先分為兩句來看： The color left his face. There was a little color in his face. 兩句在color處產生關係，可以製造關係子句如下： The little color that there was in his face left it. 限定詞little要移到先行詞處才可以保留下來。然後再把先行詞the little color與關係代名詞that合併成為複合關係代名詞what，但其中有意義的部分little color要留下來，就成為What little color there was in his face left it.
A pan of fried trout can’t be bettered and they don’t cost any more than ever. But there is a good and bad way of frying them.
The beginner puts his trout and his bacon in and over a brightly burning fire; the bacon curls up and dries into a dry tasteless cinder and the trout is burned outside while it is still raw inside. He eats them and it is all right if he is only out for the day and going home to a good meal at night. But if he is going to face more trout and bacon the next morning and other equally well-cooked dishes for the remainder of two weeks he is on the pathway to nervous dyspepsia.
The proper way is to cook over coals. Have several cans of Crisco or Cotosuet or one of the vegetable shortenings along that are as good as lard and excellent for all kinds of shortening. Put the bacon in and when it is about half cooked lay the trout in the hot grease, dipping them in corn meal first. Then put the bacon on top of the trout and it will baste them as it slowly cooks.
The coffee can be boiling at the same time and in a smaller skillet pancakes being made that are satisfying the other campers while they are waiting for the trout.
With the prepared pancake flours you take a cupful of pancake flour and add a cup of water. Mix the water and flour and as soon as the lumps are out it is ready for cooking. Have the skillet hot and keep it well greased. Drop the batter in and as soon as it is done on one side loosen it in the skillet and flip it over. Apple butter, syrup or cinnamon and sugar go well with the cakes.
While the crowd have taken the edge from their appetites with flapjacks the trout have been cooked and they and the bacon are ready to serve. The trout are crisp outside and firm and pink inside and the bacon is well done--but not too done. If there is anything better than that combination the writer has yet to taste it in a lifetime devoted largely and studiously to eating.
問題 1 第二段（The beginner…）說明的是the bad way。 （1）The beginner puts his trout and his bacon in and over a brightly burning fire; the bacon curls up and dries into a dry tasteless cinder and the trout is burned outside while it is still raw inside.的發展方式是「程序分析（資訊性程序分析）、時間順序」嗎？ （2）He eats them and it is all right if he is only out for the day and going home to a good meal at night. But if he is going to face more trout and bacon the next morning and other equally well-cooked dishes for the remainder of two weeks he is on the pathway to nervous dyspepsia.的發展方式是什麼？ 2 第三段（The proper way…）說明的是the good way。 （1）第四段（The coffee can be boiling…）的發展方式是什麼？還是說這一段是轉折段落，為第五段（With the prepared pancake flours…）使用小平底鍋做煎餅做鋪墊？ （2）第五段（With the prepared pancake flours…）是使用「程序分析（資訊性程序分析）、時間順序」的發展方式來說明如何使用小平底鍋做煎餅嗎？ （3）第六段（While the crowd have taken the edge…）的發展方式是什麼？寫這一段的目的是什麼？
請問老師 1. This is something that I brood upon for the larger part of the semester, entering half-baked ideas in my tablet. , entering ... 是同位格嗎？ 2. I proceed with further research where relevant. where 看起來是副詞連接詞，原本是where it's relevant?我不懂這句是什麼意思。
One thing a student cannot avoid is writing term papers. If you follow a good procedure and approach the task systematically, you can easily produce a quality paper without waste of time or energy. Here are the steps that I take when I write a term paper.
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Thanks to thorough preparation and a rigorous process, I usually manage to get A grades for my papers. If you follow the same process, I am sure you can, too.
請問，開場白是One thing a student cannot avoid is writing term papers.，還是One thing a student cannot avoid is writing term papers. If you follow a good procedure and approach the task systematically, you can easily produce a quality paper without waste of time or energy.？ 全文主題句是Here are the steps that I take when I write a term paper.，還是If you follow a good procedure and approach the task systematically, you can easily produce a quality paper without waste of time or energy. Here are the steps that I take when I write a term paper.？
之所以提問，是因為老師說到，結論是全文主題句的同義表達，結尾語則回到開場白「你也可以做到」。 如果開場白是One thing a student cannot avoid is writing term papers. If you follow a good procedure and approach the task systematically, you can easily produce a quality paper without waste of time or energy.，全文主題句是Here are the steps that I take when I write a term paper.，那麼，結論（因為有充足的準備以及一套嚴格的程序，我的論文通常可以拿到A）並非全文主題句（以下就是我寫期末報告採取的步驟）的同義表達。 如果開場白是One thing a student cannot avoid is writing term papers.，全文主題句是If you follow a good procedure and approach the task systematically, you can easily produce a quality paper without waste of time or energy. Here are the steps that I take when I write a term paper.，那麼，結尾語（如果你採取科學的寫報告步驟，一定也可以寫出高品質論文）也不能回到開場白（當學生，有件免不了的事是要寫期末報告）。
老師您好 He and his engineers decided not to set up temporary field hospitals, as they'd done in the past. Instead, they would convert buildings that were already outfitted with electricity, water and waste lines, and elevators into hospitals. "I couldn't just pull a plan off the shelf to deal with this situation." he says. 1 I couldn't just pull a plan off the shelf to deal with this situation的意思是他們懂得變通，不會一直沿用舊模式 ?just=only ? 不知以上觀念是否正確
It could engage the enemy beyond the range of hostile torpedoes. 2意思是: 攻擊敵人使用the range of hostile torpedoes以外的武器 ?
Why listen to some basement dweller warble over canned beats when the entire history of recorded music is available to stream ? 3warble over canned beats 意思是:跟著事先錄好的旋律高聲唱 ? 4應該是recorded music is available to stream ，怎麼會是the entire history is available to stream ?
We're getting emotionally invested in this stuff, because it's the closest thing we have to live or even daily entertainment 5 have是"有" 的意思，所以可還原為thing we have in order to live ?
The stage is squashed into a small corner of the field. 6意思是(有可能)現在的stage面積是原來的一半，其他的一半作為其他用途 ? 謝謝老師
1 正確。特殊情況，沒有既定模式可循 2 有能力在敵方魚雷可及範圍之外與敵方交戰 3 是 4 這裏的history指的就是all the music in the past 5 不是。意思是the closest thing ... to live entertainment or even daily entertainment「最接近現場娛樂、甚至是每日娛樂的東西」，to是介系詞，引導介系詞片語修飾closest。live是形容詞 6 場地很大，舞台卻擠在一個小小的角落
老師您好 I'll never accept parole because that entails me accepting guilt. 1 accepting guilt是不是改成 to accept guilt比較好?因為accepting guilt感覺已經做完了accepting guilt這件事，而 to accept guilt表示尚未做 ?
As portrayed by Blanchett, she's a woman of great intelligence... 2 這個電影的角色本來就是Blanchett所演的，原句為何還要多個As (in the same way ), 感覺加As很多餘，不知 As portrayed by跟 portrayed by在語意上有何差別 ?
She walks into the room with a scarf hugging each shoulder. She plans to ask her boyfriend which on he'd prefer... 3 從上下文得知，總共有兩條scarf. 可是為何不寫成two scarfs hugging each shoulder (各個肩膀各一條scarf，共兩條 )
As Jia Jia picks up the pieces of her life, she wonders how much of herself she suppressed to make her husband happy. She was once an artist, but her husband discouraged her from pursuing the passion professionally. Now she can explore those desires, though it means she’ll be doing so alone. The isolation Jia Jia feels in widowhood clearly isn’t new, and is made palpable through Yu’s detached, dreamlike prose. While sitting at a restaurant by herself, Jia Jia watches a couple nearby as they talk, then look at their food. “Head down, eyes closed, she listened to their silence and yearned for it to be hers,” Yu writes. 4 Head down, eyes closed, she listened to their silence and yearned for it to be hers 的意思是在渴望內心的平靜，跟she wonders how much of herself she suppressed to make her husband happy形成對比 (she suppressed herself表示心不平靜) ?
I had no ambitions other than to have a happy life and be free 5 to have...表示還沒發生，而原句也可以改成having...表示已擁有 。不知以上觀念是否正確 ? 6 to have...前面是不是省略了(an ambition)to have ? 謝謝老師
The king suggested that it would be more prudent to use convicts as test passengers, while the convicts were pardoned if they survived the ordeal. 請問老師while ... 這句副詞子句修飾的是哪個動詞啊？我看不出主要子句是哪一句。謝謝。
老師您好 This crisis will change the way we work, with more flexibility to be remote and more urgency around access to broadband Internet. 1 around在這的意思是 ?
As portrayed by Blanchett, she's a woman of great intelligence... 2加上as表示這是此人採用的詮釋手法---這句話的意思是:一如往常的，Blanchett都詮釋a woman of great intelligence. (在其它的戲裡面，Blanchett也都詮釋 a woman of great intelligence) ?
She plunged(V) herself right in the middle of a brutal war, and not quite unexpectedly losing it to the forces pitted against her 3 losing it 應該改為lost （Ｖ）it ?
Suffice to say, she has a lot on her hands with four children. 4 she has a lot on her hands with four children.的意思是 ?
Zoom says it has resolve the issue of encryption keys being routed through some country 5 routed=uncovered ? 6 encryption keys being routed= that encryption keys were routed... ?
Your attitude to something is the way that you think and feel about it, especially when this shows in the way you behave. 7 in the way 跟 the way 在語意上有何差別 ? 謝謝老師
1 「關於」 2 Blanchett是個演員，是Blanchett把這個角色演成這個樣子 3 是。原句違反對等連接詞對稱的要求 4 「她有4個孩子，忙得很」has a lot on her hands就是has a lot of work to do 5 routed through some countries就是arranged a route to go through some some countries的意義 6 是 7 Your attitude is the way...句中用名詞the way當主詞補語，表示「全等關係」：your attitude「就是」the way。 This shows in the way則是用介系詞片語in the way修飾動詞shows：「這表現在方式中」。 兩者的差別主要在於詞類。
The king suggested that it would be more prudent to use convicts as test passengers, while the convicts were pardoned if they survived the ordeal. 副詞子句修飾 use， use 的時間就是罪犯被赦免的時間，但明明彼此的邏輯關係是一前一後才對，請問老師該怎麼解釋才好呢？
老師您好 I think she was offended that she hadn't been invited to the party. 1 如果改成It offended her that she hadn't been invited to the party. 好像會比較好 (that...代表It), 但原句用that引導，句子前面也沒有it之類的字，而且也沒有so...that的字組?
Numbers are supposed to be finite, but they take on new meanings when they represent human lives, writes Nancy Gibbs: "What measure of loss that would have once been unthinkable will we come to find acceptable ? " 2 "What..." 的意思是:對於人死亡這件事已經習以為常了？
This crisis will change the way we work, with more flexibility to be remote and more urgency around access to broadband Internet. 3 around 是關於的意思。但webster's字典對於around的解釋so as to be based on [a speech written around a favorite concept] 。so as to be based on=in order to be based on , 從字典上的意思，好像看不到有"關於"的意思 ?
If you say that someone is making hay or is making hay while the sun shines, you mean that they are taking advantage of a situation that is favorable to them while they have the chance to. 4 the chance to = the chance to make hay ? 5 the chance to 的to省略可以嗎 ?
WHO says scientists are scrambling to develop vaccines against COVID-19, it will be a year or more before any will be ready to test in people. And that's with an already shortened timeline, thanks to new technology... 6 it will be a year or more 表示時間長，但下文表示時間有縮短，那麼And ...中的And是不是要改成But比較好 ?
Sound and pictures can be stored digitally, as on a CD 7 as是準關係代名詞，可看作Sound and pictures which are on a CD ?
You have less to lose if you make adequate preparations and don't get hit than by waiting for the disease 8 than 後面應該接 if waiting for the disease， 為什麼原句用by ? 謝謝老師
1 可以當作by the fact that的省略來看待 2 有這個暗示 3 介系詞的用法有很多。around字面上是空間介系詞「圍繞」，用來比喻surrounding 4 the chance to take advantage 5 可以 6 新疫苗研發時間會長達一年多，「而且」那還是拜新科技之賜（不然還要更長） 7 這裏就是副詞子句as they are stored digitally on a CD的省略（把重複的部分全部省掉） 8 than和if都是副詞子句連接詞，避免連用
1. The king suggested that it would be more prudent to use convicts as test passengers, with the convicts pardoned if they survived the ordeal. ａ．老師您之前跟我說the convicts pardoned修飾to use，但我看不出來彼此的邏輯關係是什麼。 ｂ．副詞子句的主詞若跟主要子句不同，連接詞可以不管是什麼，一律用ｗｉｔｈ代替嗎? 2. On the heads side is JKC's embossed bust, with the characters reading this coin's production year. 請問老師這句的 reading 為何要改成showing才對呢？
Humans are social animals, ones that can hardly live a comfortable life without friends. Based on the degree of intimacy, we can divide friends into acquaintances, buddies, and soul mates, each serving a different psychological need.
An acquaintance is someone you know casually, not on intimate terms. It may be a person you know from work but don’t really hang out with, or it may be a “friend of a friend.” You need many acquaintances to build up a relations network, which is especially valuable if you have business interests to maintain or political ambitions to pursue. Also, some acquaintances may develop into real friends in time, and take the place of old friends who have fallen out of contact. As for me, I have taught a lot of students, from all walks of life. They started as acquaintances, but some have since become really close friends with me.
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以下關於發展方式的分析對嗎？尤其是第三個問題。 An acquaintance is someone you know casually, not on intimate terms.的發展方式是解釋名詞。 It may be a person you know from work but don’t really hang out with, or it may be a “friend of a friend.” 的發展方式是舉例說明。 You need many acquaintances to build up a relations network, which is especially valuable if you have business interests to maintain or political ambitions to pursue. Also, some acquaintances may develop into real friends in time, and take the place of old friends who have fallen out of contact.的發展方式是「什麼」？ As for me, I have taught a lot of students, from all walks of life. They started as acquaintances, but some have since become really close friends with me.的發展方式是舉例說明。
老師您好 1 around的解釋so as to be based on [a speech written around a favorite concept] 。 所以例句的意思是a speech written in order to be based on a favorite concept (寫這個講稿的目的是為了要以這個觀念作為整個講稿的基礎) ?
ABANDON, in this connection, implies a complete and final relinquishment, as because of weariness, discouragement, etc. [do not abandon hope ]; 2 as =in the same way ? (as a complete and final relinquishment because of ... 在原句中，as 前面及後面都是a complete and final relinquishment，這樣子的話，怎麼as會解釋成in the same way ? 如果是兩個不同的人，做事的風格都一樣，in the same way 還比較好理解)
Sound and pictures can be stored digitally, as on a CD 3 as on a CD=as they are stored digitally on a CD, 那麼as=in the same way ?
4 soft as silk=it's as soft as silk=it's soft as silk ? 謝謝老師
老師您好 Wherever there is political upheaval, invariably there are refugees... 1 wherever=where=At places where =in any or all places where... ?
