺是對的：unless在口語中可以只說less，所以這個less就用unless解讀
刪除老師您好
回覆刪除the lofty disdain he often expresses for his profession
1本句暗示: 他對於目前的工作不滿意，他可以有更好的工作 ?
It doesn’t help those arguing that the implied and temporary attempt at a quid quo pro necessitates impeachment that the aid was eventually released and disbursed on Sept. 11.
2 that the aid was eventually released and disbursed on Sept. 11.看起來跟前面的impeachment無關，(有一種天外飛來一筆感覺) ? 不知可何解釋 ?
An investigation into the origins of the probe into Russia’s 2016 election meddling, including any Ukrainian matters relating to it, is under way. It is being handled through appropriate channels and with built-in independence by a career prosecutor, John Durham, the U.S. Attorney in Connecticut, and presumably outside of political interference at Main Justice in Washington. If Durham finds actual evidence warranting investigation of the Bidens, that would be entirely appropriate, unless one is prepared to argue, speciously, that a presidential candidate enjoys absolute immunity from investigation during the course of a campaign. So things are finally in the right hands.
That is not to say that the “no harm, no foul” argument excuses the evident lack of judgment exhibited by the White House in attempting to spur action by a foreign government outside of proper channels to investigate a political rival. But it is another thing altogether to claim that such conduct is clearly and unmistakably impeachable. If recent polls are any guide, many fair-minded Americans seem prepared to accept that even if such conduct was wrong, it was not so seriously wrong as to warrant removal from office.
3 “no harm, no foul” argument 是什麼意思？（是指民主黨一直要彈劾川普，但來了一位公正的人士John Durham來主持公道?）
Journalists, as a species, generally despise being the subjects of the news. We sign up to see our names in the bylines, not the headlines. But events put the staff of the Capital Gazette in a new place. As journalists, they were a new addition to the expanding annals of American gun violence—uniquely positioned to register all its impacts, from the initial moments so horrifying they draw the attention of the entire world, through the far longer period when that attention has moved on, and they don’t get to.
“There are people all around the country and all around the world who are just sitting with these massive amounts of PTSD, and we need to know how to get through it,” says Capital Gazette reporter Selene San Felice, 24, who hid under a desk to survive the rampage. “We’re having a national conversation about mental health and anxiety, but we’ve got to do something to talk about what happens after.”
4 from the initial moments so horrifying they draw… 中的they draw前面是不是省略了that (so… that ), 為何that 可以省略 ?
5 through the far longer period when that attention has moved on, and they don’t get to.的意思是指人們對capital這個報社的謀殺案不再關注了;而且its impact(第一段第五行)也已不再，因為槍擊案一再發生，人們都麻木了 ?
Capital journalists are attempting to embrace the good things. The world—particularly the Annapolis community—continues to show an outpouring of love. New opportunities, small solace that they are, have arisen from the tragedy. The Pulitzer Prize board awarded the Capital a $100,000 grant; the extra money enabled, for example, San Felice to take on in-depth, high-impact projects. The Capital has partnered with the nonprofit ProPublica, a leading investigative newsroom, to examine public housing in Annapolis.
“Putting out the paper has value besides what’s in the paper,” Hutzell says in a room in the Capital’s new space. “Every day you’re here is another day farther away from what happened. Every day you’re here is another day when you’re alive. And we have friends who are not. Every day here is another day we can honor their memories, and do the work we love.”
6 Putting out the paper has value besides what’s in the paper怎麼感覺跟底下的Every day…那一段話沒有什麼關聯?
謝謝老師
1
刪除是
2
that the aid was eventually released and disbursed on Sept. 11這個名詞子句就是原句假主詞it的內容。整句意思是：「這位助理到最後被解僱，這個發展對於持彈劾論者不利」
3
「沒有造成傷害，就不算犯規」。2020大選期間，川普施壓烏克蘭總統，要他調查政敵拜登，意圖使拜登不當選，因而造成民主黨提案彈劾川普。為川普辯解者主張no harm, no foul：既然拜登成功當選了，川普就算有過小動作，但沒有造成傷害，所以不需彈劾
4
是省掉that。因為that沒有內容，常常可以省略，但是once that, in case that, lest that等等，裏面的that都可以省
5
這裏的they指的是記者：世人早已淡忘、去關注別的事情（attention has moved on），但記者不能忘（they don't get to move on, or can't move on）
6
「繼續出刊，這樣做的價值不只在於報紙刊出什麼內容」，暗示「更大的價值在於我們屹立不倒、不屈服於暴力」。所以才會說「只要我們存在一天，就有一天的意義」
It lost an appeal last month at the U.K. Supreme Court following a yearslong court battle, in a
回覆刪除decision that holds wider implications for the country's gig economy.
請問老師
1. in a decision 的 in 是什麼意思?
2. hold implications 的 hold 又該怎麼解釋呢?
謝謝老師。
1
刪除「在法庭的判決中」判定上訴無效
2
「有」意義
老師您好
回覆刪除She manifestly failed to last the mile and a half of the race
1意思是:她沒跑完賽程最後的一哩半?
The chairman quipped that he would rather sell his airline than his computer systems
2其背後的意思是 ?
£2,500 for software is soon swallowed up in general costs
3意思是:軟體費用是包含在general costs這個大項目裡 ?
4 Consensus 有a general(general 是involves or affect MOST people) agreement about something 及an idea or opinion that is shared by All the people in a group的意思。但MOST people(有人反對) 及All the people(沒人反對) 是不一樣的，不知如何解釋 ?
Anyone who breaks the law does so at their peril.
5 does so有breaks the law的意思。原句為何不寫成Anyone breaks the law at their peril.? 這樣子不是比較不會那麼wordy ?
While examples of truly settled science being overturned are far fewer than is sometimes claimed, they do exist. But the beauty of this scientific process is that it explains what might otherwise appear paradoxical: that science produces both novelty and stability.
6 than is sometimes claimed有省略，麻請老師還原 ?
7 what might otherwise的might是現在非事實 ?
At the time the Berlin Wall fell, he was already living a privileged life
8 already是earlier than the time expected ?
9 he was already living及he already lived的語意是相同的 ?
Republicans sought to downplay the election outcome as the result of local factors. In a week’s time, they’ll have a chance to recapture another red-state governorship in Louisiana. But to Perez, the Democratic chairman, this election is a cheering portent. “This is a microcosm of America,” he tells TIME. “In Trump Country, they now see the president for what he is. And they’re coming back to the Democratic side.”
10hey now see the president for what he is 的意思是?
Though a helper smooths the bird’s feathers before the camera rolls, Big Bird himself is largely unruffled by the fuss. It’s not just that the fame isn’t new to him, though that’s certainly the case–he appeared on the cover of TIME in 1970, as the show marked its first birthday; led the 1985 movie Follow That Bird; has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame; and appeared with Bob Hope in the first U.S. television special ever filmed in China.
though that’s certainly the case= though that the fame WAS new to him is certainly the case?
謝謝老師
1
刪除未能「撐過」1哩半的賽程（總共就是1哩半）
2
此人極重視他的computer systems
3
似乎是暗示原本要買軟體的經費被general costs挪用了
4
一旦有consensus就算達成決議了，不論是大部人同意還是所有人同意
5
要用原句才清楚：若要犯法，就得自行負責
6
一般文法書的說法是than是準關係代名詞，可以當主詞，後面直接加動詞
7
是
8
是
9
用進行式較好（生活是持續的）
10
看清了川普的真面目
11
It's the case (or it's true) that fame "isn't" new to him.
老師您好:
回覆刪除下面兩個例句，不知該如何解釋 1. grew up後接eating meat 2. to get from your house to school 後接wearing a blindfold的用法
是否分別是grew up後面省略from此介系詞，及to get from your house to school後面省略by此介系詞。若此說法成立，表示eating meat…及wearing a blindfold為動名詞片語，但為何可省略前面的介系詞呢? 或是我的解讀錯誤，而有另外正確的解讀?
Almost all of us grew up eating meat, wearing leather, and going to circuses and zoos.
Imagine trying to get from your house to school wearing a blindfold, or writing without using your hands.
Almost all of us grew up while we were eating meat...
刪除Imagine trying to get from your house to school while you're wearing a blindfold...
兩句中的eating meat...與wearing a blindfold都是分詞構句，可還原為如上的副詞子句解讀
老師您好
回覆刪除The Capital has emerged a symbol: of press freedom, of the vitality of community journalism, of the fight against gun violence. “People have interpreted us,” says Capital editor Rick Hutzell, “how they see fit.”
There is a pattern after mass shootings, which Pacella’s statehouse testimony fit in only too well: a moving plea for change from a mass-shooting survivor, followed by … no real change. The gun-regulation bill stalled. Meanwhile, shootings elsewhere made headlines: Virginia Beach; El Paso, Texas; Dayton, Ohio. None of it damped the resolve of the newsroom. The staff has promised itself that what happened to the Capital won’t be in vain.