...this guidance presented them with an impossible choice: ignore the guidance in order to put food on the table, or forgo paycheck to keep themselves safe. 2 ignore...跟choice是同位何的關係，ignore 及forgo 是不是改成ignoring /forgoing 或者是 to ignore/ to forgo 比較好 ? 為什麼原句要用ignore/ forgo ?
It's an awfully long time since we last saw each other. 3 通常是It has been an awfully long time... 但原句用It's an awfully long time，不知這兩者在語意上有何差別 ?
The poll showed that a majority of Republicans under the age of 44 support paid leave, and even Republicans over 65 had seen an uptick in support since early March. 4 seen=helped or supported ?
Her public avowals to reduce crime have yet to be put into effect. 5 應該是 "her plan" to reduce 這一件事被put into effect, 為何原句變成"her avowals 這一件事被put into effect，感覺不通 ? 謝謝老師
我買的這本《語法俱樂部》(2001年5月第1版)的[祈使語氣]這一欄下面，老師講come in可以視為you may come in 的省略。 但是看視頻的時候，在老師另外版本的書裡面，講到come in和you may come in並不完全相同，前者是希望成真，但尚未實現的祈使語氣，而後者是不確定的條件語氣。 老師寫書的時候，想法是發生過改變嗎？
提問3：查字典的時候會看到常用命令動詞的標註 suggest someone (should)do sth. 例句： The doctor suggested my husband (should) quit smoking. 按我們這套語法的理解，加should和不加should其實已經是兩個句子了，因為語氣發生了一些變化，意思也稍有不同對嗎？
若不細分，命令句（原形動詞）和不確定詞氣（搭配語氣助動詞）非常接近，所以可以把Come in與You may come in視為相同，也可以把...suggested my husband quit smoking和suggested my husband should quit smoking視為相同。但是仔細分辨就會發現「叫你進來」和「准你進來（if you like）」不完全一樣。「叫他戒煙」和「說他應該戒煙（had better）」不完全相同。只有原形動詞才是真正表示「要求辦到」。
老師您好 Domestic workers have not received such applause, despite being on the front lines of the fight against coronavirus. 1 being on the front lines 及on the front lines 有何差別 ?
Otherwise, we risk the prospect of a future where rich countries have recovered and reinstate "normal" patterns of social and economic interaction, but poor states remain ravaged, with their citizens excluded and subject to new forms of discrimination. 2既然是未來的事情，為何have recovered 及reinstate及remain不用未來式表達 ? 3 remain跟risk應該是平行的關係? ( we(S) risk (V) / poor states(S) remain (V) )
It would be foolhardy to take these measures off the table after we get on the other side of the virus 4we get on the other side of the virus意思是:疫情過了 ?
When things don't go your way, you need to know if you are the type of person that does better getting some distance to get some perspective or someone who should stick to your routine 5 that does better getting some distance to get some perspective的意思是
go one's way:Proceed according to one's plans or wishes, as in Let's hope things will go my way this time. 6 as in=as it(Proceed according to one's plans or wishes) is in ? 謝謝老師
1 在介系詞despite後面不能再來個介系詞on，需要being來做詞類變化（成為名詞） 2 語氣是在前提有可能的狀況下「當作事實」，也就是把未來的事情當作是已經發生 3 ...rich countries(S) have recovered(V)...but poor states(S) remain(V)... 對等連接詞but連接的是兩個對等子句 4 是 5 ...the kind of person that does better when he or she gets some distance to get the perspective「是這種人：如果退後一步，可以把事情看得更全面、更清楚，表現就會更好」 6 as it (go one's way) is used in...
老師您好 Because even once the pandemic is over and society tries to return to business as usual, the climate that we know as normal is never coming back. 1 we know as normal的know為何不是knew ? (因為normal指的是過去的情況)?
Fourteen miles is further than you'd think once you start to run it 2 is 跟it 為何不是are及them (fourteen miles是複數)
In what will surely become known as the "post-Covid world," supporters of a more robust health-security agenda must go on offense, using governors and mayors to rally Senators, including by ensuring that global stockpiles of medical protective equipment are pre-position... 3In what will... world=in something that will... world=In a so called "post-Covid world," ? 4including...=including that supporters would ( 或will ) ensure that global stockpiles... ?
He gave a choked cry, flailed his arms wildly for a moment, and then went over the edge. 5 went over the edge.的意思是 ?
Strange how we assume these happy places will always be there, so we can step out or drop in whenever we feel like it 6 Strange how we assume= How strange we assume ?
Your Planet. One you can live on. Short form: kill the ocean, and there goes your oxygen supply 7 Short form: kill the ocean, and there goes your oxygen supply的意思是 ? 謝謝老師
1 we know as normal「在我們觀念中認為是正常的事」時間就是現在 2 度量衡單位當主詞，動詞可以用單數 3 是 4 including (going on offense) by ensuring that...，做法則是策動governors, mayors來施壓Senators 5 就是從（懸崖）邊緣摔了下去 6 It is strange how we assume... 7 short form「簡單講就是…」，用來說明Your Planet這個概念
老師您好 He has become something of a stickler for the finer observances of royal protocol. 1 observances (the practice of obeying something )應該改為單數才對 ?
This is a moment all of us will remember for the rest of our lives. It is time to live up to it (moment) 2 It is time to live up to it 的意思是?
You have less to lose if you make adequate preparations and don't get hit than by waiting for the disease 3 by不能改成if，因為 than和if都是副詞子句連接詞，避免連用。但以下一個句子: By using the word `eliminate', they are trying to make the action sound more positive than if they used the word `kill'. 為何than後面可接if ?
...a reason or fact is the only important one there is, or that it is obvious. 4 there is 的意思是there is the only important reason or fact ? 為何要把there is 移到後面 ?
Your Planet. One you can live on. Short form: kill the ocean, and there goes your oxygen supply 5 kill...的意思是:不保護海洋，那麼氧氣的供應也會有問題 ? 6 there goes your oxygen supply＝ your oxygen supply goes there ? there 指的是到達與海洋同樣的地方(毀滅的命運) ?
Strange how we assume these happy places will always be there, so we can step out or drop in whenever we feel like it 7 how we assume...是we assume something by some methods ?
Anyone who breaks the law does so at their peril. 8 Anyone跟their 不一致，their應改為his或者是she ?
In addition, interest on Treasury issues isn't subject to state and local income taxes. 9 interest on Treasury issues是指公債(發行)利息? 謝謝老師
1 這裏指的是observance的各種細節內容，可以用複數 2 要身體力行、要實踐、要迎向挑戰 3 其實都可以，因為有省略。 You have less to lose than (you have) if you wait for the disease. The action sounds more positive than (it would) if they used the word "kill." 4 關係子句that there is省掉關係詞that 5 是 6 there goes something解釋為something is gone「完蛋了！」 7 直述句： We assume something in this way. =We assume something so. 疑問句： How do we assume something? 代表問題的名詞子句： how we assume something 複句： (It is) strange how we assume something. 假主詞it的內容就是how引導的名詞子句，亦即：The question is strange.
請問老師：關係子句若無法直接放在先行詞後，要不要在前面加逗點？ I can’t leave a man behind, who has done so much for me. A plague broke out which lasted 20 years. 以上兩個子句都有指示功能，到底需不需要逗點呢？ 謝謝。
請問老師 1. There's nothing to do but (to) wait here. 可還原成 ...but that we can wait here嗎？ 2. I can do more than (to) wait here. 可還原成 ...than that I can wait here嗎？ 3. 為何以上兩句都能省略不定詞呢？ 謝謝。
1 因為but是對等連接詞，右邊是對等子句，可還原為but we can wait here 2 因為已經有從屬連接詞than，可還原為than I can wait here 3 在對等連接詞but前後，以及在比較級連接詞than, as前後，都是要求平行對稱。這時如果前面有個do，後面就可以選擇使用原形動詞（原因不詳）
老師您好 The fare has much improved since Hugh has taken charge of the kitchen. 1 since後面會接簡單過去式(時間的起點)，若接完成式代表什麼意思?
Western doctors must take the Hippocratic Oath along the lines of "First, do no harm." First, do no harm是the Hippocratic Oath裡面的內容。along=with ?
All that time she'd been leading him on 2 All that time =throughout that time ?
The tradition of taking the Hippocratic Oath may be fact or fiction. Be that as it may... 3 Be that as it may=although it may be fact or fiction?
Such a doctor may engage the patient as an unwitting guinea pig in experimenting a new drug or therapy--all done in the name of humanity, but betraying the patient's sacred trust and doing harm in the end 4 but...=but such a doctor may engage the patient as an unwitting guinea pig in betraying... ?
5 with great power comes great responsibility= great responsibility comes with great power= 也就是great power 是因， great responsibility是果 ? 謝謝老師
1 應該用簡單過去式took charge比較好 along the lines of是表示「大致符合…方向」 2 是 3 Whether it may be fact or fiction... 4 可還原為獨立句子如下： All is done in the name of humanity but this betrays the patient's trust 然後進行減化 5 是
老師您好 raw insight 1 raw=not being in polished, finished, or processed form ?
This book is testimony to a very individual kind of courage. 2 a very individual kind of courage 的意思是?
...a reason or fact is the only important one there is, or that it is obvious. 3 it是指a reason or fact is the only important one ? 4 there is 前省略掉that, 那省略的that如果不省略的話，句子會不會變得比較好 THAT there is or THAT it is obvious ) ?
Strange how we assume these happy places will always be there, so we can step out or drop in whenever we feel like it 5(原句是疫情嚴重時寫的句子)原句是在暗示:我們對於疫情的嚴重性可能過去樂觀，所以才會想到外面透透氣 ?
.. writing about death and dying 6 dying指正在死的過程，當名詞用 ? 謝謝老師
老師您好 Her office is down the corridor on the right. 1 down the corridor是走廊盡頭 ?
They live down the hall from Tom in an apartment ２They live down the hall from Tom的意思是?
Downloads probably also furnish a marginal gain to the author's reputation in excess of the marginal costs of any revenue foregone directly due to a download--especially if those who download a book today would probably not have purchase it if it were not available for free online. ３ would probably not have purchase及were not available (hadn't been available)都是過去非事實?
Crime may not be legislated into being ４ being =the state of existing ?
Drug sellers and users are to modern-day America what the Jews were to Nazi Germany. A focus for hate. A reason to make fascist laws that are destroying our republic. ５A focus for hate 跟 A focus on hate 在語意上有何不同? ６ A reason=A focus for hate? 謝謝老師
1 往走廊走下去（應該是向內走） 2 hall在此應該還是「走廊」，所以意思是「沿走廊往內走，經過Tom家之後的一間公寓」 3 事實是They downloaded it與It is available online。所以they would not have downloaded it是「過去非事實」，if it were not available是「現在非事實」。事實語氣採用it is available online是把它當作「不變的事實」 4 是 5 (They are) a focus for (people's) hatred. 6 (Drug sellers and users) are a reason to make fascist laws. 「這些人被用來當作理由，以制訂法西斯法律」
Some precipitation falls as snow and then accumulates as ice caps and glaciers, which can store frozen water for thousands of years. Ice and snow in warmer climates often melt when spring arrives, and the melted water flows in streams or rivers. Most precipitation falls back into the oceans or onto land, where, thanks to gravity, the precipitation flows over the ground as surface runoff. A portion of runoff enters streams or rivers and moves towards lakes or oceans. A lot of runoff soaks into the ground as infiltration. Some water infiltrates deep into the ground and replenishes aquifers, which store huge amounts of freshwater for long periods of time. Some ground water stays close to the surface, finds openings, and emerges as springs.
老師在選文The Water Cycle說到：第二、三兩段就是採取時間順序來跟著「水循環」走一遍。有時內容會分成兩路，文章也相應採取像是古時說書人「花開兩朵，各表一枝」的手法，一一分別介紹，但總體來看還是工整的時間順序。
請問，第一、二句（Some precipitation falls as snow and then accumulates as ice caps and glaciers, which can store frozen water for thousands of years. Ice and snow in warmer climates often melt when spring arrives, and the melted water flows in streams or rivers.）是否也是「花開兩朵，各表一枝」的手法，即：分成「降水落在冰帽或冰河等寒冷的地區」、「降水落在溫暖的地區」兩條路線敘述？如果不是，請問，第二句和第一句有什麼關係？為什麼在第一句講完寒冷的地區，第二句就開始講溫暖的地區？
老師您好 The show lingers on moments of bliss--the joy of sex, home cooking, a cityscape as glimpsed from a rooftop at night 1 as glimpsed 有加as沒加as在語意上各有何差別 ?
Military figures, made out of lead are prized by collectors... 2為何made前面要加逗點 (如果are前面再加逗點，我還可以理解) ?
Your briefings could not be more different than hers 3原句的意思是?
He seems so honest and genuine and my every instinct says he's not. 4 and my every instinct的and為何不是but (前面講的是誠實等特質，後面講不誠實等特質，應該用but)
breadline: a line of people waiting to be given food as government relief or private charity 5 as的意思是?有省略什麼字嗎?
... a newspaper that dedicated more pages to accommodate the death toll 6 accommodate為什麼不是ing的形式 ? 謝謝老師
1 as glimpsed可還原為as it is glimpsed，只有glimpsed的話則是還原為which is glimpsed 2 原句有錯 3 兩份briefings南轅北轍，大大不同 4 用but也行。用and則表示前面的seems並不可靠 5 沒有省略，就是介系詞 6 那是當作in order to使用，有人主張這種用法不對，但是有人這樣用
老師您好 The coolant gases formerly used in refrigerators and air conditioners were toxic ones that could prove fatal if those appliances leaked while the homeowner was asleep at night. Hence it was hailed as a great advance when CFCs were developed as synthetic refrigerant gases. 1 Hence之前的句子說明The coolant gases是有害的; 而hence之後說明的是大進步。有害跟大進步是兩個不同的槪念，而且也不具因果關係。為何可以用Hence＝therefore ?
2 it was hailed的it 是單數，但coolant gases 是複數，感覺用they 比較好 ?
They are broken down by intense ultraviolet radiation to yield highly reactive chlorine atoms that destroy a significant fraction of the ozone layer... 3 to yield...=so that they could yield (could 表猜測)
It's not what we would have expected from a professional service 4意思是:這個service不好，(would have expected過去非事實) ?
I would have hoped for a better choice of wine to go with the meal 5意思是:隨餐附加的酒是不好的(表示酒不好)?