1 of press freedom, of the vitality of community journalism, of the fight against gun violence這幾件事是不同的事，為何of the fight前不加and ?
2 emerge 後不接受詞，為何The Capital has emerged a symbol 可以接a symbol ?
3 which Pacella’s statehouse testimony fit in only too well可以還原為Pacella’s statehouse testimony fit in only too well with mass shootings. 所以原句的which前加with會比較好 ?
In The Great Pretender, journalist Susannah Cahalan turns her investigative skills to this famous experiment. Her interest in the trauma of being labeled insane is personal: at 24, she was hospitalized with symptoms including seizures, hallucinations and psychosis—an experience she recounted in her 2013 best seller, Brain on Fire. She was misdiagnosed with bipolar disorder before it emerged that she had a rare autoimmune disease of the brain. “For every miracle like me, there are…a thousand rotting away in jails or abandoned on the streets for the sin of being mentally ill,” she writes, “a million told that it’s all in their heads, as if our brains aren’t inside those heads.”
4 a million told that it’s all in their heads, as if our brains aren’t inside those heads.的意思是 ?
While the best of West’s records are intensely personal and self-aware, Jesus Is King has a glazed-over quality, as if being delivered through stained glasses, or from the Sunken Place, the fictional purgatory from Get Out that West fears the most. He professes to be “so radical” on “Everything We Need,” but this album is strictly functional --and, ironically, weighed down by its lack of demons.
5this album is strictly functional --and, ironically, weighed down by its lack of demons. 在此句子中，and前後兩個句子是對比的句子，所以--and, ironically, 是不是有but 的意思 ?
You’ve long been a critic of President Trump. What are your thoughts on the House’s current impeachment inquiry?
Let’s put it this way: if the Russians aren’t paying him, they should have, because he’s torn this country in two. I think that his 15 minutes are just about up. I think even his hardcore supporters have started to soften.
6 they should have (paid) 在這的語氣應該是猜測 ? (好像should have pp 大都用在非事實語氣) ?
The notions we children were able to form of the great world beyond were exceedingly nebulous
7 the great world beyond的意思
His cough grew more persistent until it never stopped
8 persistent 及never stopped都有continue的意思，這個句子在語意上是不是有問題 ?
Ian was a hopeless innocent where women were concerned.
9原句的意思是 ?
Different animals in the colony had different manifestations of the disease
10意思是: 雖然都是同一疾病，但是在不同的動物身上所表現出的病徵是不同的 ?
1
刪除新聞英語中常常不加and
2
作has become a symbol解讀（emerge當連綴動詞使用）
3
還原為Pacella’s statehouse testimony fit in the pattern only too well
4
(For every miracle like me, there are) a million (who are) told that it’s all in their heads, as if our brains aren’t inside those heads.
5
functional和lacking demons都是比較務實的、正常的，連接詞用and比較好。irony在於weighed down: 一般是有demon才會產生weight
6
不是猜測，而是一般用法、過去時間非事實語氣
7
可能是居家環境之外、也可能是地球之外
8
never stopped程度比persistent嚴重，所以沒錯
9
凡是跟女人有關的事，Ian天真得不可救藥
10
是
老師您好
回覆刪除Anyone who breaks the law does so at their peril.
1 Anyone who breaks the law是否指的是慣性違法的人 ?
2 Anyone who breaks the law does so是指慣性違法的人如果再做違法的事，就可能使自己受到損害、危險 ?
While examples of truly settled science being overturned are far fewer than is sometimes claimed, they do exist.
3比較級是examples of truly settled science being overturned及跟哪一件事比? 而且is sometimes claimed的主詞是什麼(is是單數，其主詞一定是單數，但examples of truly settled science中的examples是復數)
Though a helper smooths the bird’s feathers before the camera rolls, Big Bird himself is largely unruffled by the fuss. It’s not just that the fame isn’t new to him, though that’s certainly the case–he appeared on the cover of TIME in 1970, as the show marked its first birthday; led the 1985 movie Follow That Bird; has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame; and appeared with Bob Hope in the first U.S. television special ever filmed in China.
4 It’s not just that the fame isn’t new to him, though that’s certainly the case。既然the fame isn’t new to him ，後面為何又再重復though that’s certainly the case (It's the case (or it's true) that fame "isn't" new to him).?感受不到It’s not just that the fame isn’t new to him, though that’s certainly the case所要表達的語意為何?
謝謝老師
1
刪除「任何、凡是」違法的人
2
Anyone who breaks the law breaks the law at their peril.
「凡是犯法的人要自行承擔風險。」也就是「大家不要犯法。」
3
是下面這兩句在比較：
Examples of truly settled science being overturned are few.
It is sometimes claimed that the examples are many.
4
「開始拍攝之前，Big Bird並不怯場。一般說來，新人比較容易怯場。Big Bird是老鳥（後面列出3項紀錄），當然不怯場。但這並非主要原因。牠之所以不怯場，其實另有原因。」這一段鋪陳，主要為了帶出下文要說的話。
老師好
回覆刪除The fund distributed aid //without discrimination because, as its director Macurice Pate said, “There are no enemy children.”
One of those helped by the fund was seven-year-old Dzitka Samkova from Czechoslovakia, as it was known then.
She painted a picture of five dancing girls as a thank you and it was turned into a greeting card, the first of many such cards sold to raise money for millions more children.
針對第二句，我的第一個解讀是it指的是前面整個句子所說的事—“受到基金會幫助的其中一位來自捷克七歲大名叫Dzitka Samkova的小孩 (繪畫很行)”
若此解讀正確，則第二句的意思即是—當時大家都知道一件事，那就是基金會幫助的其中一位來自捷克七歲大名叫Dzitka Samkova的小孩。
但有另一解讀就是it指的是Czechoslovakia，若如此，則第二句的意思即是--受到基金會幫助的其中一位名叫Dzitka Samkova的小孩，其來自當時稱做捷克斯洛伐克的國家。
想請老師解惑三點:
1. 哪一個解讀正確?
2. 不論哪個解讀，as it was known then都應是補充性質的形容詞子句，依此，則應寫成as (準關代) was known then才符合標準文法，那為何有此as it was known then的寫法呢?
3. as是否可換成which?
Czechoslovakia現已分裂為Czech與Slovakia兩國，句中的it指的是那個國家，所以整句可以還原如下：
刪除The nation was known as Czechoslovakia then.
改為as it was known then，應該是副詞子句，as是外加的從屬連接詞，但是as與than這兩個來自比較級的連接詞，後面的副詞子句通常可以大量省個，所以才變成as it was known then
老師您好
回覆刪除In The Great Pretender, journalist Susannah Cahalan turns her investigative skills to this famous experiment. Her interest in the trauma of being labeled insane is personal: at 24, she was hospitalized with symptoms including seizures, hallucinations and psychosis—an experience she recounted in her 2013 best seller, Brain on Fire. She was misdiagnosed with bipolar disorder before it emerged that she had a rare autoimmune disease of the brain. “For every miracle like me, there are…a thousand rotting away in jails or abandoned on the streets for the sin of being mentally ill,” she writes, “a million told that it’s all in their heads, as if our brains aren’t inside those heads.”
1 it ‘s all in their heads, as if our brains aren’t inside those heads.所要傳達的意思是 ?
Buolamwini has since provided her expertise in two congressional hearings and is now working with government agencies in Europe. “The more I engage with companies and policymakers, the more I am convinced responsible innovation cannot happen if we leave companies to sort themselves out,” says Buolamwini. “The age of ‘just trust us’ is over.”
(https://time.com/collection/time-100-next-2019/5718893/joy-buolamwini/)
2 sort themselves out 依上下文的意思應該是deal with the problems之類的。但是字典: If you sort yourself out, you organize yourself or calm yourself so that you can act effectively and reasonably。所以sort themselves out是deal with the problems之類的意思嗎 ?
3 just trust us的us是companies嗎 ? (‘just trust us’前後有用標點標示起來，所以應該是指companies。若沒有標點，則us就不清楚指誰了?不知觀念是否正確 )
He’s publishing two to three page-turners a year: the latest, Look Both Ways, is a finalist for a National Book Award. Judges have showered his more than a dozen books with awards; readers have devoured them.
4 Judges have showered his more than a dozen books with awards的意思是 ?
He is a part of a generation that realizes time is of the essence. As Mayor Pete says, his generation came of age with school shootings, will be on the “business end” of climate change, and risks being the first to be worse off economically than their parents.
5 his generation came of age with school shootings, will be on the “business end” of climate change的意思是 ?
We still have some outstanding issues to resolve before we'll have a treaty that is ready to sign
6 before we'll have 及before we have就語意上的差別是? 記得以前有學過after before 後面不可接will動詞，不是是否正確?
Taylor combined great knowledge with an irreverent attitude to history
7意思是:雖然他有博大的歷史知識，但對於歷史卻不屑 ?
Hyde shifted his weight and felt himself teeter forward, beginning to overbalance
8 shifted his weight的意思是 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除(There are) a million (people who are) told that it’s all in their heads, as if our brains aren’t inside those heads.”「有許多精神病患被醫生告知：『全都是你腦袋裏頭的事』（意思是『都是胡思亂想、並無其事』），就好像我們的腦子不是裝在腦袋裏（意思是說『我們真的是這樣想的、我們的腦子真正認為是這樣的、我們不相信自己的腦子還能相信什麼？』）」
2
公司碰到問題，就讓它自己去解決，也就是信任它能夠解決問題（just trust us）。
3
正確，us是指companies
4
他寫了超過一打的書，評審給了這些書許多獎項
5
「他那個世代，成年時（到了20歲）剛好碰上美國大規模學校槍擊事件泛濫，將來又要由那個世代來承擔climate change最嚴重的後果」
6
這裏的will have帶點can have的味道。如果是純粹未來式的will是不能用的
7
有點玩世不恭，不會奉歷史為神聖不可侵犯
8
調整一下重心
老師您好
回覆刪除He insisted on living dangerously for his new film by performing his own stunts
1 living dangerously的意思是 ?
A tumult of feelings inside her fought for supremacy
2原句的意思是?
Round one ends, to a tumult of whistles, screams and shouts
3 to的意思是?
He speaks with rage of insinuations…
4 rage of insinuations的意思是?
Taylor combined great knowledge with an irreverent attitude to history
5老師您的解釋是: 有點玩世不恭，不會奉歷史為神聖不可侵犯。可是我感受不到有有點玩世不恭，煩請老師解答 ?
There is a pattern after mass shootings, which Pacella’s statehouse testimony fit in only too well: a moving plea for change from a mass-shooting survivor, followed by … no real change.
6which Pacella’s statehouse testimony fit in only too well可還原為Pacella’s statehouse testimony fit in the pattern only too well。但原句的fit是不是要改成fits ?(因which代表a pattern)
When Regan Smith was only 10, U.S. swimming star Missy Franklin set a world record in the 200-m backstroke at the London Olympics. As the native Minnesotan began her competitive swimming career, her best times were a full 10 seconds off that mark, which seemed impossible to match, let alone beat. But at the World Championships this year—where at 17 she was the youngest member of Team USA—Smith dropped Franklin’s record by more than half a second.
7 a full 10 seconds off that mark由字面上的意思是Missy Franklin的時間減掉10秒=Missy Franklin的時間，也就是指Regan Smith比Missy Franklin的記錄快10秒 ? (但從上下文來猜，應該是Regan Smith比Missy Franklin的記錄慢10秒?)不知何者才是正確的?
Showing off acne and highlighting mundane moments like badly needing an iced coffee are hallmarks of vlogs by Chamberlain, whose editing style spawned a subgenre of young creators following her lead. And while fame, a high-profile visit to Paris Fashion Week and a friend in model-entrepreneur Karlie Kloss could change her trajectory, Chamberlain says YouTube remains her home.
8 while fame的意思是?
9 a friend in model-entrepreneur的意思是?
謝謝老師
1
刪除就是字面的意思：不避危險
2
內心的七情六慾互相角力，也就是五味雜陳
3
字面上是「到某處」，暗示「導至某種結局」
4
應該是with a rage of insinuations「大量的含沙射影」。a rage of就是a huge amount of
5
主要是在irreverent一字，字面上是「不恭敬」，也就是「敢於揶揄、戲謔」
6
fit是過去式
7
Regan Smith的最佳記錄比Missy Franklin慢10秒。off是away from，表示「有距離」，不表示「少」
8, 9
fame, a high-profile visit to Paris Fashion Week and a friend in model-entrepreneur Karlie Kloss是A, B, and C的構造，共同構成while子句的主詞
老師您好
回覆刪除Ryan’s activism is hilarious, seductive and totally original in that he’s hell-bent on showing us that cerebral palsy defines him, but only as much as anxiety, loneliness, horniness and ambition.
1 but only as much as anxiety, loneliness, horniness and ambition 的意思是 ?
I am so impressed with how level-headed she is, especially for someone her age who has been in this business as long as she has.
2看不出來especially for someone her age who has been in this business as long as she has.跟I am so impressed with how level-headed she is之間的邏輯關係，煩請老師解釋 ?
Taylor combined great knowledge with an irreverent attitude to history
3意思是: 有點玩世不恭，不會奉歷史為神聖不可侵犯。那句中的great knowledge是什麼意思，因為”從有點玩世不恭，不會奉歷史為神聖不可侵犯”看不出來有great knowledge的意思在?
From the turn of the century onward, she shared the life of the aborigines.
4 she shared the life of the aborigines.= she shared the life with the aborigines ?
We have learnt how to condense serious messages into short, self-contained sentences
5 self-contained sentences的意思是 ?
Research in this area is somewhat equivocal.
6如果科學進步到可以發展”半人半獸”的生物，好處是可以解決器官捐贈長久不足的問題，但壞處是道德層面的問題，不知上面的句子是否就可以套用 ?
He was tortured by an awareness of the equivocal nature of his position
7某人研究所考試備取，但不確定可不可以備取的上，不知上面的句子是否就可以套用 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除but only as much as anxiety, loneliness, horniness and ambition "define him"。他雖然患有cerebral palsy，但那並非頂重要，另外還有anxiety…等等同樣重要
2
年紀輕，不容易做到being level-headed。幹這一行，也不容易做到being level-headed。她年紀如此輕、幹這一行又如此之久，仍然能夠保持level-headed，所以令人佩服
3
兩種特色有點相反，但此人兼而有之
4
she participated in the life of the aborigines
5
意思完整的
6
可以。更常用的情況是：有一項科學爭議（例如據報導打疫苗可能出現血栓），但關於這方面的研究尚無定論（不能確定是否會有此副作用）
7
可以。更貼切的例子是：此人擔任川普的發言人，從好的一面看是政府高官、從壞的一面看是專門為騙子圓謊，因此這項工作幹得很掙扎
老師好
回覆刪除下面這句摘自經濟學人標題為The most dangerous place on Earth文章中的兩句，我的第一個疑問是not only…but (also)…為一組的對等連接詞，為何第一句單獨使用not only? 這種用法是否不符合標準語法?
第二個疑問是War would be a catastrophe是子句，為何對等連接詞and後面接的是片語?
War would be a catastrophe, and not only because of the bloodshed in Taiwan and the risk of escalation between two nuclear powers. One reason is economic.
1
刪除這是把not only ... but also分開來使用。一旦分為兩句，就不需要連接詞but了。這種用法雖然不符合not only ... but also的搭配，但仍然意思清楚、文法正確，是可以使用的。
2
句中有經過省略：
War would be a catastrophe, and "it would be a catastrophe" not only because of the bloodshed in Taiwan and the risk of escalation between two nuclear powers.
老師好
回覆刪除Of course, the country uses oil for many things other than powering cars; currently, the bulk of its electricity is produced using oil.
這句的using oil，該如何解釋其文法功能?
是否是副詞子句的減化，可還原成:
the bulk of its electricity is produced while the bulk of its electricity uses oil.
若此說法正確，while的意思為”而且”之意嗎?
using oil是分詞構句，應還原為副詞子句while the country uses oil。嚴格說起來，副詞子句主詞是the country，主要子句主詞是the bulk，主詞不同，減化之下會有dangling modifier的問題。但是原句是被動態：the bulk of its electricity is produced "by the country" using oil，若還原為主動則成為the country produces the bulk of its electric ity using oil，這種情況下的dangling modifier可以接受
刪除老師好
回覆刪除Start by building one successful platform, then take a page out of Jack Ma and Jeff Bezos’s book, and acquire other successful businesses, adding them to your own fold. Only the strong survive in New Retail.
1.”acquire other successful businesses, adding them to your own fold”這部份的意思該如何解讀?
2. fold這個字的意思, 查了好幾個字典,都找不到合適的意思, 我想your own fold是否為企業版圖的意思?
1
刪除購入別的成功企業、將其納入自己的版圖
2
是。字面上是「牛羊圈」
老師您好
回覆刪除Given his stratospheric rise in recent weeks, strategists warn that this is likely just the beginning of an onslaught of new criticism of Buttigieg from fellow Democrats. “He’s been attacking a lot of his opponents for a while now without having any real incoming. What record he does have has not been looked into in a serious way. He’s got a glass houses problem,” says Katz. “I don’t think the Pete pile-up has started, but he’s long overdue for one.”
1 real incoming 及pile-up的意思是 ?
What monstrous perversion of the human spirit leads a sniper to open fire on a bus carrying children ?
2原句跟what does monstrous perversion…的差別(考試是不是以what does monstrous perversion…的寫法比較安全)
3原句是問句，如果要回答的話，可以用bipolar disorder之類的疾病嗎 ?