I look around to take some pictures, but there is nothing I want to capture. I do so anyway, to try and justify my presence in this place to others. To justify it to myself. I want to believe that it is important for history. 6 To justify it to myself特別獨立出來(強調的作用)是因為要帶出理由，而這個理由就是 I want to believe that it is important for history. ? 謝謝老師
類比的英文是analogy，比喻的英文是figures of speech。 1 類比和比喻有何區別？ 之所以提問這個問題，是因為老師在書里一會兒提及比喻，一會兒提及類比，實在困惑哪種語境下使用「類比」一詞，哪種語境下使用「比喻」一詞。 2 （1）figures of speech翻譯過來是「說話的身材」，為什麼是「比喻」呢？ （2）我查到詞典解釋figures of speech為「修辭格；修辭手段」。修辭方法應該有很多種，不僅僅只有比喻，為何把figures of speech翻譯為「比喻」呢？
寫作書籍P213有這麼一個例句： The truck flew down the empty highway. （卡車在空蕩的高速公路上飛馳。） 請問，例句裡面既沒有be動詞（猜測老師可能會解釋說把flew換成be動詞was，就是暗喻），也沒有把兩個相似的事物相比，那麼可以很明顯看出這不是比喻（比喻的前提是把兩個相似的事物相比），為何老師會認為該例句是「比喻」，而不是「誇張（誇張法）」？
If we find a watch in a field, it is too complex to have appeared there by natural process, so we assume that there must be a watchmaker responsible for its creation. Similarly, life is too complex not to have a creator—God. 如果在野外撿到一隻表，這麼複雜的構造絕不可能是自然長出來的，所以我們會假設一定是有個表匠做的。同樣地，生命如此複雜，不可能沒有一個創造者——就是神。
2 Some new words coined by the author have been gradually gaining currency. （作家造的一些新字，逐漸通行起來。） 請問，這個連貫比喻的句子是明喻，還是暗喻？ 我看著像是借喻，因為省略本體（造字、新字通行）和喻詞，只留下喻體（鑄幣coin、通貨currency），但是老師把比喻分為明暗喻兩大類，想必其他分類比如借喻也是可以還原成明喻或暗喻的，只是我不知道借喻應該還原為明喻還是暗喻，如何還原。
老師您好 ethnic: designating or of a population subgroup having a common cultural heritage or nationality, as distinguished by customs, characteristics, language, common history, etc.: 1 of a population subgroup的of =about ? 2 as distinguished by的as 可看成準關係代名詞嗎 ? 先行詞是 a common cultural heritage or nationality ? 3 distinguished=characterized ?
4 sniff back tears=hold back tears
The show lingers on moments of bliss--the joy of sex, home cooking, a cityscape as glimpsed from a rooftop at night 5 the joy of a cityscape 的意思是 ? 6 a cityscape as glimpsed from a rooftop 意思是:這個cityscape跟從屋頂看到的cityscape是一樣的 ?
They are broken down by intense ultraviolet radiation to yield highly reactive chlorine atoms that destroy a significant fraction of the ozone layer... 7 to yield =so that they would yield, 而would表猜測 ? 謝謝老師
1 是 2 一般稱作準關代的，後面通常是接動詞，例如as much effort as is required（在is前面需要一個能夠當作連接詞與主詞的東西，於是就把as稱為準關代）。你問的那句裏面沒有限定動詞，可視為省略（as與than這兩個連接詞後面往往可以大量省略） 3 是 4 是（hold back tears by sniffing） 5 後面兩項（home cooking; a cityscape）是和the joy對稱，共同當作moments的同位格 6 就是指「從屋頂看到的cityscape」 7 是。would表示結果
We only had a bowl of the fragrant, chewy taro balls each before calling it a day, settling down at a B&B. 1. 請問老師這句的分詞構句是修飾calling 的時間嗎？ 2. the fragrant, chewy taro balls是不是表種類？是的話怎不是搭配單數名詞呢?
We tried the famous shrimp rolls. 3. 同上面第二個問題，表示種類的話，不是該用定冠詞加上單數名詞嗎？
1 老師在寫作書籍P403說到，如果整段或整篇文章都是一個大的明喻或暗喻，這種文章的組織結構手法就稱為類比。 是否可以得出以下結論：比喻和類比不是一樣的東西，比喻是一種修辭格，類比是一種文章組織？ 2 如果說「比喻是修辭格（figures of speech）裡面的一種，類比（analogy）是文章組織裡面的一種」，那麼請問，嚴格意義上，比喻不叫figures of speech的話，「比喻」的英文是什麼？
I have a friend who is a journalist and who also maintains a blog. He says that blogging to him is like recreational sex, whereas journalism is like prostitution. His interesting analogy actually makes a lot of sense.
老師在第一段的划線部分是He says that blogging to him is like recreational sex, whereas journalism is like prostitution. His interesting analogy actually makes a lot of sense.，貌似是表示全文主題句是這兩句話。 老師卻又在書籍P415寫到，「第一段交代過這個比喻之後，全文主題句是His interesting analogy actually makes a lot of sense.，表示接下來發展這個類比，多加說明一番。」，這讓人覺得全文主題句只有一句His interesting analogy actually makes a lot of sense.。 請問，全文主題句是兩句話：He says that blogging to him is like recreational sex, whereas journalism is like prostitution. His interesting analogy actually makes a lot of sense.，還是只有一句話：His interesting analogy actually makes a lot of sense.？為什麼？
Capital punishment is unheard-of in primitive societies, whether in Papua New Guinea or in the Amazon Basin. １．請問老師減化的副詞子句的主詞看起來跟主要子句沒重複，為何還能省略呢？ ２ 把whether改成either可以嗎？ 感謝老師。
a.While he admitted that he had received part of the laundered money,he denied he had any part in the drug trafficking.可以減化成 b.While admitting that he had received part of the laundered money,he denied he had any part in the drug trafficking. 或是減化成 c.While he admitted having received part of the laundered money,he denied he had any part in the drug trafficking. 問題一 請問旋老師a句可不可以同時減化成 「d.While admitting having received part of the laundered money,he denied he had any part in the drug trafficking.」??? 問題二 若a句能夠減化成d句,可不可以再省略連接詞While,寫成「e.admitting having received part of the laundered money,he denied he had any part in the drug trafficking.」???? 例如:While he was lying on the couch,the boy fell asleep.(取自於舊版旋元佑文法) 可減化成While lying on the couch,the boy fell asleep.在省略連接詞While,即成為lying on the couch,the boy fell asleep. 不過我覺得e句有一點怪怪的.... 謝謝旋老師的回答
From "Riding the Rays." The Salmon of Doubt: Hitchhiking the Galaxy One Last Time, Douglas Adams
Every country is like a particular type of person. America is like a belligerent, adolescent boy, Canada is like an intelligent, 35-year-old woman. Australia is like Jack Nicholson. It comes right up to you and laughs very hard in your face in a highly threatening and engaging manner. In fact, it's not so much a country as such, more a sort of thin crust of semi-demented civilisation caked around the edge of a vast, raw wilderness, full of heat and dust and hopping things.
請問，Australia is like Jack Nicholson. It comes right up to you and laughs very hard in your face in a highly threatening and engaging manner.這兩句話的組織是什麼？ 只知道一開始通過Australia is like Jack Nicholson.來明喻澳洲是Jack Nicholson，但是後面那句It comes right up to you and laughs very hard in your face in a highly threatening and engaging manner.不知道有什麼作用，是通過「解釋名詞」來說明Jack Nicholson的特徵嗎？如果是，那麼這兩句的組織應該就是「類比」、「名詞解釋」？
From “My Last Year in Office as Mom-in-Chief: A lame-duck mother assesses her tenure,” Kristin van Ogtrop, Time, February 1, 2016
Mr. President, I’m sure you would agree that we both tolerate healthy debate, because that is what democracy is all about. But don’t tell me it has never crossed your mind that a dictatorship might be more, shall we say, efficient. Congress and 17-year-olds used to actually respect authority. Now it’s all arguing with us, all the time. And if you are at all self-reflective, then self-doubt arrives, in what is supposed to be the victory lap. Is there anything we can do to make one final impact, to correct the countless mistakes we have made, quick, before the time runs out?
Of course, our constituents are focused on the next thing. We still represent something, but our titles are now basically in quotation marks. My approval ratings are about as bad as yours, Mr. President, but we can console ourselves with the knowledge that yours are better than George W. Bush’s were at this stage of his presidency and mine are better than those of a mother I know who won’t let her son play League of Legends until his fingers fall off.
1 （1）第一段的段落主題句是什麼？ （2）第一段的組織是什麼？ 只能看出Congress and 17-year-olds used to actually respect authority. Now it’s all arguing with us, all the time.的組織是時間順序，其他句子的組織都看不出來是什麼。
2 （1）第二段的段落主題句是Of course, our constituents are focused on the next thing.嗎？ （2）第二段的組織是「因果關係：從結果推求原因」嗎？ 如果第二段的段落主題句是Of course, our constituents are focused on the next thing.，後面兩句We still represent something … quotation marks.、My approval ratings … fall off.好像在說明為什麼「我們的選民把注意力轉向未來」，也就是說，後面兩句貌似是對段落主題句的原因說明。
關於From Liberalism and the Social Problem, Winston Churchill的問題
The existing organisation of society is driven by one mainspring—competitive selection. It may be a very imperfect organisation of society, but it is all we have got between us and barbarism. It is all we have been able to create through unnumbered centuries of effort and sacrifice. It is the whole treasure which past generations have been able to secure, and which they have been able to bequeath; and great and numerous as are the evils of the existing condition of society in this country, the advantages and achievements of the social system are greater still. Moreover, that system is one which offers an almost indefinite capacity for improvement. We may progressively eliminate the evils; we may progressively augment the goods which it contains. I do not want to see impaired the vigour of competition, but we can do much to mitigate the consequences of failure. We want to draw a line below which we will not allow persons to live and labour, yet above which they may compete with all the strength of their manhood. We want to have free competition upwards; we decline to allow free competition to run downwards. We do not want to pull down the structures of science and civilisation: but to spread a net over the abyss; and I am sure that if the vision of a fair Utopia which cheers the hearts and lights the imagination of the toiling multitudes, should ever break into reality, it will be by developments through, and modifications in, and by improvements out of, the existing competitive organisation of society; and I believe that Liberalism mobilised, and active as it is to-day, will be a principal and indispensable factor in that noble evolution.
1 段落主題句是什麼？ 段落主題句好像是The existing organisation of society is driven by one mainspring—competitive selection.，又好像是The existing organisation of society is driven by one mainspring—competitive selection. It may be a very imperfect organisation of society, but it is all we have got between us and barbarism.。
2 該段落的組織是什麼？ 感覺好像是「因果關係：從結果推求原因」、「問題與解決方案」。 其中，為了說明「優勝劣敗的競爭的有用之處」，列舉以下原因： （1）It is all we have been able to create through unnumbered centuries of effort and sacrifice. （2）It is the whole treasure which past generations have been able to secure, and which they have been able to bequeath; and great and numerous as are the evils of the existing condition of society in this country, the advantages and achievements of the social system are greater still. （3）Moreover, that system is one which offers an almost indefinite capacity for improvement. We may progressively eliminate the evils; we may progressively augment the goods which it contains. 為了說明「去除弊病、擴大優點」，提出如下解決方案： （1）We want to draw a line below which we will not allow persons to live and labour, yet above which they may compete with all the strength of their manhood. （2）We want to have free competition upwards; we decline to allow free competition to run downwards. （3） We do not want to pull down the structures of science and civilisation: but to spread a net over the abyss.
3 最後一句話（and I am sure that if the vision of a fair Utopia … noble evolution.）的作用是什麼？ 好像是對前面提出的解決方案的總結。
關於From Liberalism and the Social Problem, Winston Churchill的問題
I have been for nearly six years, in rather a short life, trained as a soldier, and I will use a military metaphor. There is no operation in war more dangerous or more important than the conduct of a rear-guard action and the extrication of a rear-guard from difficult and broken ground. In the long war which humanity wages with the elements of nature the main body of the army has won its victory. It has moved out into the open plain, into a pleasant camping ground by the water springs and in the sunshine, amid fair cities and fertile fields. But the rear-guard is entangled in the defiles, the rear-guard is still struggling in mountainous country, attacked and assailed on every side by the onslaughts of a pitiless enemy. The rear-guard is encumbered with wounded, obstructed by all the broken vehicles that have fallen back from the main line of the march, with all the stragglers and weaklings that have fallen by the way and can struggle forward no farther. It is to the rear-guard of the army that attention should be directed. There is the place for the bravest soldiers and the most trusted generals. It is there that all the resources of military science and its heaviest artillery should be employed to extricate the rear-guard—not to bring the main army back from good positions which it occupies, not to throw away the victory which it has won over the brute forces of nature—but to bring the rear-guard in, to bring them into the level plain, so that they too may dwell in a land of peace and plenty.
1 段落主題句是什麼？
2 該段落的組織是什麼？ 感覺除了「類比」，還有「因果關係：從結果推求原因」、「對比」、「問題與解決方案」。 其中，為了說明「There is no operation in war more dangerous or more important than the conduct of a rear-guard action and the extrication of a rear-guard from difficult and broken ground.」，列舉以下原因： （1）In the long war which humanity wages with the elements of nature the main body of the army has won its victory. It has moved out into the open plain, into a pleasant camping ground by the water springs and in the sunshine, amid fair cities and fertile fields. But the rear-guard is entangled in the defiles, the rear-guard is still struggling in mountainous country, attacked and assailed on every side by the onslaughts of a pitiless enemy. （2）The rear-guard is encumbered with wounded, obstructed by all the broken vehicles that have fallen back from the main line of the march, with all the stragglers and weaklings that have fallen by the way and can struggle forward no farther. 另外，句子In the long war which humanity wages … can struggle forward no farther.是採用「對比」來說明大軍主力和後衛的不同之處。 最後，面對後衛脫困的問題，「解決方案」是：There is the place for the bravest soldiers and the most trusted generals. It is there that all the resources of military science and its heaviest artillery should be employed to extricate the rear-guard—not to bring the main army back from good positions which it occupies, not to throw away the victory which it has won over the brute forces of nature—but to bring the rear-guard in, to bring them into the level plain, so that they too may dwell in a land of peace and plenty.
1 主題句就是第一句I have been for nearly six years, in rather a short life, trained as a soldier, and I will use a military metaphor.，但它要結合上一段：「我用個軍事比喻來說明上一段的主題」。所以本段的主題句裏面其實只有Division：說明將要用「比喻」來發展，至於Subject Matter與Controlling Idea都是在上一段講過的東西。 2 主要的發展是「類比」，底下都是類比的內容。你的分析也有道理。
老師您好 If everything must have a cause, the God must have a cause. If there can be anything without a cause, it may just as well be the world as God, so that there cannot be any validity in that argument. 1 as God的意思是: like God ? 2 as well ... as在這的兩個as 應該不是一組的 ? (may just as well是一組)
The President should make the dire shortage of masks and quick tests a national priority. ３ priority應該是讓供應量充足，怎麼priority 是dire shortage，難道是把 dire shortage視為首要需要處理的問題?
ethnic: designating or of a population subgroup having a common cultural heritage or nationality, as distinguished by customs, characteristics, language, common history, etc.: 4 as distinguished= such as a common cultural heritage or nationality distinguished by customs... ?