Loop the rope over the bar
4原句是:用繩子在欄杆上纏一圈。原句真的有纏一圈的意思在嗎? 如果是纏二圈，可以寫成Loop the rope twice?
the realities of life outside the government and academic spheres of society
5 spheres是複數，表示government是一個sphere,而 academia是一個sphere。那麼原句應該在academic前加個the 才對 ?
he raced ahead up into the bush
6 up=along ?
Drago pushed Tom up against the wall and frisked him.
7Ｔom有可能原先蹲著，Drago把Ｔom拉起來 (pushed up )?
Mary looks disconcertingly like a familiar aunt or grandmother.
８Mary可能50歲，她看到一個小朋友跌倒了，她表現的很緊張，可是她跟小孩沒有任何關係，這時候旁觀的人是不是可以用上述的句子 ?
Peel a thick-skinned orange and square off the ends with a sharp knife
9 square off the ends的意思是?
every day of the week
10是指這一個星期當中的每一天嗎
He ran 350 miles across California over three days. He didn’t stop to eat or sleep during his run, which last 80 hr. 44min.
11如果原句只有He ran 350 miles across California over three days. 這一個句子，那麼over three days.就可以表示跑了3天 ? 但原句又說which last 80 hr. 44min. ，表超過了3天，所以over three days真正的意思是”超過3天”？不知觀念是否正確 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除real incoming (attack)
pile-up本意是「大車禍」，在此比喻「大災難」，指Pete遭到同黨攻擊
2
What did he eat for breakfast?
What he ate for breakfast was a hamburger.
前者是獨立的疑問句，後者是從屬的名詞子句
3
可以。不過原句不是真正在問，而是在大聲譴責
4
是。可以
5
有兩種解讀：
the(限定詞) / government and academic(形容詞) / spheres(名詞)，就是兩個領域
the government (一個名詞片語) and academic spheres (第二個名詞片語），表示政府只有一個，學術圈有好幾個
6
看起來就是「向上」，the bush可能在高處
7
應該沒有這個意思，就是「用力推過去」
8
比較接近的情況是：大家本以為Mary是個凶悍的女強人，沒想到本人的長相慈祥和靄。這個disconcertingly就是「出人意料」
9
削平
10
也可以指「每一天，不論星期幾」
11
over three days在此就只能解釋為「花了3天」。3 days是取個整數
老師好
回覆刪除紐約時報記者克雷爾（Christopher Clarey）在推特大讚納達爾是紅土網球之王，是一位無論比分如何都會找到方法贏球的西班牙網球選手，她說: Nadal
a Spanish tennis player who will fight no matter the score and usually find a way to win
No matter 的用法是「no matter + 疑問詞 + 主詞 + 動詞」
所以應該是…who will fight no matter what the score is and usually…
或是…who will fight regardless of the score and usually
該如何解讀這位記者的寫法?
就是no matter what the score is的省略，甚至可以說no matter what，代表no matter what happens
刪除He likes basketball.
回覆刪除So do I.
老師說過，So do I. 相當於I like basketball, too.。
請問，為什麼I like basketball too.變為倒裝句的時候是：So do I.，而不是：Too do I.？
可以說I do, too，但只有so可以倒裝，原因不詳
刪除作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除Jason is from Taipei, isn’t he？
回覆刪除問題：
1. 上述的附加疑問句在一個句子裡面出現兩個限定動詞，中間沒有連接詞，這又如何解釋？句子在沒有連接詞的情況下，應該只有一個動詞才對啊。
2. isn’t he裡面的is是be動詞，還是文法助動詞？
1
刪除附加問句視為插入句，逗點視同括弧看待，情況如同He is right, you see?
2
是be動詞
請問老師
回覆刪除China landed a rover on Mars in what was seen as a huge step for its ambitions in space.
1. 本句的 in 是在……裡面的意思嗎?
2. 本句若寫成 ... in a huge step for its ambitions in space. 不是更直截了當?原句那樣寫有什麼意思嗎?
感謝老師。
1
刪除是
2
意思不同：what was seen as「一般認為是、被看做是」
請問老師
回覆刪除The chances are a million to one against being struck by lightning.
1. 在講機率有多少，為何 chance 不是用單數呢?
2. 百萬分之一的機率，為何不是 one to a million (1:一百萬)?
3. against 在這句裡是什麼意思?
感謝老師。
1
刪除chances are通常都用複數
2, 3
a million to one against是「不發生的機率是一百萬比一」
請問老師，我想說「我今天到現在都還很忙」，動詞是 be 動詞，用完成式是不是就表達不出「一直」的意思呢?
回覆刪除I've been busy. 似乎只能表達自己忙過了，現在不忙了。一般動詞可以借助現在分詞，以表達持續的概念，但 be 動詞無法，該怎麼區別意思呢?謝謝。
be busy是描述、不是動作，be在此屬於靜態動詞、沒有進行式
刪除老師您好
回覆刪除History is the story of conditions that long seem reasonable until they begin to seem ridiculous. So it is with America’s present manic hyper-capitalism.
Until recently, it seemed normal that a technological revolution that began with promises of leveled playing fields had culminated in an age of platform monopolies. Normal that businesspeople should try to make as much money as possible by paying as little as possible in taxes and wages, then donate a fraction of the spoils to PR-friendly social causes.
1 So it is with 中的it 及with的意思是?
“Ultimately, the Sacklers used their ill-gotten wealth to cover up their misconduct with a philanthropic campaign to whitewash their decades-long success in profiting at New Yorkers’ expense.” The suit cited donations to many arts institutions, resulting in Sackler wings and institutes and centers, while also serving to cleanse their name in a way that allowed the grim machinery of drug peddling to grind on for years.
２resulting in Sackler wings and institutes and centers =donations which resulted in … = donations which goes to..?
3the mood could not have been grimmer 及the mood could not be grimmer個別的意思 ?
I write frequently about racism and Islamophobia and have received more death threats, calls for my firing and racist insults than I can keep track of. But when people who believe cancel culture is a problem speak out about its supposed silencing effect, I know they’re not talking about those attacks. When they throw around terms like “cancel culture” to silence me instead of reckoning with the reasons I might find certain actions or jokes dehumanizing, I’m led to one conclusion: they’d prefer I was powerless against my own oppression.
4 I was powerless against my own oppression.是現在非事實語氣?
5 oppression可能是指cancel culture之類的外來因素，為何 會說”my own” oppression (感覺是自己加諸的oppression)?
If you get the users, the thinking has gone, profitability will figure itself out over time. For a while, it seemed even Wall Street bought into that philosophy–counterintuitive as patience might be to capitalism.
6 counterintuitive as patience might be to capitalism.的意思是 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除it是虛字、沒有內容。可以詮釋為the situation is so with...「對於…而言，情況亦是如此」
2
=donations which produced...
3
差別在時間。could not have been表示時間在「相對過去」，could not be則表示「同樣時間或相對未來」
4
是
5
不是。意思就是oppression on me
6
還原就是although patience might be counterintuitive to capitalism「雖然我們直覺上會認為資本主義是最缺乏耐心的」
老師您好
回覆刪除It’s hardly surprising. When you think about it, “move fast and break things”–the old Facebook mantra–is the kind of energetic, anticorporate philosophy that attracts fresh college grads, that emphasizes a break from the past and traditional ways. But for risk-averse Wall Street, a more dependable, if less inspirational, tagline might be “move fast and build reliable software that can be described in complicated B2B jargon and ensure profitability from day one.”
Consumer tech is far from dead, and Lyft, Uber and their peers could still pull things off. But don’t be surprised if the next big wave of successful IPOs aren’t “unicorns” but rather “paper clips”–a bit boring, perhaps, but based on reliable business software. Companies where business-model drama is a bug and not a feature.
1 software that can be described in complicated B2B jargon的意思是?
2Companies where business-model drama is a bug and not a feature.的意思是?
you will find something in the fourth aisle along from the entrance
3 in the fourth aisle along from the entrance的意思是?
The seething mass of 15 million people straddling the confluence of Yangtze and Jialing rivers boasted 2 million surveillance camera…
4 The seething mass …rivers的的意思是:河流的交界處四周都有人居住嗎?
What monstrous perversion of the human spirit leads a sniper to open fire on a bus carrying children ?
5老師您說原句不是真正在問，而是在大聲譴責。那是不是What S V ?的形式其實都不是真正的問句 ?
Given his stratospheric rise in recent weeks, strategists warn that this is likely just the beginning of an onslaught of new criticism of Buttigieg from fellow Democrats. “He’s been attacking a lot of his opponents for a while now without having any real incoming. What record he does have has not been looked into in a serious way. He’s got a glass houses problem,” says Katz. “I don’t think the Pete pile-up has started, but he’s long overdue for one.”
6 He’s been attacking a lot of his opponents for a while now without having any real incoming.意思是說: 雖然他有批評他的對手，但他其實沒有真正的使出火力?
謝謝老師
1
刪除「可以用複雜的、『商業對商業』術語描述的軟體」，暗示「讓消費者搞不懂」
2
公司的營運模式極富戲劇性、極其新奇，這一點在從前是個大賣點，像是Google，靠搜尋引擎銷售關鍵字來創造財富，就屬於前所未見。作者說：將來如果還有什麼公司推出戲劇性的營運模式，那就是個敗筆而非搖錢樹了，因為作者預言將來的公司會回歸常態
3
從入口數去第4條走道
4
是
5
這句並非what SV，而是what...本身就是主詞。要看內容：有可能是疑問句
6
不是。「雖然他大力攻擊他的對手，但本身沒有遭到對方真正的火力攻擊」，也就是「對方的攻擊還在後頭」
3
## Week 5
回覆刪除旋老師您好, 我是OKE文法班的劉同學, 單元五考題有下面的問題, 有空請您解惑, 感謝.
p7
4. The government official said, "I hereby request that the attached application ___________ under 35 USC 122(b)."
答案是(A) not be published
使用(A)的原形動詞, 是因為 request 的祈使語氣嗎?
正確
刪除## Week 6
回覆刪除旋老師您好, 我是OKE文法班的劉同學, 單元六的"被動態"考題有下面的問題, 有空請您解惑, 感謝.
p11
4. This is an (A)especially competitive year for the women, too, because the (B)defending champion, UCONN, did not (C)turn out to be the juggernaut it was (D)advertise to be.
答案是(D), 請問是要改成 advertised 嗎? 這裡的 it 指什麼, 可以請老師解析一下句子和句意嗎?
## Week 6
回覆刪除旋老師您好, 我是OKE文法班的劉同學, 單元六"非限定動詞"考題有下面的問題, 有空請您解惑, 感謝.
p18
3. The reason we find celebrities ______ is chiefly due to our craving for becoming a peeping Tom.
答案是(D) fascinating
這裡用 (D) 的現在分詞表示使人著迷, 可以理解; 但可以請老師解析一下句子和句意嗎?
p18
5. Health officials in New Zealand's largest city Auckland suggest ______ parking near schools to make overweight kids walk more as a way to fight childhood obesity.
答案是(D) banning
用 suggest 的動詞, 是祈使語氣嗎? 如果後面是限定子句就要用 主詞 + ban, 但改成簡化子句才變成 banning 嗎?
p19
7. (A)_Several delegates_ flew from Panama (B)_to greeting_ the (C)_ambassador_ and his family (D)_before the concert_.
答案是(B), 請問是要改成 to greet 嗎? 可以解釋一下這裡修飾的對象嗎?
p19
8. Ronald (A)_was relieved_ to see his girlfriend finally (B)_arrived in_ Japan, (C)_having waited_ (D)_for hours_ at the terminal for the flight.
答案是(B), 請問是改成 arrive, 配合感官動詞使用原形動詞嗎?
3
刪除關係子句部分是這個句型：we(S) find(V) celebrities(O) fascinating(c)，修飾先行詞the reason。主要子句的句型是：the reason(S) is(V) due to...(C)。「我們會覺得名人令人著迷，主要是因為大家都有偷窺慾。」
5
正確
7
改to greet，修飾動詞flew的目的（in order to）
8
正確
感謝老師回答我的問題，上一個貼文那題(#Week 6, p11, 4.)也可以請老師解答嗎? 謝謝~
刪除老師在「2021年5月25日 下午8:24」回復我關於「插入語」的問題。
回覆刪除插入語也是我多年以來的困惑之處，不過老師並未在書籍和課程裡面「系統」講到插入語的東西，只是在評論子句、關係子句和倒裝句一筆帶過。請問老師，
1. 什麼是插入語？
2. 插入語包括哪些形式？
我查到文法書裡面講述了很多種插入語，看完一頭霧水，如果有老師深入淺出的解惑，肯定能讓我醍醐灌頂。謝謝老師。
This, you know, will never work.
刪除把它視為單句this will never work，句中的you know就是可有可無的東西，稱為插入語，就是個無意義的口頭禪。如果這樣詮釋：
You know that this will never work.
那麼you know something成為主要子句、this will never work成為受詞子句。這是另一種詮釋方式。
老師您好
回覆刪除Mary looks disconcertingly like a familiar aunt or grandmother.
１ Disconcerting 是feel anxious, confused, or embarrassed. ，可是感覺disconcertingly 沒有出人意料的意味，麻請老師解答 ?
If you square something off, you alter it so that it has the shape of a square.
例句:Peel a thick-skinned orange and square off the ends with a sharp knife
2可是我感覺 square off the ends沒有削平的意思。麻請老師解答 ?
The mood could not be grimmer
３=The mood is extremely grim ?
If by getting richer, we mean that our economies must grow as conventionally measured–by perpetually increasing GDP–then the answer is almost certainly not.
4 by getting richer, we mean that our economies must grow as conventionally measured意思是: getting richer的意思是our economies must grow as conventionally measured ?
Why make a whole village prisoner if it was not to some nefarious purpose?
5 a whole village prisoner:全村的人都是囚犯 ?
We are all prisoners of our childhood and feel an obligation to it.
6 不了解原句所要表達的意思是 ?
After the deduction of tax at 20 per cent, the interest rate will be 6.2 per cent
７若原本的稅率是30%, 則the deduction of tax at 20 per cent,稅率變成24%(0.3*0.8) ?
Since the basic currency of whistle-blowing is a respect for facts and the rule of law, the act of whistle-blowing is at hazard in today’s world
8 currency of whistle-blowing表whistle-blowing的價值在於.... ?
What an odd coincidence that he should have known your family.
９ should have known表竟然認識，(完全沒有猜測的意味) ?可是should have pp 不是也表示猜測嗎 ?
There was no one available at such short notice to take her class
10take her class表送她去上課 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除在見到Mary之前，對她的想像是一回事。真正見到面，卻全然和想像不同，因而會disconcerting
2
球體整個是弧形。若切平一端，成為平面，就稱為square off
3
是
4
是。「若如此定義」
5
是
6
暗示「人都免不了受到兒童時代的影響」
7
是
8
whistle-blowing要能通行，基本上要靠什麼
9
should have Ven有兩種解釋，但句意明顯表示「意外」而非「猜測」
10
應該是為她代課（當代課老師）
作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除湯老師在《英語語法修辭十二講：從傳統到現代》第六講 英語疑問句的結構與功用裡面講到：我們可以擬設特殊問句是由含有「some類詞語」的直述句經過變形而來的。變形的過程是先把直述句改為一般問句，再把句中的「some類詞語」換成適當的疑問詞後移到句首來。假如句中含有兩個以上的疑問詞，就把成為疑問焦點的那一個疑問詞移到句首。
回覆刪除以下幾個問題都是關於疑問焦點的，疑惑的地方在於為什麼用how，以及how在句型中的成分分析。
1.
直述句：You are ten.
特殊問句：How old are you？
問題：
（1）how不是對somehow (或者so)的提問嗎？這裡為何可以使用疑問詞how？
（2）How old are you？的句型是：S (you) V (are) C (old)嗎？How在句型S-V-C裡面是什麼成分？
2.
直述句：There are 3 books in the library.
特殊問句：How many books are there in the library?
問題：
（1）這裡為何使用疑問詞how？
（2）How many books are there in the library?的句型是：S (many books) V (are) C (there in the library)嗎？How在句型S-V-C裡面是什麼成分？
3.
直述句：You have 5 dollars.
特殊問句：How much money do you have?
問題：
（1）how不是對somehow (或者so)的提問嗎？這裡為何使用疑問詞how？
（2）How much money do you have?的句型是：S (you) V (have) O (much money)嗎？How在句型S-V-O裡面是什麼成分？
4.
直述句：The apples are 9 dollars.
特殊問句：How much are the apples?
問題：
（1）這裡為何使用疑問詞how？
（2）How much are the apples?的句型是：S (the apples) V (are) C (much)嗎？How在句型S-V-C裡面是什麼成分？
5.
直述句：It's about ten minutes' walk from here to your school.
特殊問句：How far is it from here to your school?
問題：
（1）這裡為何使用疑問詞how？
（2）How far is it from here to your school?的句型是：S (it) V (is) C (far)嗎？How在句型S-V-C裡面是什麼成分？
6.
直述句：The river is about 500 km.
特殊問句：How long is the river?
問題：
（1）how不是對somehow (或者so)的提問嗎？這裡為何使用疑問詞how？
（2）How long is the river?的句型是：S (the river) V (is) C (long)嗎？How在句型S-V-C裡面是什麼成分？
7.
How many times do you read English everyday?
How often do you visit your mother?
How soon will you come back?
問題：
（1）how不是對somehow (或者so)的提問嗎？這裡為何使用疑問詞how？
（2）How在句型裡面是什麼成分？
1
刪除You are 10 years old.
You are so old.
How old are you?
疑問副詞來自程度副詞so
2
There are 3 books in the library.
There are so many books in the library.
（3和many都是限定詞，so是程度副詞，修飾many）
How many books are there in the library?
3
You have 5 dollars.