5 internally reveled beliefs 的意思是？
They are broken down by intense ultraviolet radiation to yield highly reactive chlorine atoms that destroy a significant fraction of the ozone layer... 6 to yield =so that they could yield=with the result that they could yield, 而could表結果，那麼我的問題是用can 或用could 有何不同(如果是猜測，can比could有把握，但原句不是猜測)
There is no reason why the world couldn't have come into being without a cause; nor, on the other hand, is there any reason why it should not have always existed. 7 couldn't have come...及 should not have always existed 都是指現在的角度猜過去 ? 謝謝老師
1, 2 It might just as well be the world that can be without a cause as it is God that can be without a cause.「若說有什麼東西可以不需要原因就自然存在，為什麼只有God才可以？為什麼the world不可以？」 3 a priority就是需要優先處理的事情，所以它可以是shortage 4 是 5 reveled是revealed之誤吧？聖經啟示錄是the Book of Revelation，那是「天啟」。internally revealed則是個人在內心中獲得一種啟示，這帶點宗教信仰的暗示，是不理性、不需要理由的 6 can和could在此是一般用法、不是猜測用法，意思是「可以、能夠」（able to），差別仍然是can語氣較重、could語氣較輕 7 是
Walking is a means to an end. You walk to get somewhere, the sooner the better. While walking, you are scarcely conscious of the lifting of your leg or the swinging of your arm. Dancing, on the other hand, is meant to be an enjoyment in itself. You dance to stay where you are, enjoying the cadence, the music, and the repetitive movements. How you lift your leg or raise your arm is all important.
Poetry, on the other hand, is like dancing—something to be relished for its own sake. You read a poem slowly, repeatedly, not to pick up information but to enjoy the reading experience, to be moved and thrilled.
老師在「2022年11月23日 下午1:05」回答說過： 1. You walk to get somewhere, the sooner the better. While walking, you are scarcely conscious of the lifting of your leg or the swinging of your arm.是在提供細節來說明解釋段落主題句Walking is a means to an end.。 2. You dance to stay where you are, enjoying the cadence, the music, and the repetitive movements. How you lift your leg or raise your arm is all important.是在提供細節來說明解釋段落主題句Dancing, on the other hand, is meant to be an enjoyment in itself.。 3.You read a poem slowly, repeatedly, not to pick up information but to enjoy the reading experience, to be moved and thrilled.是在提供細節來說明解釋段落主題句Poetry, on the other hand, is like dancing—something to be relished for its own sake.。
關於From Liberalism and the Social Problem, Winston Churchill的問題
The existing organisation of society is driven by one mainspring—competitive selection. It may be a very imperfect organisation of society, but it is all we have got between us and barbarism. It is all we have been able to create through unnumbered centuries of effort and sacrifice. It is the whole treasure which past generations have been able to secure, and which they have been able to bequeath; and great and numerous as are the evils of the existing condition of society in this country, the advantages and achievements of the social system are greater still. Moreover, that system is one which offers an almost indefinite capacity for improvement. We may progressively eliminate the evils; we may progressively augment the goods which it contains. I do not want to see impaired the vigour of competition, but we can do much to mitigate the consequences of failure. We want to draw a line below which we will not allow persons to live and labour, yet above which they may compete with all the strength of their manhood. We want to have free competition upwards; we decline to allow free competition to run downwards. We do not want to pull down the structures of science and civilisation: but to spread a net over the abyss; and I am sure that if the vision of a fair Utopia which cheers the hearts and lights the imagination of the toiling multitudes, should ever break into reality, it will be by developments through, and modifications in, and by improvements out of, the existing competitive organisation of society; and I believe that Liberalism mobilised, and active as it is to-day, will be a principal and indispensable factor in that noble evolution.
不明白這三句話的組織：Moreover, that system is one which offers an almost indefinite capacity for improvement. We may progressively eliminate the evils; we may progressively augment the goods which it contains. I do not want to see impaired the vigour of competition, but we can do much to mitigate the consequences of failure. 請問： 1 We may progressively eliminate the evils; we may progressively augment the goods which it contains.是對主題句Moreover, that system is one which offers an almost indefinite capacity for improvement.的細節解釋說明嗎？ 2 I do not want to see impaired the vigour of competition, but we can do much to mitigate the consequences of failure.，是對前一句We may progressively eliminate the evils; we may progressively augment the goods which it contains.的細節解釋說明，還是作為後面We want to draw a line …… spread a net over the abyss.的主題句？還是有其他什麼作用？
請問老師 The king suggested that it would be more prudent to use convicts as test passengers, while the convicts were pardoned if they survived the ordeal. 1 副詞子句提到「如果大難不死就赦免」，赦免不是應該用條件語氣才對：would be pardoned，以表示當時還不是事實這樣的意思？ 2 副詞連接詞while是「雖然」的意思嗎：即便罪犯大難不死就能獲赦，我們還是先拿他們當試驗品較好？ 謝謝老師。
老師您好 The show lingers on moments of bliss--the joy of sex, home cooking, a cityscape as glimpsed from a rooftop at night 1 a cityscape as glimpsed from a rooftop at night 是 "從屋頂看到的cityscape"。那麼as=in the same way 嗎 ? "從屋頂看到的cityscape"看不到有in the same way 的意思 ? (感覺 a cityscape as it is glimpsed from a rooftop 及a cityscape which is glimpsed from a rooftop 這二句的意思都是"從屋頂看到的cityscape") ?
(A)I have 2 brothers, of which Tom is a fireman. (B)copy: a single book, newspaper, record, or other printed or recorded text of which many have been produced. 2 (A)及(B)of which是同一個意思，同一個用法嗎 ?
3 of which前加不加逗點都可以嗎 ? ( (Ｂ)of which前沒有加逗點) (加逗點跟後面的句號變成一組括號)
They are broken down by intense ultraviolet radiation to yield highly reactive chlorine atoms that destroy a significant fraction of the ozone layer... 4 to yield =with the result that they CAN /COULD yield ? 5 can語氣較重、could語氣較輕。語氣輕重在原句的意思是？ 6在猜測語氣中, can 比could更有把握，那麼can 比could更有把握也可看作can語氣較重、could語氣較輕嗎 ?
I borrow a better term from the late Aristotle: katharsis. Katharsis, so used, means salubrious discharge of emotions, a healthy letting off a steam 7 so used在這的語意是 ? 8 so used是which is so used的簡化嗎 ? 謝謝老師
1 as glimpsed近似when it is glimpsed 2, 3 唯一差別就是逗點：有逗點的關係子句是補充說明，沒有逗點則是「指出哪一個、哪一種」 4 是 5, 6 在一般用法中，can/could表示「有能力」，前者能力稍強、後者能力稍弱。在猜測用法中，can/could表示「有可能」，前者可能稍大、後者可能稍小。 7, 8 when it is used in this way
老師您好 1 在老師的英文寫作第293頁The economics of capital punishment有提到:disuitlity, 這是相對於utility 來說，所以不管disuitlity還是uitlity，都是受益、受惠的意思 ?
Trump’s re-election campaign has harnessed his supporters’ outrage over impeachment to raise buckets of money 2 to raise=with the result that he can /could raise ... . 。但是我覺得to raise=in order to raise 也可以解釋的通，不知老師的看法如何 ?
Neither side took prisoners or showed any mercy... 3上面是字典的例句，or要改成nor ?
You describe something as regrettable when you think that it is bad and that it should not happen or have happened. 4 某件事確實發生，可是原句用it should not have happened. (過去非事實)這樣子感覺不對? 而 it should not have happened就算解釋為猜測語氣感覺也不通，因為 某件事確實發生 ? 綜合以上所述，不知出了什問題?
It really is desperately unfortunate that this should have happened just now. 5 should have pp 有二種 (1)現在角度猜過去(2)過去非事實 。 看起來不是(1)也不是(2) ? 6原句的should是"竟然"的意思 ?
Avoiding the collapse of any country's medical system is a matter of immediate interest to all of us 7 a matter of immediate interest=a current important matter ? 謝謝老師
1 utility在此解讀為「適合、有用、值得做」，disutility是它的相反 2 可以 3 不是。這裏並非neither ... nor的搭配。對等連接詞相關字組neither ... nor要求平行對稱。可以說： Neither this nor that is true. 或者 He neither accepted nor denied the accusation. 兩句都符合平行對稱的要求。但是neither side和or showed並不對稱。對等連接詞or單獨使用，連接左邊的動詞took和右邊的動詞showed。前面的neither side也是單獨使用：of the two sides, not one... 4 It should not have happened (but it did).裏面的should not have happened是過去非事實語氣，因為事實是It happened.，肯定句，改為否定句not就是非事實 5, 6 這裏的should have happened採用完成式主要是表達「過去」。語氣助動詞should無法明確表達過去，後面接原形動詞也無法表達過去，只有用完成式should have happened才能表達相對過去時間，語氣助動詞should表示「竟然、想不到、出乎意料」，仍屬猜測用法 7 是
老師您好 在老師的英文寫作第293頁The economics of capital punishment第一段結尾:The utility comparison seems a standoff, and I will ignore it, although the fact that almost two-thirds of the US population supports the death penalty is some, albeit weak (because it does not measure intensity of preference), evidence bearing on the comparison. 1 evidence=the fact that almost two-thirds of the US population supports the death penalty ?
2 evidence bearing on the comparison.=but evidence has an impact on the utility comparison ?
3原文有提到the fact that almost two-thirds of the US population supports the death penalty is some, albeit weak表示事實(the fact)有一點薄弱(some=a little)，但在作分析的時候，其實也可以把這個事實(美國人大多數主張不能廢死)考量進去，也就是utility comparison 值得考量，只是作者認為The utility comparison seems a standoff，才沒有考量而已，不知以上觀念是否正確 ? 謝謝老師
請教老師 1 They may object to the practice "on" their own vantage points. 2 I can do it "on" a clear conscience. 3 He does it "on" his own time. 以上三句的on意思都一樣嗎？該怎麼解釋呢? 4. ... the doctor is under obligation to proceed with xenotransplantation, even if as a temporary measure to extend life long enough for a donor organ to appear. 第四句的副詞子句主詞和主要子句主詞不同，何以能省略？ 多謝老師解答。
請問旋老師 a.While he admitted that he had received part of the laundered money,he denied he had any part in the drug trafficking. 可以減化成 b.While admitting having received part of the laundered money,he denied he had any part in the drug trafficking.
c.The actor's greatest achievement is that he has been nominated twice for the Oscar.(取自新版旋元佑文法) 可以減化成 d.The actor's greatest achievement is his having been nominated twice for the Oscar. 也可以減化成 e.The actor's greatest achievement is his two Oscar nominations.
f.That I drink good wine with friends is my greatest enjoyment.(取自舊版旋元佑文法) 可以減化成 g.Drinking good wine with friends is my greatest enjoyment.
h.That he calls my girlfriend every day is too much for me.(取自舊版旋元佑文法) 可以減化成 i.His calling my girlfriend every day is too much for me.
問題二 e句的「nominations」是複數名詞,e句的「his」是不是可以省略掉?? 例如:若把「many good students」中的限定詞「many」拿掉,剩下「good students」 仍然是正確的.(取自舊版旋元佑文法)
問題三 若把e句的「his two Oscar nominations」換成「his one Oscar nomination」, 是不是也可以省略掉「his」呢??因為「one」也是限定詞.
問題四 g句的「Drinking good wine」的前面是不是可以多加「My」呢?? 就像h句減化成i句一樣. 問題五 若f句能減化為「My drinking good wine with friends is my greatest enjoyment.」,則「greatest enjoyment」的前面 可以改成「the」嗎??即減化成「My drinking good wine with friends is the greatest enjoyment.」嗎??? 例如:That John was drunk is no excuse for the rude behavior(取自新版旋元佑文法) 可以減化成Being drunk is no excuse for John's rude behavior. 也可以減化為 John's being drunk is no excuse for the rude behavior.
老師您好 The costly city buses will soon begin to break down, especially because they will be seriously overburdened, since the user need not pay. 1意思是: 人不付費，導致超載，超載導致公車故障 ?
2 especially because they will be seriously overburdened是故障的次要原因(主要原因是不付錢)，所以前後有逗點，表示一組括號，是可有可無的補充說明，不知以上觀念是否正確 ?
...public transportation has to be paid for by somebody--tax payers 4 somebody是單數，而tax payers是複數，會有衝突嗎 ?
Let the user pay--so say economists, and so say I. 5 so say economists, and so say I.在此處用倒裝句是要引起讀者的注意(倒裝句讀起來比較費力)，讓讀者印象深刻嗎?
Free public transportation may sound attractive, but it takes us down a slippery slope, in a worsening series of ruin and destruction 6 a slippery slope與in a worsening series of ruin and destruction 是同位格關係 ? 謝謝老師
請問旋老師 a.As scheduled,they met on February 16. (As scheduled相當於As they scheduled。) 問題一 a句的「As scheduled」的「scheduled」是過去分詞,「scheduled」是不是要改成現在分詞「scheduling」呢??
因為「As they scheduled」的「scheduled」是過去式而不是過去分詞,減化之後 應該是「As scheduling」而不是「As scheduled」, 吳炳鍾教授怎麼會寫成「As scheduled相當於As they scheduled」呢?? 例如: c.After he wrote the letter,he put it to mail.(取自於舊版旋元佑文法) 可以減化成 d.After writing the letter,he put it to mail. (c句的「wrote」是過去式,而d句的「writing」是現在分詞.)
e.After he graduated from college,he found himself unemployed.(取自於新版旋元佑文法) 可以減化成 f.After graduating from college,he found himself unemployed. (e句的「graduated」是過去式,而f句的「graduating」是現在分詞.)
老師您好 Modern technology typically comes with a literal , monetary cost 1 monetary cost已經很清楚表達了是貨幣、金錢成本，為何還要加上literal ? 不知literal 在這的意思是 ?
Quiddity refers to the essence of a thing—that is, whatever makes something the type that it is. 2 that is it會不會太多餘(that的先行詞就是type) 3 whatever=what =anything that ?
4 a stark reminder=a sharp reminder (sharp=stark=grimly blunt ) ?
If Michael Jordan existed in today's Twitter-mad, media-saturated world, the unstable Internet would have already lost its collective mind. 5 would have already lost是過去非事實? (如果真的是過去非事實，感覺也不通，因為假設他"現在"在網路世界，那怎又會跟過去扯上關係，煩請老師解釋 ) ?
在老師的英文寫作第293頁The economics of capital punishment中提到...the principal consideration in evaluating the issue of retaining capital punishment are... the cost of capital punishment relative to life imprisonment without parole, the utility that retributivists and the friends and family members of the murderer's victim derive from execution, and the disutility that fervent opponents of capital punishment, along with relatives and friends of the defendant, experience. 6 the cost of capital punishment relative to life imprisonment without parole如果to 後面多加個that of 會不會比較好 ? (that=cost)
7 the utility .... and the disutility 表示: 維持死刑，則受害者家屬等人從中所得到的usefulness與維持死刑，則被告家屬等人從中所得到的反usefulness ? 謝謝老師
1 因為cost經常是比喻用法，在此加上literal是強調一下：就照字面解釋、不是比喻 2 that is是個插入句，相當於that is to say「亦即、也就是說」，用於導入一個說明 3 是 4 是 5 would have lost這裏的完成式就是完成式：「會已經如何」。事實語氣是has lost（現在完成） 6 會比較清楚 7 是
老師您好 The textbook we used was the Norton Anthology, same as was used in American universities. 1 same as was used...=the same textbook as was used ? 2 same會跟the搭配成the same，為什麼可以省略the ?
I feel more fulfilled doing this than I've ever done. 3 done 後面省略this ? (意思是:我現在做這個比以前做這個更令我感到fulfilled ? )
He waxed lyrical about the time he spent living in southern France. 4 he spent是不是改成had spent 會比較好 ? ...a woman with a brain and business acumen and a certain healthy ruthlessness. 5 healthy=reasonable ?
Carter was dubiously convicted of shooting three white men in a bar. 6 表示 Carter was convicted of shooting three white men in a bar 這一件事的真實性是讓人懷疑的?
The new tax system would be calculated on the value of property owned by an individual. 7 would be calculated爲何不是would calculate (新稅制計算…)用主動的形式 ?
White conned his way into a job as a warehouseman with Dutch airline, KLM... 8 with改成in不知會不會影響語意 ? 謝謝老師
a.If it is provoked,a rhino can be very dangerous.(取自於新版旋元佑文法) 可以減化成 b.(If) provoked,a rhino can be very dangerous. 請問旋老師 若遇到下列的情形,句子還可以減化嗎?? 問題一 c.That if it is provoked,a rhino isn't dangerous is a joke. 可以減化成 「d.That if provoked,a rhino isn't dangerous is a joke.」嗎?????? c句可以減化成d句嗎???? 問題二 若c句可以減化成d句,d句的「if」可以省略掉嗎??? 問題三 e.I said (that) If it is provoked,a rhino can be very dangerous. 可以減化成 「f.I said that If provoked,a rhino can be very dangerous.」嗎?????? e句可以減化成f句嗎???? 問題四 若e句可以減化成f句,f句的「that」及「If」可以省略掉嗎??? 謝謝旋老師的回答
時間單位如Monday, yesterday, last week, tomorrow, every day等等可以直接當作時間副詞使用。共同點在於都已經指明是什麼時候，例如last night就是「昨晚」，亦即從今天向過去推的上一個夜晚。但是the last day意思是「最後一天」，並不清楚是哪一天，要加上修飾才會清楚，例如：the last day of the vacation「假期的最後一天」、the last day of the war「戰爭的最後一天」、the last day of this World Cup「本屆世界盃的最後一天」，這些都還是名詞。假如是「昨天」（指從今天往回推的上一天），那是yesterday，可以當時間副詞。
老師您好 They are unsentimental about their impact on employees. 1 表示:他們對於員工之影響這一件事，他們表現的若無其事、沒有表達任何的情緒 ?
He was certainly not cut out to combine the jobs of editing and writing as a journalist. 2 原句後段應該是說以journalist的身分來 combine the jobs of editing and writing ?
Quiddity refers to the essence of a thing—that is, whatever makes something the type that it is. 3 the type that it is.中的that it is會不會太多餘了 ?
If Michael Jordan existed in today's Twitter-mad, media-saturated world, the unstable Internet would have already lost its collective mind.
4大槪的意思是:如果他現在存在在推特...世界, 那麼網路"早就已經"為他瘋狂了 ?
5would have lost是過去非事實 ?
6如果would have lost是過去非事實，那麼原句為什麼不寫成Internet had already lost... ? (還是Internet had already lost會讓人誤以為是過去完成式，沒有非事實的意味在，所以才寫成would have lost，以表示過去非事實的語氣 ?) 謝謝老師
Economic stimulus measures are seen as a way to keep oil and gas humming along, business as usual despite tectonic shifts in the industry. 2 to keep oil and gas humming along與business as usual是同位格關係 ?
Granted that the firm has not broken the law, is the law what it should be? 3 is the law what it should be所隱含的意思是 ?
co-respondent: the person who a married person is said to have committed adultery (= sex outside marriage) with 4 who應該改成whom才對 ?
5 to slip in a cutting remark 的意思是 ?
Realists have an earthy attitude towards problems, brushing aside delicate manners 6 delicate指 小處，不易查覺出來的，有別於earthy是從務實面的、從大處著手，不知以上觀念是否正確 ? 謝謝老師
老師您好 Taiwan can help. Truly we can, only allow us to stand firm on our own feet 1 Truly...feet 這個句子怎麼會沒有連接詞 ? 2 only allow...好像是祈使句之類的，不然allow怎麼會以原形動詞是形式出現 ?
I am boring you with my reminiscences. 3 原句應該是非正式的用法 ?通常 事或人+bore(s)+someones, bore動詞不會有V-ing的形式，除非是boring當形容詞用(boring lecture) ，不知以上觀念是否正確?
Have you done hogging the bathroom?... 4 原句為何不是Have you hogged the bathroom? 而是done hogging，兩者是差別是 ?
V: If you look at an apple with your mind's eye, you will notice that the girth of the apple is at its widest either in the middle of the fruit or in the top third, isn't that so ?
B: You are right. A pear is not like this ?
V: No. You must imagine an apple that is at its widest in the bottom third
5 You must imagine an apple that is at its widest in the bottom third這邊的意思是: 。a fruit that is at its widest in the bottom third其實是梨子，不是蘋果，因為在上文中有提到蘋果:the girth of the apple is at its widest either in the middle of the fruit or in the top third ，不知以上觀念是否正確?
6 must imagine 是猜測語氣?
For someone who has spent 40 years in show business Mary seems relatively unaffected by it all. 7 someone在這是指 在娛樂圈了做了40年的人，所以 someone的範圍是比較大的，不單單指原句中的Mary ?
你問的那句，情況又不相同：He comes from Australia, a country to which I'd love to travel someday.，可以拆開為下面3句來理解： 1. He comes from Australia. 2. Australia is a country. 3. I'd love to travel to the country someday. 其中1, 2兩句可以合併為複句如下： He comes from Australia, which is a country. 第3句中的to the country是個介系詞片語、地方副詞，其中的名詞the country可以用人稱代名詞取代，成為to it。新的兩個句子如下： 1. He comes from Australia, which is a country. 2. I'd love to traval to it someday. 第2句中的代名詞it，先行詞就是第1句中的名詞a country，可以將it改寫為關係代名詞which，兩句合併如下： 3. He comes from Australia, which is a country to which I'd love to travel someday. 其中to which要移到句首，因為關係代名詞which具有連接詞的功能，要拿到前面來引導這個關係子句。另外也可以把介系詞片語to which拆開，如下： 4. He comes from Australia, which is a country that I'd love to travel to someday. 其中that就是關係代名詞which，整個關係子句有指示功能（指出是哪一種國家），所以可以用that取代which。 再把第4句減化，which is刪掉只剩下同位格a country，如下： 5. He comes from Australia, a country that I'd love to travel to someday. 若選擇把介系詞片語to which一起移到句首，就成為： 6. He comes from Australia, a country to which I'd love to travel someday. 所以，which是關係代名詞，並沒有關係形容詞。
至於為什麼用a country而非the country，可以這樣來理解： Australia is a country that started out as a penal colony. Australia is a country that is rich in mineral deposits. Australia is a country that is sparsely populated. 「澳洲是一個『如何如何』的國家。」 這裏應該用的就是「一個」怎樣的國家，由後面的修飾語來指明，而非「那個」怎樣的國家（先指定了）。
老師您好 ...the actual number is significantly higher. Still, the figure carried weight, surpassing as it did the 58,220 American military deaths in the Vietnam War. 1 surpassing as it did 如何還原 ? (as及did在這的意思是?)
Quiddity refers to the essence of a thing—that is, whatever makes something the type that it is. 2 the type that it is.中的that it is為什麼要重複來表達 ?
3 to slip off to sleep表示漸漸地進入睡眠，而sleep是名詞，不知以上觀念是否正確
4 an in-kind payment to substitute for meals表示:如果朋友是開飯店，他要請我吃大餐，可是我不想吃大餐，我要換取住宿一晚，就可以原句來表達 ? 5而且原句的payment跟錢無關，因為有in-kind?
a straight substitution of carob for chocolate doesn't work... 6 straight=including only two things ?
By rights the Social Democrats ought to be the favorites in the election. But nothing looks less certain... 7 nothing looks less certain是"確定"的意思，也就是nothing looks less certain for Social Democrats not to be the favorites = it is certain that Social Democrats are not the favorites, 不知以上觀念是正確 ? 謝謝老師
1 分詞構句，還原為表示原因的副詞子句，如下： The figure carried weight, because it surpassed the deaths in Viet Nam. 中間的as it did就是as it surpassed ...（重複原文），用重複來加強語氣 2 就是敘述事實：「它所屬的那種類型」 3 to sleep是介系詞片語，sleep是名詞 4, 5 若旅行社出的一趟旅遊，言明是包括餐飲，但其實並沒有安排餐飲，只是發給遊客等值的餐費讓他自己去用餐，那就算是in-kind payment 6 straight=one for one 7 nothing looks less certain就是it's very uncertain「很不確定」。亦即：the social democrats很可能在選舉中失敗
a.The difference is the roles they play.(取自問不倒文法之Q002) 請問旋老師 問題一 若the跟roles之間插入「different」來修飾名詞「roles」,即「b.The difference is the different roles they play.」 那麼b句的文法正不正確??? 謝謝旋老師的回答
例句：What little color there was in his face left it.
回覆刪除老師可以分析下這個句子的結構和意思嗎？
先分為兩句來看：
刪除The color left his face.
There was a little color in his face.
兩句在color處產生關係，可以製造關係子句如下：
The little color that there was in his face left it.
限定詞little要移到先行詞處才可以保留下來。然後再把先行詞the little color與關係代名詞that合併成為複合關係代名詞what，但其中有意義的部分little color要留下來，就成為What little color there was in his face left it.
老師在寫作課程裡面把Analysis單列為一章，分為兩種：程序分析、優缺點分析。
回覆刪除然而，老師在寫作書籍裡面把「程序分析」單列為Chapter 11，把「優缺點分析」放至寫作書籍160頁（Chapter 1），請問這是出於什麼考慮？
我猜想如下：「分析」裡面除了程序分析、優缺點分析，還有因果關係（貌似因果關係也是分析的一種，因為我看到老師在寫作書籍288頁寫到因果關係分析Cause-effect analysis，這裡使用的字彙是：analysis分析）。如果寫作書籍單列一章為「分析（程序分析和優缺點分析）」，而因果關係分析也單列一章（Chapter 7），會導致分類沒有採取單一原則，會導致分析（程序分析和優缺點分析）裡面缺乏一類因果關係分析。
主要是因為程序分析採用時間順序，是比較單純的組織方式。優缺點分析與因果關係分析的組織則比較複雜，所以分別處理。
刪除+ 2022年10月6日 晚上10:14 提問
刪除老師您好
回覆刪除1 Archaeological analyses say as much about the interpreters as about the extinct cultures.的意思是 ?
The Queen was every bit as imposing as we had remembered, and the candlestick rocks, as weird.
2 as weird=as weird as we had remembered ?
It's strange being both celebrated and vilified at the same time
3 being both...為何不改成to be both ... ?
do something extraordinary--seeming ...
4 extraordinary--seeming= seemingly extraordinary ?
5 I've never been so afraid of having to... 及I've never been afraid of having to的差別在於:前者的意思是以前雖然害怕，但現在更害怕; 後者是沒未有害怕的經驗 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除基本上就是「見仁見智」：「考古學的分析固然能夠幫助我們了解已經滅絕的古代文化，但也告訴我們從事分析者（就是考古學家）本身是怎樣的人。」也就是說：同樣一片古文化遺蹟，不一樣的學者就會推出不一樣的結論。
2
是
3
用to be也行，不過那會比較「假設性」，語氣好像是並未發生。being則語氣比較確定，感覺是已經發生了
4
do something that seems extraordinary，再把that seems extraordinary改為複合形容詞extraordinary-seeming
5
是
寫作教材P393
回覆刪除From Camping Out, Ernest Hemingway
A pan of fried trout can’t be bettered and they don’t cost any more than ever. But there is a good and bad way of frying them.
The beginner puts his trout and his bacon in and over a brightly burning fire; the bacon curls up and dries into a dry tasteless cinder and the trout is burned outside while it is still raw inside. He eats them and it is all right if he is only out for the day and going home to a good meal at night. But if he is going to face more trout and bacon the next morning and other equally well-cooked dishes for the remainder of two weeks he is on the pathway to nervous dyspepsia.
The proper way is to cook over coals. Have several cans of Crisco or Cotosuet or one of the vegetable shortenings along that are as good as lard and excellent for all kinds of shortening. Put the bacon in and when it is about half cooked lay the trout in the hot grease, dipping them in corn meal first. Then put the bacon on top of the trout and it will baste them as it slowly cooks.
The coffee can be boiling at the same time and in a smaller skillet pancakes being made that are satisfying the other campers while they are waiting for the trout.
With the prepared pancake flours you take a cupful of pancake flour and add a cup of water. Mix the water and flour and as soon as the lumps are out it is ready for cooking. Have the skillet hot and keep it well greased. Drop the batter in and as soon as it is done on one side loosen it in the skillet and flip it over. Apple butter, syrup or cinnamon and sugar go well with the cakes.
While the crowd have taken the edge from their appetites with flapjacks the trout have been cooked and they and the bacon are ready to serve. The trout are crisp outside and firm and pink inside and the bacon is well done--but not too done. If there is anything better than that combination the writer has yet to taste it in a lifetime devoted largely and studiously to eating.
問題
1
第二段（The beginner…）說明的是the bad way。
（1）The beginner puts his trout and his bacon in and over a brightly burning fire; the bacon curls up and dries into a dry tasteless cinder and the trout is burned outside while it is still raw inside.的發展方式是「程序分析（資訊性程序分析）、時間順序」嗎？
（2）He eats them and it is all right if he is only out for the day and going home to a good meal at night. But if he is going to face more trout and bacon the next morning and other equally well-cooked dishes for the remainder of two weeks he is on the pathway to nervous dyspepsia.的發展方式是什麼？
2
第三段（The proper way…）說明的是the good way。
（1）第四段（The coffee can be boiling…）的發展方式是什麼？還是說這一段是轉折段落，為第五段（With the prepared pancake flours…）使用小平底鍋做煎餅做鋪墊？
（2）第五段（With the prepared pancake flours…）是使用「程序分析（資訊性程序分析）、時間順序」的發展方式來說明如何使用小平底鍋做煎餅嗎？
（3）第六段（While the crowd have taken the edge…）的發展方式是什麼？寫這一段的目的是什麼？
1
刪除(1)是
(2)也是分析：分析正反兩種假設情況
2
(1)也是整個程序的一部分
(2)是
(3)程序分析的最後一步，以及結論
分析是不是包括：程序分析、優缺點分析、因果關係、其他分析？
回覆刪除之所以提問，是因為不知道「因果關係」這種文章組織是不是「分析」裡面的一種。
分析可以有很多種形式。因果關係也算是一種分析
刪除寫作教材P398
回覆刪除老師在選文The Water Cycle說到：第二、三兩段就是採取時間順序來跟著「水循環」走一遍。有時內容會分成兩路，文章也相應採取像是古時說書人「花開兩朵，各表一枝」的手法，一一分別介紹，但總體來看還是工整的時間順序。
請問，第二、三段哪些內容能看出來「花開兩朵，各表一枝」的手法？我看不懂以上這段文字的意思。
天上降下的雨水，有一部分成為表面逕流，有一部分成為地下水，這就是分為兩條路線敘述
刪除+ 2022年11月14日 上午10:06 提問
刪除請問老師
回覆刪除1. This is something that I brood upon for the larger part of the semester, entering half-baked ideas in my tablet.