You have so much money.
（5和much都是限定詞，so是程度副詞，修飾much）
How much money do you have?
how是疑問副詞
4
The apples are 9 dollars.
The apples are so much money.
How much (money) are the apples?
5
It's about 10 minutes' walk.
It's so far.
How far is it?
6
The river is about 500 km (long).
The river is so long.
How long is the river?
7
I read English 8 times. I read English so many times. How many times...
I visit my mother once a week. I visit my mother so often. How often...
I will come back in two days. I will come back very soon. I will come back so soon. How soon...
How的角色是疑問副詞
老師您好，
回覆刪除1. 新書旋元佑文法中，p.43有提到「如果限定詞屬於同樣的類別，那麼彼此之間就具有排他性，只能採用一個」。
2. 而下一頁所舉的例子「an unbelievable 200 billion dollars」，寫到 200 billion 是後位限定詞，與 dollars 構成一個名詞片語。
此處，200 與 billion 同樣解釋為後位限定詞，不是抵觸第一項所提同樣類別的排他性嗎？
能不能解釋為：把名詞 billion 當作形容詞，修飾最後的 dollars 。
200 billion就是200,000,000,000，整個是一組數字，就是一個後位限定詞，不是兩個
刪除剛剛發現接續在同一章節後面，您在【數字的寫法】單元也有特別再解說。
刪除謝謝老師。
作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除特殊問句How are you?
回覆刪除問題：
1.How are you?是從直述句I’m fine. I’m so fine.變化而來的嗎，裡面的how是對程度副詞so的提問嗎？
2. How are you?，是How are you (fine)?這個句子省略了形容詞fine嗎？
How are you?來自於I am so，可能代表I am fine，也可以代表I am not well，詳情不知，只用個副詞so取代，改寫為疑問副詞how，引導疑問句
刪除I visit my mother once a week.
回覆刪除問題：
1. once a week如何分析句子成分？
我嘗試分析為：
（1）名詞片語a week構成的單位可以看作是介繫詞片語的省略，當作副詞片語使用。
（2）once是副詞，修飾副詞片語a week。這樣對嗎？我覺得「副詞（once）又跑去修飾副詞（a week）」有點奇怪。
2. 副詞once是哪種副詞，是頻率副詞嗎？
如果once是頻率副詞，老師說過「頻率副詞是修飾動詞專用的副詞，一般放在普通動詞的前面、be動詞與助動詞的後面」，那麼once就不應該跑去修飾副詞a week了，而應該修飾動詞visit，我分析得正確嗎？
once a week當中a week是名詞片語當作時間副詞使用（因為week是時間單位，可以這樣使用，視為in a week省略介系詞），修飾once，整個once a week是頻率副詞，因為是片語，放在句尾修飾動詞visit
刪除There are so many books.
回覆刪除老師說過，副詞so是「程度副詞」。
可是老師在對比「程度副詞」和「加強語氣副詞」的時候講到：刪掉「程度副詞」會影響句意；「加強語氣副詞」只對語氣強弱有影響，刪掉加強語氣副詞並不影響句意。
上述句子刪掉副詞so變成：There are many books.，並不會影響原來的句意，那麼，so是否應該是加強語氣副詞，而不是程度副詞？不太理解為什麼老師說so是「程度副詞」。
這兩種副詞差別不大。若so上面有重音，就可視為加強語氣的副詞
刪除The river is about 500 km long.
回覆刪除問題：
1. 這裡的副詞about是哪種副詞？是程度副詞嗎？
2. 副詞about修飾副詞500 km，還是修飾動詞is？
1
刪除是
2
修飾500 km long
作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除What about Lola - Shall we invite her?
回覆刪除洛拉呢——我們該不該邀請她？
What about taking a few days off?
休幾天假怎麼樣？
How about the cinema tonight?
今晚去看電影怎麼樣？
How about going to the cinema?
去看電影怎麼樣？
You don't eat meat, do you? How about fish?
你不吃肉，是不是？那魚呢？
以上例句均來自劍橋字典。
問題：
1. 以上五句都是「特殊問句」嗎？
2. 如果以上五句是「特殊問句」，請問裡面的what和how分別是對「什麼東西」的提問？如何從直述句變成這種What about和How about引導的特殊問句，「老師能否還原為直述句」？
像How old are you?，我知道是從直述句You are 10 years old. (You are so old.)變來的，裡面的疑問副詞how是對程度副詞so的提問。但是What about和How about引導的特殊問句還原不出直述句，也不知裡面的what和how分別是對什麼東西的提問。
3. What about和How about是否可以互相替換，意思不變？
What about與How about在上述例句中都可還原為What do you think about與How do you think about來解讀。其中what是疑問代名詞、how是疑問副詞，意思接近
刪除老師您好
回覆刪除The water curved round the rocks in great bursts of foam
1 The water curved round the rocks的意思是？
Until we've got official permission to go ahead with the plans we're in limbo.
2 Until we've got official permission to go ahead 為何要用完成式?如果改用現在式Until we get official permission to go ahead不知語意跟現在完成式有何不同 ?
If ever a school deserved this award, Westdale Primary is the one
3 deserved為何用過去式(Westdale Primary is the one是現在式) ?
Prior to this century, fashionable Western women regard tans as about as desirable as the bubonic plague
4 regard as 是一組，as desirable as是另外一組，為何又有一個about ?
5about 有大約、大槪的意思嗎?
6為什麼 fashionable Western women會喜愛tans(晒黑)及同樣喜樣bubonic plague(一種疾病) ? (沒有人會喜愛疾病) (還是我會錯意了) ?
The company is tapping shareholders for £15.8 million
7意思是:公司向股東募集£15.8 million的資金 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除流水繞過岩石區
2
用簡單式意思一樣。完成式比較強調「要先拿到手」
3
前面用deserved是為了搭配ever：「若（至今）有過」，後面用is則表示「事實語氣」
4, 5
about就是程度副詞roughly：ragard something as (roughly) as desirable as...
6
意思就是「絕不喜愛」
7
是
老師您好
回覆刪除There was not so much as a trickle of water
１原句的意思是？
a most entertaining book
２原句的意思是？(如果a 改成the , 很明顯就是最高級)
The flood of cars has now slowed to a trickle.
3意思是:車流量很多，導致只有小部份的車子能動得了 ?
Broad humor
4 Broad=coarse ?
Readers familiar with English history will find a vague parallel to the suppression of the monasteries
5如果在句尾加上in French history 則句意為English history及French history都有the suppression of the monasteries這件事，只是English history的the suppression及French history的the suppression只有小小的相同點(a vague parallel)
INCLINATION refers to a more or less vague mental disposition toward some action, practic
6 vague mental disposition 表一點點的傾向 ?
A self-conscious young woman and her best friend throw debauched parties—judgment-free zones where women can gorge, get high and “take up space”, itself a radical feminist
act in a society that’s always policing women’s hunger
7 take up space在這的意思是 ?
8 itself應該是“take up space”?
we have to fictionalize names
9如果原本的名字是Tom Chen, 改成John Chen , 這個就是to fictionalize names ?
He journeys deep into mines and into glaciers to examine a layer of the world that humans irrevocably shape but rarely stop to consider. He asks what most haunting of questions: what is our true mark on this planet?
10 what is our true mark on this planet?所要表達的意思是
謝謝老師
1
刪除就是there is not even a trickle of water「連一滴水都沒有」
2
就是an extremely entertaining book，在此most只是加強語氣
3
原本是車輛多如洪流，如今車已經變少了，有如涓滴細流
4
是
5
若這樣修改，那麼拿來做比較的是the French suppression of monasteries，但是原本英國的事件就不一定得是同一件事：例如可能是英國地主鎮壓佃農
6
不明顯的傾向
7
「佔空間」，暗示「什麼都不做、發呆」
8
應該是前面整句話：「有人會辦這種party」一事
9
是
10
「我們留給地球真正的改變是什麼？」
## Week 8
回覆刪除旋老師您好, 我是OKE文法班的劉同學, 單元八考題有下面的問題, 有空請您解惑, 感謝.
15. There are (A)way few jobs in banking (B)at the moment that you’re not (C)really in a position (D)to pick and choose.
這題的答案是把 (A)改成 so, 變成 so... that 的副詞子句;
那請問可以把 way 去掉, 後面的 that 變成 when 的關係詞, 變成關係子句嗎?
意思會有點勉強，要再改為類似there are few jobs which you can pick and choose才合理
刪除He might be able to help if he were here.
回覆刪除請問老師，might 是假設法非事實語氣，但應該是語氣助動詞的一般用法才對，意思要解釋成許可，可是這裡顯然變成「可能」，這不就是猜測用法了嗎?請問這是怎麼一回事呢?謝謝。
意思是「本來可以」，類似「能夠」，還是一般用法
刪除作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除The character, "Bian," of Chen Shui-Bian fame, appeared alongside ...