, entering ... 是同位格嗎？
2. I proceed with further research where relevant.
where 看起來是副詞連接詞，原本是where it's relevant?我不懂這句是什麼意思。
感謝老師
1
刪除是副詞子句減化，傳統文法稱為分詞構句，可還原為副詞子句：
while I enter half-baked ideas in my tablet
2
是副詞子句where it's relevant的減化：有需要的地方就進行進一步的研究
寫作教材P402
回覆刪除One thing a student cannot avoid is writing term papers. If you follow a good procedure and approach the task systematically, you can easily produce a quality paper without waste of time or energy. Here are the steps that I take when I write a term paper.
…
Thanks to thorough preparation and a rigorous process, I usually manage to get A grades for my papers. If you follow the same process, I am sure you can, too.
請問，開場白是One thing a student cannot avoid is writing term papers.，還是One thing a student cannot avoid is writing term papers. If you follow a good procedure and approach the task systematically, you can easily produce a quality paper without waste of time or energy.？
全文主題句是Here are the steps that I take when I write a term paper.，還是If you follow a good procedure and approach the task systematically, you can easily produce a quality paper without waste of time or energy. Here are the steps that I take when I write a term paper.？
之所以提問，是因為老師說到，結論是全文主題句的同義表達，結尾語則回到開場白「你也可以做到」。
如果開場白是One thing a student cannot avoid is writing term papers. If you follow a good procedure and approach the task systematically, you can easily produce a quality paper without waste of time or energy.，全文主題句是Here are the steps that I take when I write a term paper.，那麼，結論（因為有充足的準備以及一套嚴格的程序，我的論文通常可以拿到A）並非全文主題句（以下就是我寫期末報告採取的步驟）的同義表達。
如果開場白是One thing a student cannot avoid is writing term papers.，全文主題句是If you follow a good procedure and approach the task systematically, you can easily produce a quality paper without waste of time or energy. Here are the steps that I take when I write a term paper.，那麼，結尾語（如果你採取科學的寫報告步驟，一定也可以寫出高品質論文）也不能回到開場白（當學生，有件免不了的事是要寫期末報告）。
第一段頭兩句都是開場白，第三句是全文主題句。在最後一段，第一句是結論，重點在Thanks to thorough preparation and a rigorous process這個部分，那是全文主題的摘要。第二句則是結尾語。
刪除寫作教材P160-161
回覆刪除老師在書里說到「學術報告、論文」，並用標點符號（、）隔開。
請問，學術報告和論文是不一樣的東西嗎？有什麼區別？
不完全相同。論文包括碩士論文、博士論文，和一般的學術報告不同。
刪除老師您好
回覆刪除He and his engineers decided not to set up temporary field hospitals, as they'd done in the past. Instead, they would convert buildings that were already outfitted with electricity, water and waste lines, and elevators into hospitals. "I couldn't just pull a plan off the shelf to deal with this situation." he says.
1 I couldn't just pull a plan off the shelf to deal with this situation的意思是他們懂得變通，不會一直沿用舊模式 ?just=only ? 不知以上觀念是否正確
It could engage the enemy beyond the range of hostile torpedoes.
2意思是: 攻擊敵人使用the range of hostile torpedoes以外的武器 ?
Why listen to some basement dweller warble over canned beats when the entire history of recorded music is available to stream ?
3warble over canned beats 意思是:跟著事先錄好的旋律高聲唱 ?
4應該是recorded music is available to stream ，怎麼會是the entire history is available to stream ?
We're getting emotionally invested in this stuff, because it's the closest thing we have to live or even daily entertainment
5 have是"有" 的意思，所以可還原為thing we have in order to live ?
The stage is squashed into a small corner of the field.
6意思是(有可能)現在的stage面積是原來的一半，其他的一半作為其他用途 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除正確。特殊情況，沒有既定模式可循
2
有能力在敵方魚雷可及範圍之外與敵方交戰
3
是
4
這裏的history指的就是all the music in the past
5
不是。意思是the closest thing ... to live entertainment or even daily entertainment「最接近現場娛樂、甚至是每日娛樂的東西」，to是介系詞，引導介系詞片語修飾closest。live是形容詞
6
場地很大，舞台卻擠在一個小小的角落
老師您好
回覆刪除I'll never accept parole because that entails me accepting guilt.
1 accepting guilt是不是改成 to accept guilt比較好?因為accepting guilt感覺已經做完了accepting guilt這件事，而 to accept guilt表示尚未做 ?
As portrayed by Blanchett, she's a woman of great intelligence...
2 這個電影的角色本來就是Blanchett所演的，原句為何還要多個As (in the same way ), 感覺加As很多餘，不知 As portrayed by跟 portrayed by在語意上有何差別 ?
She walks into the room with a scarf hugging each shoulder. She plans to ask her boyfriend which on he'd prefer...
3 從上下文得知，總共有兩條scarf. 可是為何不寫成two scarfs hugging each shoulder (各個肩膀各一條scarf，共兩條 )
As Jia Jia picks up the pieces of her life, she wonders how much of herself she suppressed to make her husband happy. She was once an artist, but her husband discouraged her from pursuing the passion professionally. Now she can explore those desires, though it means she’ll be doing so alone. The isolation Jia Jia feels in widowhood clearly isn’t new, and is made palpable through Yu’s detached, dreamlike prose. While sitting at a restaurant by herself, Jia Jia watches a couple nearby as they talk, then look at their food. “Head down, eyes closed, she listened to their silence and yearned for it to be hers,” Yu writes.
4 Head down, eyes closed, she listened to their silence and yearned for it to be hers 的意思是在渴望內心的平靜，跟she wonders how much of herself she suppressed to make her husband happy形成對比 (she suppressed herself表示心不平靜) ?
I had no ambitions other than to have a happy life and be free
5 to have...表示還沒發生，而原句也可以改成having...表示已擁有 。不知以上觀念是否正確 ?
6 to have...前面是不是省略了(an ambition)to have ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除還原為that entails that I accept guilt，是事實語氣。因為接受parole就形同承認後者是事實
2
意思是「在她的詮釋下」，加上as表示這是此人採用的詮釋手法
3
不行，那會變成「四」條。"each" shoulder上只有一條。
4
那句表達出來的還是寂莫以及失去伴侶的不適。老兩口共餐不必說話，自然就很舒適，而這種感覺是這位寡婦思念的
5
to V與Ving有這種差別，不過在此上下文應該用to V，因為那還是個ambition（尚未實現）
6
可以這樣解釋
老師，您在視頻中說help算是半個使役動詞，但是《語法俱樂部》中沒有詳細解釋。
回覆刪除可以講一下它的用法和區別嗎？
例如：
刪除He made me do it.
其中made是使役動詞，後面要用原形動詞do當受詞補語。但是：
He helped me (to) do it.
其中helped可以當使役動詞，後接原形動詞。但也可以當普通動詞，後面用不定詞to do當受詞補語。
help作使役动词后面接原形动词该怎么去理解呢？
回覆刪除是指帮助某人做某事，但是结果是确定的吗？
不是太說得通，所以只能算是半個使行動詞
刪除The king suggested that it would be more prudent to use convicts as test passengers, while the convicts were pardoned if they survived the ordeal.
回覆刪除請問老師while ... 這句副詞子句修飾的是哪個動詞啊？我看不出主要子句是哪一句。謝謝。
修飾的是非限定動詞to use
刪除老師您好
回覆刪除This crisis will change the way we work, with more flexibility to be remote and more urgency around access to broadband Internet.
1 around在這的意思是 ?
As portrayed by Blanchett, she's a woman of great intelligence...
2加上as表示這是此人採用的詮釋手法---這句話的意思是:一如往常的，Blanchett都詮釋a woman of great intelligence. (在其它的戲裡面，Blanchett也都詮釋 a woman of great intelligence) ?
She plunged(V) herself right in the middle of a brutal war, and not quite unexpectedly losing it to the forces pitted against her
3 losing it 應該改為lost （Ｖ）it ?
Suffice to say, she has a lot on her hands with four children.
4 she has a lot on her hands with four children.的意思是 ?
Zoom says it has resolve the issue of encryption keys being routed through some country
5 routed=uncovered ?
6 encryption keys being routed= that encryption keys were routed... ?
Your attitude to something is the way that you think and feel about it, especially when this shows in the way you behave.
7 in the way 跟 the way 在語意上有何差別 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除「關於」
2
Blanchett是個演員，是Blanchett把這個角色演成這個樣子
3
是。原句違反對等連接詞對稱的要求
4
「她有4個孩子，忙得很」has a lot on her hands就是has a lot of work to do
5
routed through some countries就是arranged a route to go through some some countries的意義
6
是
7
Your attitude is the way...句中用名詞the way當主詞補語，表示「全等關係」：your attitude「就是」the way。
This shows in the way則是用介系詞片語in the way修飾動詞shows：「這表現在方式中」。
兩者的差別主要在於詞類。
The king suggested that it would be more prudent to use convicts as test passengers, while the convicts were pardoned if they survived the ordeal.
回覆刪除副詞子句修飾 use， use 的時間就是罪犯被赦免的時間，但明明彼此的邏輯關係是一前一後才對，請問老師該怎麼解釋才好呢？
while除了表示時間，也可以表示「然而」（接近whereas）。
刪除老师， in the future, in the past, 这里前面中间为什么要加限定词the呢
回覆刪除因為有指示性（指向未來或指向過去）。
刪除老師您好
回覆刪除I think she was offended that she hadn't been invited to the party.
1 如果改成It offended her that she hadn't been invited to the party. 好像會比較好 (that...代表It), 但原句用that引導，句子前面也沒有it之類的字，而且也沒有so...that的字組?
Numbers are supposed to be finite, but they take on new meanings when they represent human lives, writes Nancy Gibbs: "What measure of loss that would have once been unthinkable will we come to find acceptable ? "
2 "What..." 的意思是:對於人死亡這件事已經習以為常了？
This crisis will change the way we work, with more flexibility to be remote and more urgency around access to broadband Internet.
3 around 是關於的意思。但webster's字典對於around的解釋so as to be based on [a speech written around a favorite concept] 。so as to be based on=in order to be based on , 從字典上的意思，好像看不到有"關於"的意思 ?
If you say that someone is making hay or is making hay while the sun shines, you mean that they are taking advantage of a situation that is favorable to them while they have the chance to.
4 the chance to = the chance to make hay ?
5 the chance to 的to省略可以嗎 ?
WHO says scientists are scrambling to develop vaccines against COVID-19, it will be a year or more before any will be ready to test in people. And that's with an already shortened timeline, thanks to new technology...
6 it will be a year or more 表示時間長，但下文表示時間有縮短，那麼And ...中的And是不是要改成But比較好 ?
Sound and pictures can be stored digitally, as on a CD
7 as是準關係代名詞，可看作Sound and pictures which are on a CD ?
You have less to lose if you make adequate preparations and don't get hit than by waiting for the disease
8 than 後面應該接 if waiting for the disease， 為什麼原句用by ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除可以當作by the fact that的省略來看待
2
有這個暗示
3
介系詞的用法有很多。around字面上是空間介系詞「圍繞」，用來比喻surrounding
4
the chance to take advantage
5
可以
6
新疫苗研發時間會長達一年多，「而且」那還是拜新科技之賜（不然還要更長）
7
這裏就是副詞子句as they are stored digitally on a CD的省略（把重複的部分全部省掉）
8
than和if都是副詞子句連接詞，避免連用
be worried sick，這裡worried和sick都是形容詞，怎麼去解釋
回覆刪除可以這樣看：You should be worried until you are sick.，再把副詞子句減化，刪掉until you are
刪除1.
回覆刪除The king suggested that it would be more prudent to use convicts as test passengers, with the convicts pardoned if they survived the ordeal.
ａ．老師您之前跟我說the convicts pardoned修飾to use，但我看不出來彼此的邏輯關係是什麼。
ｂ．副詞子句的主詞若跟主要子句不同，連接詞可以不管是什麼，一律用ｗｉｔｈ代替嗎?
2.
On the heads side is JKC's embossed bust, with the characters reading this coin's production year.
請問老師這句的 reading 為何要改成showing才對呢？
1
刪除a
用囚犯當試飛員，科學家不必冒險。如何吸引囚犯來冒險呢？就是承諾他們若能安全完成試飛就可獲得釋放
b
也可能用別的介系詞
2
文字「表現出」製造年代
He does it on his own time, on topics he likes ...
回覆刪除請問老師on怎麼會跟time配合呢？
意思是「花費自己的時間，不用公家的時間」
刪除作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除寫作教材P389
回覆刪除Three Kinds of Friends
Humans are social animals, ones that can hardly live a comfortable life without friends. Based on the degree of intimacy, we can divide friends into acquaintances, buddies, and soul mates, each serving a different psychological need.
An acquaintance is someone you know casually, not on intimate terms. It may be a person you know from work but don’t really hang out with, or it may be a “friend of a friend.” You need many acquaintances to build up a relations network, which is especially valuable if you have business interests to maintain or political ambitions to pursue. Also, some acquaintances may develop into real friends in time, and take the place of old friends who have fallen out of contact. As for me, I have taught a lot of students, from all walks of life. They started as acquaintances, but some have since become really close friends with me.
…
以下關於發展方式的分析對嗎？尤其是第三個問題。
An acquaintance is someone you know casually, not on intimate terms.的發展方式是解釋名詞。
It may be a person you know from work but don’t really hang out with, or it may be a “friend of a friend.” 的發展方式是舉例說明。
You need many acquaintances to build up a relations network, which is especially valuable if you have business interests to maintain or political ambitions to pursue. Also, some acquaintances may develop into real friends in time, and take the place of old friends who have fallen out of contact.的發展方式是「什麼」？
As for me, I have taught a lot of students, from all walks of life. They started as acquaintances, but some have since become really close friends with me.的發展方式是舉例說明。
這是說明需要acquaintances的「原因」
刪除老師您好
回覆刪除1 around的解釋so as to be based on [a speech written around a favorite concept] 。 所以例句的意思是a speech written in order to be based on a favorite concept (寫這個講稿的目的是為了要以這個觀念作為整個講稿的基礎) ?