回覆刪除請問老師這裡的 of 是什麼意思啊?謝謝。
指出是哪一個Bian：of certain fame是「具有某種名聲的」
刪除My favorite movies are those in which all ends well.
回覆刪除請問老師為何這裡的介系詞片語不能拆開，有沒有判斷的準則?謝謝。
要拆開也行：which all ends well in，有點勉強。沒有一定的準則
刪除老師您好
回覆刪除We base this call on grounds of social justice and equity
1 base … on 為一組，on the grounds of 是固定用法，原句
on grounds of是不是少了the ? 而base … on 中的on 是不是省略 ?
The team needs players who want to play cricket for England, not merely any country that will have them.
2意思是:雖然這些球員能效力於任何國家，但英國希望當這些球員為英國打球時，這些球員是真正的想效力英國 ?
I do believe in people being able to what they want to do, providing they are not hurting someone else.
3 people being able 跟people able 哪個比較好，為什麼 ?
The Consumer Federation claims banks are ripping you off by not passing along savings on interest rates.
4 savings on interest rates.指利息費用的節省?
It is essential to build up the military option and show that this is not a bluff.
5 build up the military option跟build up the military options有何不同 ?
What we're at here is a game of bluff.
6 What we're at here的意思是?
Surely such weighty matters merit a higher level of debate?
7如果不要有問號，我還能理解句意。但加了問號，不知怎麼理解 ?
The whale, like the dolphin, has become a symbol of the marvels of creation
8 marvels of creation的意思是 ?
Affecting nonchalance, I handed her two hundred dollar bills.
9 Affecting nonchalance的意思是 ? Affecting nonchalance是不是有省略哪些字 ?
Most of the crowd were cheering for the underdog to win just this one time
10 to win just this one time= so that the underdog won …. ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除base...on的on就是後面on grounds of同一個on。因為gounds是複數，可以採用零冠詞，所以不需要the
2
... not merely (for) any country that will have them。有些球員是只要有錢賺、有球打就行。但這裏要的卻是「只肯為英國效命」的球員
3
people able to...感覺像是people who are able to...，說的是「人」。people being able to...感覺像是that people are able to...，說的是「事」。當作believe in的受詞，應該是「事」比較通
4
是。央行調降基本利率，商業銀行就應該相對調降放款利率，但是沒有調降，把利差吞沒了
5
the military option相對於另一個option，例如the diplomatic option
6
We are at something here就是We are playing some sort of game here。所以what we are at here就是the game we are playing here
7
這是邀請讀者做判斷，但是採取「相當然爾」的語氣
8
「創造的奇蹟」，表示「造物主的神蹟、自然的神奇」
9
分詞構句，相當於making believe that I am nonchalant, acting as if I were nonchalant (while in actuality I am not)
10
cheering for the chance that the underdog could win just this one time
There is no one but knows this. 可以還原成There is no one but the one who knows this. 請問老師這裡的 but 做何解釋?我以為是 except ，但這樣又跟句意「無人不知」不一樣。
回覆刪除意思就是except。字面上是「除了知道此事的人，就沒有別種人了」
刪除老師您好
回覆刪除Two prisoners bungled an escape bid after running either side of a lamp-post while handcuffed
1 running either side of a lamp-post的意思是 ?
Women's apparel is offered in petite, regular, and tall models.
2 in petite, regular, and tall models.指的是petite, regular, and tall這三種尺寸嗎 ?
If ever a school deserved this award, Westdale Primary is the one
3若Westdale Primary is the one中的is改成was, 則表示現在沒有任何一所學校符合資格 ?
Prior to this century, fashionable Western women regard tans as about as desirable as the bubonic plague
4原句有反諷的意味在(因為有desirable) ?
On that condition, the Taliban would agree to stop targeting US troops as they withdrew, thought it would continue to fight Afghan forces while the militants and a delegation of Afghan leaders separately hammered out a way forward in later talks to be hold in Oslo.
5 it would continue是過去之未來，所以 hammered out也是過去之未來(雖然句子沒有顯示would hammer out, 因為while the militants and…中while的緣故) ?
Former Danish Prime Minister led one of the world’s happiest countries and says other democracies should rethink their priorities: ”Happiness may seem like a conceptual nicety, but it is a change in narrative that leaders sneer at to their peril.”
6 conceptual nicety的意思是 ?
7 it is a change in narrative that leaders sneer at to their peril.的意思是 ?
Schoenaerts, one of our finest and perhaps most underappreciated actors, plays a closed-off prison inmate who’s redeemed by training a wild horse. With just a glance, he shows us a lifetime’s storehouse of resentment, or deep-rooted wariness giving way to trust—and all opposite an equine co-star whose soulful eyes might have otherwise stolen the show.
8 a lifetime’s storehouse of resentment跟deep-rooted wariness是兩個不一樣的東西，為什麼可以用or (用or 會讓人感覺a lifetime’s storehouse of resentment及 deep-rooted wariness是同一件事 ) ?
9 all opposite an equine co-star的意思是 ?
10 might have otherwise是過去非事實還是猜測過去至現在 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除兩人用手銬銬在一起，逃跑。一個跑燈柱右邊、一個跑左邊，結果被銬在一起的兩手攔住了（很像卡通情節）
2
對
3
那變成只說「過去」，現在如何則不知道
4
有
5
是同樣時間
6
「奢侈的觀念」
7
「它是重大的改變，國家領袖若嗤之以鼻，後果自負」
8
中間有打逗點，表示後面是另舉一個例子，不見得要相反
9
「這一切內心戲的演出，面對的是一匹馬在演對手戲」
10
過去非事實：「若非主角演技精湛，風頭就會被馬搶去了」
1. Try as you may, you will never persuade him.
回覆刪除2. Fool as I was, I did exactly what he told me to.
請問老師這兩句倒裝句裡的 as 意思是不是不同?第1句是雖然，第2句是因為?謝謝。
是
刪除請問老師
回覆刪除1. It's kind of you to say so. 意思是別人說了好話，但英文卻用 to say 表示不確定。
2. It's a pity to have missed the show. 表演已錯過了，英文卻用 to 表示不確定。
以上兩句為何會該用直說語氣卻用條件語氣呢?
3. 既然新的文法觀念認為沒有未來式，那麼未來時間的完成式是不是能用任何主要的情態助動詞來代替 will?好比以下這句: She may/might/should/can/could have finished her homework by 2 p.m.
1,2
刪除to say來自could say，to have missed來自should have missed。雖然都是確定、已經發生的事，但仍有「能夠、願意、應該、竟然」的語氣存在。
3
可以。例如：If she keeps at it and takes no break from now on, she may/might/should/can/could have finished her homework by 2 p.m.
老師您好
回覆刪除Colonel Pagh, for the prosecution, said that the offenses occurred over a six-year period
1 for the prosecution指Colonel Pagh是支持 the prosecution的?
We base this call on grounds of social justice and equity
2=We make this decision for reasons of social justice and equity ?
Former Danish Prime Minister led one of the world’s happiest countries and says other democracies should rethink their priorities: ”Happiness may seem like a conceptual nicety, but it is a change in narrative that leaders sneer at to their peril.”
3conceptual nicety為何是奢侈的觀念?從字面上看不出來有奢侈的意思?
Schoenaerts, one of our finest and perhaps most underappreciated actors, plays a closed-off prison inmate who’s redeemed by training a wild horse. With just a glance, he shows us a lifetime’s storehouse of resentment, or deep-rooted wariness giving way to trust—and all opposite an equine co-star whose soulful eyes might have otherwise stolen the show.
4 soulful eyes might have otherwise stolen the show為何要用過去式 (前面的動詞plays shows都是現在式)
5all opposite…表示he shows us all opposite…?
6 老師您說or deep-rooted wariness giving way to trust的or前面有打逗點，表示後面是另舉一個例子，那為什麼不用and取代or 呢 ?
The team needs players who want to play cricket for England, not merely any country that will have them.
7 any country that will have them表示players play cricket(沒有want) for any country that will have them
Self-partnered: happily unattached, romantically, as coined by actor Emma Watson in an interview
8 as=for instance ? (可是又好像有according to的意思)
His laughter was cathartic, an animal yelp that brought tears to his eyes
9animal yelp是野性的叫聲 ?
He warned that to negate the results of elections would only make things worse.
10to negate…是不是比用negating 還要好，因為to negate…有表未來的意思?
謝謝老師
1
刪除他是檢方傳喚的證人
2
是
3
A nicety is something nice or fine, but not quite necessary. 意思是說：一般國家都在追求經濟成長、提高國民所得與生活水平，是非成敗皆以GDP來衡量。在「顧三餐」的前提之下，「快樂」似乎沒那麼重要
4
前面用現在式來敘述觀眾看得到的電影內容（事實語氣）。這裏用might have stolen the show，是說「若無男主角精湛的演技，那匹馬可能會搶走鏡頭」，則是回到當初拍攝時的條件，所以用過去非事實語氣
5
all the above is opposite a co-star...
6
not at the same time. 男主角用一個眼神，可以傳達忿怒、也可以表現出信賴的曙光（這是舉兩個例子：眼神可以傳達其一或者其二，不能同時傳達兩者）
7
who want to play for any country也行
8
as it is coined by...「如某人造此字時的用法」
9
是（比喻），暗示「原始、發自內心、帶有痛苦」
10
是。to V帶有假設性，暗示「若這樣去做，不會有好結果」
老師您好
回覆刪除A group of young women and teenage girls from Spain’s chapter of Fridays for Future escort Thunberg slowly from a nearby press conference to the march, linking their arms to create a human shield. Once again, Thunberg was the calm in the eye of a hurricane: buffeted and lifted by the surging crowd, cacophonous and furious but also strangely joyful.
1因為Thunberg was “the calm”，所以cacophonous and furious but also strangely joyful.應該是the surging crowd who are cacophonous and furious but also strangely joyful. ?
The dense final report was, in its detail, damning: Mueller presented at least 10 times the President may have attempted to obstruct the probe, a criminal offense. But Trump claimed “complete exoneration” on the marquee allegation, that he had sought assistance from a foreign power on his effort to win election. And then, the day after Mueller testified on Capitol Hill, Trump telephoned the leader of another foreign country, Ukraine, and sought assistance on his effort to win re-election by investigating Democratic rival Joe Biden and his son. Thus did the year draw to a close with the U.S. House of Representatives preparing articles of impeachment that, even if voted down in the Senate, will define Trump in history.
2 Thus did the year draw to a close... history.這個句子是肯定句，為什麼開頭用did, 這樣不就變成疑問句了 ?
Bibliophile: a lover of books especially for qualities of format
３ qualities of format指的是書本的紙張、排版等品質?(所以書的內容是次要重要的嗎 )
謝謝老師
1
刪除是
2
倒裝句：The year drew to an end thus (in the way mentioned above)，把thus移到句首（為接續上文）、主詞動詞倒裝
3
是。這類bibliophile指的是有善本書收藏癖的那種
老師好，請問
回覆刪除It's kind of you to say so.
It's a pity to have missed the show.
to say來自could say，to have missed來自should have missed。雖然都是確定、已經發生的事，但仍有「能夠、願意、應該、竟然」的語氣存在。
我的問題是，條件語氣表示真假不確定，上面兩句明明都是事實語氣，卻還用了語氣助動詞，這不就是相牴觸了嗎?
意思是：
刪除It is kind of you to say so (while you could have chosen not to).
It is a pity to have missed the show (while we shouldn't have).
以第一句為例：「你能夠這樣說，真是太好心了」，暗示「你大可以不這樣說」
## Week 10
回覆刪除旋老師您好, 我是OKE文法班的劉同學, 單元十有下面的問題, 有空請您解惑, 感謝.
8. The “Bow of God’s Wrath is bent, and the Arrow (A) made ready on the string,” (B) waits to pierce (C) the sinners’ hearts (D) at any moment.
答案是 (B), 請問老師怎麼修正嗎? 是要改成 which waits 嗎?
另外, “Bow of God’s Wrath is bent, and the Arrow (A) made ready on the string,” 用 and 連接的2句: 前面句子的動詞是is, 後面的句子的動詞是made, 為什麼時態可以不一樣呢?
10. (A) On occasion the koala (B) does come down to the ground, usually to shuffle over to another tree, generally (C) take opportunity along the way to lick up some gravel to aid (D) in digestion.
答案是(C), 請問怎麼修正呢?
請老師分析一下句子, 另外請問第一句的 does come 為什麼可以這樣用呢?
15. ______ the philosophy that medicine is a human experience, Dr. Mars placed the course “Medicine in Society” in the core curriculum of the medical school.
A. Holding
B. Held
C. Having hold
D. To have held
E. To be held
答案是(A), 我理解是前面是分詞構句. 但不太理解 "medicine is a human experience" 可以請老師解釋一下句子的意義嗎?
8
刪除改為waiting，分詞構句。
另外部分：
The Bow of God’s Wrath is bent, and the Arrow "is" made ready on the string.
對等連接詞and連接兩個對等子句，兩子句的動詞都是is，可以省略一個。
10
改為taking，分詞構句。可還原為副詞子句如下：
On occasion the koala does come down to the ground, usually to shuffle over to another tree, "while it" generally "takes" opportunity along the way to lick up some gravel to aid in digestion.
另外，does come是用does來加強語氣、表示與上文相反。上文應該是這種意思：The koala almost always stays high up in the trees where it feeds and sleeps. On occasion (= occasionally, once in a while) the koala does come down to the ground.
15
「醫療是人文的體驗」，意思是說它不是理論科學、而是實際在人類社會中發生的事。
re8. 感謝老師的回答, 第10題的解答很精采。但第8題, 我還是對句型/句意很困惑:
刪除1. “Bow of God’s Wrath is bent, and the Arrow (A) made ready on the string,” 似乎是引用一段句子當名詞子句, 但前面不曉得為什麼只接了冠詞the
2. 後面是分詞構句的話，似乎全文又少了限定動詞。
可否請老師再分析一下句子, 也解釋一下全文的句意嗎? 謝謝。
若全部還原，如下：
刪除The Bow of God's Wrath is bent, and the Arrow (is) made ready on the string, (so that it is) waiting...
「代表神之怒火的弓已拉彎，箭也已經備好上弦，正等著要…」
下回若有後續問題，請另起一則，以免被我漏掉！
What do you think of it？
回覆刪除what的詞性應該如何分析？what當哪個字的受詞，或修飾哪個字？為什麼？
what是疑問代名詞，當作think的受詞。直述句是這樣的一句：
刪除I(S) think(V) this(O) of it.「此事我認為這樣。」
疑問代名詞what代替受詞this。
請問老師The winner in the primaries will be nominated as Presidential Candidate.
回覆刪除旋元佑文法裡說普通名詞專有化的條件是只設一席的職位、專有名詞的同位語。我看這句的Presidential Candidate可以還原成主詞補語，但仍不是只設一席的職位，後面沒有介系詞片語指出是哪個黨派的，且其他黨派也有Presidential Candidate，為何這樣還能不加限定詞呢?謝謝。
上下文暗示這是「該黨的」候選人，也就是下文省掉了of the party，那確實是只設一席。
刪除re8. The “Bow of God’s Wrath is bent, and the Arrow (A) made ready on the string,” (B) waits to pierce (C) the sinners’ hearts (D) at any moment.
回覆刪除答案為(B), 改為waiting，分詞構句。老師還原之後, 我就很好理解了:
The Bow of God's Wrath is bent, and the Arrow (is) made ready on the string, (so that it is) waiting...
我剩下的問題就是雙引號的使用, 為什麼可以放在冠詞之後, 可以請老師再進一步說明這裡雙引號的用法嗎?
在引號裏面的部分是引用句，必需完全引用原文。在此作The "Bow...，意思是原文並非The Bow...，還有其它，例如像That mighty, all-conquering Bow...之類。作者在引述時為了節省篇幅，只引出Bow之後的部分，前面都刪掉，但是需要一個冠詞才正確，所以加上個the。這種情況若出在引號裏面，就得動用中括號，例如："Everybody saw that [the] Bow of God's Wrath..."。這組中括號稱為editorial brackets，是編者在引述時用來植入文字專用的。
刪除老師您好
回覆刪除Once customers come to rely on these systems they almost never take their business elsewhere
1 They almost never take their business elsewhere意思是: 他們不會到其它商店光顧?
Taxation is not popular in principle, merely acceptable in context.
2如果稅負增加使人民的錢包減少，但整體來說 (成本效益分析)，稅負可以投資公共建設使人民的生活更便利，人民尚可接受稅負增加，是不是就可套用這個句子 ?
3merely acceptable in context前面是不是省略了but ?
This takes account of the number of countries in which a company wins approval for a new drug, weighted by the size of each country's market
4意思是:如果有10個國家， Y company 生產一種新藥，這新藥在各個10個國家的市占率來考慮權重，以決定是不是讓新藥approved ?
5 a company指any company ?
My throat constricted \
6的意思是?
she had become the voice of millions, a symbol of a rising global rebellion
7 she had become the voice of millions的意思是大眾的立場以她為代表
?
In Germany, a total of 1.4 million people took to the streets, with thousands flooding the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin...
8with=including ?
The scene was palpably to watch
9 intense=arduous ?
He twisted her arms behind her back and clipped a pair of handcuffs on her wrists.
10 clipped a pair of handcuffs on her wrists.的意思是 ?
Strapping the skis on the roof, they boarded the hovercraft in Dover.
11Strapping the skis=after strapping the skis… ?
…an American-dominated investment manager with a quotation on the London stock market.
12意思是: 雖然這位投資交易的經理人大部分都在美國從事投資交易，但他在英國也從事投資交易?
Unnecessary duplication of resources
13指不必要的浪費資源(重復使用資源) ?
謝謝老師