ABANDON, in this connection, implies a complete and final relinquishment, as because of weariness, discouragement, etc. [do not abandon hope ];
2 as =in the same way ? (as a complete and final relinquishment because of ... 在原句中，as 前面及後面都是a complete and final relinquishment，這樣子的話，怎麼as會解釋成in the same way ? 如果是兩個不同的人，做事的風格都一樣，in the same way 還比較好理解)
Sound and pictures can be stored digitally, as on a CD
3 as on a CD=as they are stored digitally on a CD, 那麼as=in the same way ?
4 soft as silk=it's as soft as silk=it's soft as silk ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除around在此就是surrounding the subject of，亦即about, concerning
2
as在此用來舉例說明：(such) as a relinquishment because of weariness...
3
是
4
是
老師您好
回覆刪除Wherever there is political upheaval, invariably there are refugees...
1 wherever=where=At places where =in any or all places where... ?
...this guidance presented them with an impossible choice: ignore the guidance in order to put food on the table, or forgo paycheck to keep themselves safe.
2 ignore...跟choice是同位何的關係，ignore 及forgo 是不是改成ignoring /forgoing 或者是 to ignore/ to forgo 比較好 ? 為什麼原句要用ignore/ forgo ?
It's an awfully long time since we last saw each other.
3 通常是It has been an awfully long time... 但原句用It's an awfully long time，不知這兩者在語意上有何差別 ?
The poll showed that a majority of Republicans under the age of 44 support paid leave, and even Republicans over 65 had seen an uptick in support since early March.
4 seen=helped or supported ?
Her public avowals to reduce crime have yet to be put into effect.
5 應該是 "her plan" to reduce 這一件事被put into effect, 為何原句變成"her avowals 這一件事被put into effect，感覺不通 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除是，也就是no matter where
2
可以視為(they can) ignore...的省略
3
意思一樣
4
had witnessed
5
「誓言」尚未實現，也可以這樣說
我買的這本《語法俱樂部》(2001年5月第1版)的[祈使語氣]這一欄下面，老師講come in可以視為you may come in 的省略。
回覆刪除但是看視頻的時候，在老師另外版本的書裡面，講到come in和you may come in並不完全相同，前者是希望成真，但尚未實現的祈使語氣，而後者是不確定的條件語氣。
老師寫書的時候，想法是發生過改變嗎？
作者已經移除這則留言。
刪除提問3：查字典的時候會看到常用命令動詞的標註
刪除suggest someone (should)do sth.
例句： The doctor suggested my husband (should) quit smoking.
按我們這套語法的理解，加should和不加should其實已經是兩個句子了，因為語氣發生了一些變化，意思也稍有不同對嗎？
若不細分，命令句（原形動詞）和不確定詞氣（搭配語氣助動詞）非常接近，所以可以把Come in與You may come in視為相同，也可以把...suggested my husband quit smoking和suggested my husband should quit smoking視為相同。但是仔細分辨就會發現「叫你進來」和「准你進來（if you like）」不完全一樣。「叫他戒煙」和「說他應該戒煙（had better）」不完全相同。只有原形動詞才是真正表示「要求辦到」。
刪除先前我是採用一般文法書比較籠統的分類，後來認為這兩種語氣其實有少許差異。
老師您好
回覆刪除Domestic workers have not received such applause, despite being on the front lines of the fight against coronavirus.
1 being on the front lines 及on the front lines 有何差別 ?
Otherwise, we risk the prospect of a future where rich countries have recovered and reinstate "normal" patterns of social and economic interaction, but poor states remain ravaged, with their citizens excluded and subject to new forms of discrimination.
2既然是未來的事情，為何have recovered 及reinstate及remain不用未來式表達 ?
3 remain跟risk應該是平行的關係? ( we(S) risk (V) / poor states(S) remain (V) )
It would be foolhardy to take these measures off the table after we get on the other side of the virus
4we get on the other side of the virus意思是:疫情過了 ?
When things don't go your way, you need to know if you are the type of person that does better getting some distance to get some perspective or someone who should stick to your routine
5 that does better getting some distance to get some perspective的意思是
go one's way:Proceed according to one's plans or wishes, as in Let's hope things will go
my way this time.
6 as in=as it(Proceed according to one's plans or wishes) is in ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除在介系詞despite後面不能再來個介系詞on，需要being來做詞類變化（成為名詞）
2
語氣是在前提有可能的狀況下「當作事實」，也就是把未來的事情當作是已經發生
3
...rich countries(S) have recovered(V)...but poor states(S) remain(V)...
對等連接詞but連接的是兩個對等子句
4
是
5
...the kind of person that does better when he or she gets some distance to get the perspective「是這種人：如果退後一步，可以把事情看得更全面、更清楚，表現就會更好」
6
as it (go one's way) is used in...
老師您好
回覆刪除Because even once the pandemic is over and society tries to return to business as usual, the climate that we know as normal is never coming back.
1 we know as normal的know為何不是knew ? (因為normal指的是過去的情況)?
Fourteen miles is further than you'd think once you start to run it
2 is 跟it 為何不是are及them (fourteen miles是複數)
In what will surely become known as the "post-Covid world," supporters of a more robust health-security agenda must go on offense, using governors and mayors to rally Senators, including by ensuring that global stockpiles of medical protective equipment are pre-position...
3In what will... world=in something that will... world=In a so called "post-Covid world," ?
4including...=including that supporters would ( 或will ) ensure that global stockpiles... ?
He gave a choked cry, flailed his arms wildly for a moment, and then went over the edge.
5 went over the edge.的意思是 ?
Strange how we assume these happy places will always be there, so we can step out or drop in whenever we feel like it
6 Strange how we assume= How strange we assume ?
Your Planet. One you can live on. Short form: kill the ocean, and there goes your oxygen supply
7 Short form: kill the ocean, and there goes your oxygen supply的意思是 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除we know as normal「在我們觀念中認為是正常的事」時間就是現在
2
度量衡單位當主詞，動詞可以用單數
3
是
4
including (going on offense) by ensuring that...，做法則是策動governors, mayors來施壓Senators
5
就是從（懸崖）邊緣摔了下去
6
It is strange how we assume...
7
short form「簡單講就是…」，用來說明Your Planet這個概念
老師，為什麼命令句要跟原形動詞呢？
回覆刪除像理解使役動詞和感官動詞那樣去理解可否？說話者表達“要求做到”的語氣，意味著結果是確定的、無從選擇的，所以排除了助動詞存在的空間。
這就很難解釋為什麼了
刪除老師，您的書裡列舉出常用的對等連接詞就3個：and/but/or，為什麼so沒有被包含在內？我看到有不少人把so也歸類在並列連詞中，該如何理解。
回覆刪除我是把so與yet, otherwise並列為「連接詞、連接副詞」兩用字
刪除老師您好
回覆刪除He has become something of a stickler for the finer observances of royal protocol.
1 observances (the practice of obeying something )應該改為單數才對 ?
This is a moment all of us will remember for the rest of our lives. It is time to live up to it (moment)
2 It is time to live up to it 的意思是?
You have less to lose if you make adequate preparations and don't get hit than by waiting for the disease
3 by不能改成if，因為 than和if都是副詞子句連接詞，避免連用。但以下一個句子:
By using the word `eliminate', they are trying to make the action sound more positive than if they used the word `kill'. 為何than後面可接if ?
...a reason or fact is the only important one there is, or that it is obvious.
4 there is 的意思是there is the only important reason or fact ? 為何要把there is 移到後面 ?
Your Planet. One you can live on. Short form: kill the ocean, and there goes your oxygen supply
5 kill...的意思是:不保護海洋，那麼氧氣的供應也會有問題 ?
6 there goes your oxygen supply＝ your oxygen supply goes there ? there 指的是到達與海洋同樣的地方(毀滅的命運) ?
Strange how we assume these happy places will always be there, so we can step out or drop in whenever we feel like it
7 how we assume...是we assume something by some methods ?
Anyone who breaks the law does so at their peril.
8 Anyone跟their 不一致，their應改為his或者是she ?
In addition, interest on Treasury issues isn't subject to state and local income taxes.
9 interest on Treasury issues是指公債(發行)利息?
謝謝老師
1
刪除這裏指的是observance的各種細節內容，可以用複數
2
要身體力行、要實踐、要迎向挑戰
3
其實都可以，因為有省略。
You have less to lose than (you have) if you wait for the disease.
The action sounds more positive than (it would) if they used the word "kill."
4
關係子句that there is省掉關係詞that
5
是
6
there goes something解釋為something is gone「完蛋了！」
7
直述句：
We assume something in this way.
=We assume something so.
疑問句：
How do we assume something?
代表問題的名詞子句：
how we assume something
複句：
(It is) strange how we assume something.
假主詞it的內容就是how引導的名詞子句，亦即：The question is strange.
How do we assume something?
8
刪除你說的沒錯，但是先行詞是someone, anyone，代名詞用they，已經是見怪不怪，只有在GMAT文法修辭考試這種要求最嚴格的情況才會視為錯誤
9
是
請問老師：關係子句若無法直接放在先行詞後，要不要在前面加逗點？
回覆刪除I can’t leave a man behind, who has done so much for me.
A plague broke out which lasted 20 years.
以上兩個子句都有指示功能，到底需不需要逗點呢？
謝謝。
加不加逗點和位置無關。那兩個句子，前者加逗點就沒有指示功能，成為補充說明。若將逗點去掉就成為具有指示功能的用法。後面那個句子亦然。
刪除請問老師
回覆刪除1. There's nothing to do but (to) wait here. 可還原成 ...but that we can wait here嗎？
2. I can do more than (to) wait here. 可還原成 ...than that I can wait here嗎？
3. 為何以上兩句都能省略不定詞呢？
謝謝。
1
刪除因為but是對等連接詞，右邊是對等子句，可還原為but we can wait here
2
因為已經有從屬連接詞than，可還原為than I can wait here
3
在對等連接詞but前後，以及在比較級連接詞than, as前後，都是要求平行對稱。這時如果前面有個do，後面就可以選擇使用原形動詞（原因不詳）
Standing on the top of the mountain while looking down, one finds everything tiny.
回覆刪除老師說過分詞構句要打逗點跟主要子句隔開，何以這句的while子句卻沒有呢？謝謝。
若打逗點，while looking down無法判斷是附屬在前面那句還是後面那句，反而不清楚
刪除老師您好
回覆刪除The fare has much improved since Hugh has taken charge of the kitchen.
1 since後面會接簡單過去式(時間的起點)，若接完成式代表什麼意思?
Western doctors must take the Hippocratic Oath along the lines of "First, do no harm."
First, do no harm是the Hippocratic Oath裡面的內容。along=with ?
All that time she'd been leading him on
2 All that time =throughout that time ?
The tradition of taking the Hippocratic Oath may be fact or fiction. Be that as it may...
3 Be that as it may=although it may be fact or fiction?
Such a doctor may engage the patient as an unwitting guinea pig in experimenting a new drug or therapy--all done in the name of humanity, but betraying the patient's sacred trust and doing harm in the end
4 but...=but such a doctor may engage the patient as an unwitting guinea pig in betraying... ?
5 with great power comes great responsibility= great responsibility comes with great power= 也就是great power 是因， great responsibility是果 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除應該用簡單過去式took charge比較好
along the lines of是表示「大致符合…方向」
2
是
3
Whether it may be fact or fiction...
4
可還原為獨立句子如下：
All is done in the name of humanity but this betrays the patient's trust
然後進行減化
5
是
寫作教材P403
回覆刪除老師在書里說，類比analogy從字源來看是in other words（換言之），它不是在做比較，而是借此喻彼，也就是打比方。
analogy拆解為ana/log/y，字源詮釋為again/word/(n.)，請問如何理解為in other words？
就是「換句話說」：再用別的文字來說同樣的事
刪除1
回覆刪除一般的分析，都是由籠統走向細節
2
因果關係
3
因果關係
4
解釋名詞
1
回覆刪除這是在描述醫學研究界的近況，屬於描寫文，採用時間順序以及舉例說明，用來說明可以選擇投身研究的原因
2
因果關係，用來說為可以選擇照護的原因
這其實是近年來某個學士後醫英文招生考試的題目。因為題目中明列出幾個要點，所以必須在主題句中將這些要點包括進去。Subject Matter是社會高齡化，Controlling Idea是問題需要解決，Division是分為問題與解決方案
回覆刪除老師您好
回覆刪除raw insight
1 raw=not being in polished, finished, or processed form ?
This book is testimony to a very individual kind of courage.
2 a very individual kind of courage 的意思是?
...a reason or fact is the only important one there is, or that it is obvious.
3 it是指a reason or fact is the only important one ?
4 there is 前省略掉that, 那省略的that如果不省略的話，句子會不會變得比較好 THAT there is or THAT it is obvious ) ?
Strange how we assume these happy places will always be there, so we can step out or drop in whenever we feel like it
5(原句是疫情嚴重時寫的句子)原句是在暗示:我們對於疫情的嚴重性可能過去樂觀，所以才會想到外面透透氣 ?
.. writing about death and dying
6 dying指正在死的過程，當名詞用 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除是。「原始的」
2
一種屬於個人的（很特別的）勇氣，暗示不是許多人擁有的
3, 4
這個句子寫得不好，看起來不通
5
因為用的是"will"，感覺像是「以為這種地方『將來』會繼續存在，在疫情過去之後隨時可以去」
6
是
老師您好
回覆刪除Her office is down the corridor on the right.
1 down the corridor是走廊盡頭 ?
They live down the hall from Tom in an apartment
２They live down the hall from Tom的意思是?
Downloads probably also furnish a marginal gain to the author's reputation in excess of the marginal costs of any revenue foregone directly due to a download--especially if those who download a book today would probably not have purchase it if it were not available for free online.
３ would probably not have purchase及were not available (hadn't been available)都是過去非事實?
Crime may not be legislated into being
４ being =the state of existing ?
Drug sellers and users are to modern-day America what the Jews were to Nazi Germany. A focus for hate. A reason to make fascist laws that are destroying our republic.
５A focus for hate 跟 A focus on hate 在語意上有何不同?
６ A reason=A focus for hate?
謝謝老師
1
刪除往走廊走下去（應該是向內走）
2
hall在此應該還是「走廊」，所以意思是「沿走廊往內走，經過Tom家之後的一間公寓」
3
事實是They downloaded it與It is available online。所以they would not have downloaded it是「過去非事實」，if it were not available是「現在非事實」。事實語氣採用it is available online是把它當作「不變的事實」
4
是
5
(They are) a focus for (people's) hatred.
6
(Drug sellers and users) are a reason to make fascist laws.
「這些人被用來當作理由，以制訂法西斯法律」
寫作教材P398
回覆刪除The Water Cycle
Some precipitation falls as snow and then accumulates as ice caps and glaciers, which can store frozen water for thousands of years. Ice and snow in warmer climates often melt when spring arrives, and the melted water flows in streams or rivers. Most precipitation falls back into the oceans or onto land, where, thanks to gravity, the precipitation flows over the ground as surface runoff. A portion of runoff enters streams or rivers and moves towards lakes or oceans. A lot of runoff soaks into the ground as infiltration. Some water infiltrates deep into the ground and replenishes aquifers, which store huge amounts of freshwater for long periods of time. Some ground water stays close to the surface, finds openings, and emerges as springs.
老師在選文The Water Cycle說到：第二、三兩段就是採取時間順序來跟著「水循環」走一遍。有時內容會分成兩路，文章也相應採取像是古時說書人「花開兩朵，各表一枝」的手法，一一分別介紹，但總體來看還是工整的時間順序。
請問，第一、二句（Some precipitation falls as snow and then accumulates as ice caps and glaciers, which can store frozen water for thousands of years. Ice and snow in warmer climates often melt when spring arrives, and the melted water flows in streams or rivers.）是否也是「花開兩朵，各表一枝」的手法，即：分成「降水落在冰帽或冰河等寒冷的地區」、「降水落在溫暖的地區」兩條路線敘述？如果不是，請問，第二句和第一句有什麼關係？為什麼在第一句講完寒冷的地區，第二句就開始講溫暖的地區？
這是一個程序分成兩種不同的情況來敘述。
刪除+ 2022年11月14日 下午3:19 提問
回覆刪除例句：The teachers are not as strict.
回覆刪除這裡的as是程度副詞嗎？如果是的話，取什麼含義，字典上沒找到合適的解釋。
相當於The teachers are not equally strict.
刪除句中的as是程度副詞，意思是「同樣的」。
老師您好
回覆刪除The show lingers on moments of bliss--the joy of sex, home cooking, a cityscape as glimpsed from a rooftop at night
1 as glimpsed 有加as沒加as在語意上各有何差別 ?
Military figures, made out of lead are prized by collectors...
2為何made前面要加逗點 (如果are前面再加逗點，我還可以理解) ?
Your briefings could not be more different than hers
3原句的意思是?
He seems so honest and genuine and my every instinct says he's not.
4 and my every instinct的and為何不是but (前面講的是誠實等特質，後面講不誠實等特質，應該用but)
breadline: a line of people waiting to be given food as government relief or private charity
5 as的意思是?有省略什麼字嗎?
... a newspaper that dedicated more pages to accommodate the death toll
6 accommodate為什麼不是ing的形式 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除as glimpsed可還原為as it is glimpsed，只有glimpsed的話則是還原為which is glimpsed
2
原句有錯
3
兩份briefings南轅北轍，大大不同
4
用but也行。用and則表示前面的seems並不可靠
5
沒有省略，就是介系詞
6
那是當作in order to使用，有人主張這種用法不對，但是有人這樣用
老師您好
回覆刪除The coolant gases formerly used in refrigerators and air conditioners were toxic ones that could prove fatal if those appliances leaked while the homeowner was asleep at night. Hence it was hailed as a great advance when CFCs were developed as synthetic refrigerant gases.
1 Hence之前的句子說明The coolant gases是有害的; 而hence之後說明的是大進步。有害跟大進步是兩個不同的槪念，而且也不具因果關係。為何可以用Hence＝therefore ?
2 it was hailed的it 是單數，但coolant gases 是複數，感覺用they 比較好 ?
They are broken down by intense ultraviolet radiation to yield highly reactive chlorine atoms that destroy a significant fraction of the ozone layer...
3 to yield...=so that they could yield (could 表猜測)
It's not what we would have expected from a professional service
4意思是:這個service不好，(would have expected過去非事實) ?
I would have hoped for a better choice of wine to go with the meal
5意思是:隨餐附加的酒是不好的(表示酒不好)?
I look around to take some pictures, but there is nothing I want to capture. I do so anyway, to try and justify my presence in this place to others. To justify it to myself. I want to believe that it is important for history.
6 To justify it to myself特別獨立出來(強調的作用)是因為要帶出理由，而這個理由就是 I want to believe that it is important for history. ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除前面說有害的是舊冷媒，後面說代表大進步的是新冷媒CFC（安全無害），所以說hence
2
it指的不是前面，而是後面CFCs were developed那件事
3
so that they would yield...
4
是
5
是
6
是
寫作教材P211、P403
回覆刪除類比的英文是analogy，比喻的英文是figures of speech。
1
類比和比喻有何區別？
之所以提問這個問題，是因為老師在書里一會兒提及比喻，一會兒提及類比，實在困惑哪種語境下使用「類比」一詞，哪種語境下使用「比喻」一詞。
2
（1）figures of speech翻譯過來是「說話的身材」，為什麼是「比喻」呢？
（2）我查到詞典解釋figures of speech為「修辭格；修辭手段」。修辭方法應該有很多種，不僅僅只有比喻，為何把figures of speech翻譯為「比喻」呢？
analogy是一種figure of speech。嚴格定義起來，figures of speech有很多種。但是一般最常見的就是比喻，所以才把figures of speech直接翻譯為比喻。至於為什麼叫作figure，這就不清楚了。
刪除寫作教材P213
回覆刪除根據《重編國語辭典修訂本》，「比喻」的釋義是：將兩種相似的事物相比，使得所說的話或所寫的文章具體生動，容易瞭解，富有形象化。例如吝嗇的人，可用鐵公雞來比喻其一毛不拔。
https://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=17588&q=1&word=%E6%AF%94%E5%96%BB
根據《重編國語辭典修訂本》，「誇張法」的釋義是：修辭學上指故意誇大，以吸引讀者注意力的修辭法。
https://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=77990&q=1&word=%E8%AA%87%E5%BC%B5
寫作書籍P213有這麼一個例句：
The truck flew down the empty highway. （卡車在空蕩的高速公路上飛馳。）
請問，例句裡面既沒有be動詞（猜測老師可能會解釋說把flew換成be動詞was，就是暗喻），也沒有把兩個相似的事物相比，那麼可以很明顯看出這不是比喻（比喻的前提是把兩個相似的事物相比），為何老師會認為該例句是「比喻」，而不是「誇張（誇張法）」？
這個句子當然也有誇張的成分。稱之為暗喻，是因為卡車不能飛。說它在飛，就是把它當成鳥或飛機，因此也有比喻的成分。
刪除寫作教材P404
回覆刪除If we find a watch in a field, it is too complex to have appeared there by natural process, so we assume that there must be a watchmaker responsible for its creation. Similarly, life is too complex not to have a creator—God.
如果在野外撿到一隻表，這麼複雜的構造絕不可能是自然長出來的，所以我們會假設一定是有個表匠做的。同樣地，生命如此複雜，不可能沒有一個創造者——就是神。
請問，以上這種整段的比喻，是明喻還是暗喻？為什麼？
算是明喻，因為中間有similarly一字點破
刪除寫作教材P406
回覆刪除1
有人把比喻分為：明喻、暗喻。
有人把比喻分為：明喻、暗喻、借喻。
還有人把比喻分為：明喻、暗喻、借喻、博喻、倒喻、反喻、縮喻、擴喻、較喻、回喻、曲喻。
請問，借喻是否可以還原為明喻或暗喻，如果可以，借喻應該還原為明喻，還是暗喻？
2
Some new words coined by the author have been gradually gaining currency. （作家造的一些新字，逐漸通行起來。）
請問，這個連貫比喻的句子是明喻，還是暗喻？
我看著像是借喻，因為省略本體（造字、新字通行）和喻詞，只留下喻體（鑄幣coin、通貨currency），但是老師把比喻分為明暗喻兩大類，想必其他分類比如借喻也是可以還原成明喻或暗喻的，只是我不知道借喻應該還原為明喻還是暗喻，如何還原。
1
刪除借喻若有點明就是明喻，沒有就是暗喻
2
這是暗喻，因為沒有點明在做比喻
老師你好，麻煩你查看一下 「我可以 問不倒(2022年10月5日起 )」的提問，有兩個提問你忘記答復了。
回覆刪除這兩個問題的提問時間分別為：
2022年11月14日 上午10:06
2022年11月14日 下午3:19
已回覆
刪除老師您好
回覆刪除ethnic: designating or of a population subgroup having a common cultural heritage or nationality, as distinguished by customs, characteristics, language, common history, etc.:
1 of a population subgroup的of =about ?
2 as distinguished by的as 可看成準關係代名詞嗎 ? 先行詞是 a common cultural heritage or nationality ?
3 distinguished=characterized ?
4 sniff back tears=hold back tears
The show lingers on moments of bliss--the joy of sex, home cooking, a cityscape as glimpsed from a rooftop at night
5 the joy of a cityscape 的意思是 ?
6 a cityscape as glimpsed from a rooftop 意思是:這個cityscape跟從屋頂看到的cityscape是一樣的 ?
They are broken down by intense ultraviolet radiation to yield highly reactive chlorine atoms that destroy a significant fraction of the ozone layer...
7 to yield =so that they would yield, 而would表猜測 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除是
2
一般稱作準關代的，後面通常是接動詞，例如as much effort as is required（在is前面需要一個能夠當作連接詞與主詞的東西，於是就把as稱為準關代）。你問的那句裏面沒有限定動詞，可視為省略（as與than這兩個連接詞後面往往可以大量省略）
3
是
4
是（hold back tears by sniffing）
5
後面兩項（home cooking; a cityscape）是和the joy對稱，共同當作moments的同位格
6
就是指「從屋頂看到的cityscape」
7
是。would表示結果
We only had a bowl of the fragrant, chewy taro balls each before calling it a day, settling down at a B&B.
回覆刪除1. 請問老師這句的分詞構句是修飾calling 的時間嗎？
2. the fragrant, chewy taro balls是不是表種類？是的話怎不是搭配單數名詞呢?
We tried the famous shrimp rolls.
3. 同上面第二個問題，表示種類的話，不是該用定冠詞加上單數名詞嗎？
多謝老師解惑。
1
刪除是
2
這裏的the可以不加。加上去有指示功能：指當地那種特產
3
與上同
作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除寫作教材P403
回覆刪除1
老師在寫作書籍P403說到，如果整段或整篇文章都是一個大的明喻或暗喻，這種文章的組織結構手法就稱為類比。
是否可以得出以下結論：比喻和類比不是一樣的東西，比喻是一種修辭格，類比是一種文章組織？
2
如果說「比喻是修辭格（figures of speech）裡面的一種，類比（analogy）是文章組織裡面的一種」，那麼請問，嚴格意義上，比喻不叫figures of speech的話，「比喻」的英文是什麼？
1
刪除基本上可以，但是analogy也可以代表一種修辭格
2
就是analogy（當作修辭格）
請問老師
回覆刪除We made it to Fisherman's Wharf at Tamsui for lunch, at the Fullon Hotel.
１此句空間介系詞捨in用at有特殊用意嗎？
２句尾的地方副詞為何要打個逗點，變補充說明呢？直接修飾lunch不行嗎？
感謝老師。
1
刪除at表示「地點」，in表示「裏面」
2
是補充說明。不打逗點也行，那麼at the Fullon Hotel的重要性就會提高
寫作教材P414
回覆刪除I have a friend who is a journalist and who also maintains a blog. He says that blogging to him is like recreational sex, whereas journalism is like prostitution. His interesting analogy actually makes a lot of sense.
老師在第一段的划線部分是He says that blogging to him is like recreational sex, whereas journalism is like prostitution. His interesting analogy actually makes a lot of sense.，貌似是表示全文主題句是這兩句話。
老師卻又在書籍P415寫到，「第一段交代過這個比喻之後，全文主題句是His interesting analogy actually makes a lot of sense.，表示接下來發展這個類比，多加說明一番。」，這讓人覺得全文主題句只有一句His interesting analogy actually makes a lot of sense.。
請問，全文主題句是兩句話：He says that blogging to him is like recreational sex, whereas journalism is like prostitution. His interesting analogy actually makes a lot of sense.，還是只有一句話：His interesting analogy actually makes a lot of sense.？為什麼？
那兩句之中，頭一句是Subject Matter，第二句是Controlling Idea與Division，表示要用analogy來發展。如果把Subject Matter算進去，那麼全文主題句應該是兩句加在一起
刪除作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除Capital punishment is unheard-of in primitive societies, whether in Papua New Guinea or in the Amazon Basin.
回覆刪除１．請問老師減化的副詞子句的主詞看起來跟主要子句沒重複，為何還能省略呢？
２ 把whether改成either可以嗎？
感謝老師。
還原會成為whether it is in Papua New Guinea...，因為主詞it是虛字所以省略。改為either也行
刪除a.While he admitted that he had received part of the laundered money,he denied he had any part in the drug trafficking.可以減化成
回覆刪除b.While admitting that he had received part of the laundered money,he denied he had any part in the drug trafficking.
或是減化成
c.While he admitted having received part of the laundered money,he denied he had any part in the drug trafficking.
問題一
請問旋老師a句可不可以同時減化成
「d.While admitting having received part of the laundered money,he denied he had any part in the drug trafficking.」???
問題二
若a句能夠減化成d句,可不可以再省略連接詞While,寫成「e.admitting having received part of the laundered money,he denied he had any part in the drug trafficking.」????
例如:While he was lying on the couch,the boy fell asleep.(取自於舊版旋元佑文法)
可減化成While lying on the couch,the boy fell asleep.在省略連接詞While,即成為lying on the couch,the boy fell asleep.
不過我覺得e句有一點怪怪的....
謝謝旋老師的回答
1
刪除可以
2
也可以。while「雖然…」表示一種相反關係，不留下的話有時意思不夠清楚。可以加個副詞來表示相反，例如：Admitting something, he "nevertheless" denied...
寫作教材P406
回覆刪除From "Riding the Rays." The Salmon of Doubt: Hitchhiking the Galaxy One Last Time, Douglas Adams
Every country is like a particular type of person. America is like a belligerent, adolescent boy, Canada is like an intelligent, 35-year-old woman. Australia is like Jack Nicholson. It comes right up to you and laughs very hard in your face in a highly threatening and engaging manner. In fact, it's not so much a country as such, more a sort of thin crust of semi-demented civilisation caked around the edge of a vast, raw wilderness, full of heat and dust and hopping things.
請問，Australia is like Jack Nicholson. It comes right up to you and laughs very hard in your face in a highly threatening and engaging manner.這兩句話的組織是什麼？
只知道一開始通過Australia is like Jack Nicholson.來明喻澳洲是Jack Nicholson，但是後面那句It comes right up to you and laughs very hard in your face in a highly threatening and engaging manner.不知道有什麼作用，是通過「解釋名詞」來說明Jack Nicholson的特徵嗎？如果是，那麼這兩句的組織應該就是「類比」、「名詞解釋」？
這是在添加細節以說明上文。上文是類比「A像B」，接下來的發展就是細說一下有哪些地方像。主角當然是A（Australia），但是用描述B（Jack Nicholson）來比喻。
刪除寫作教材P407
回覆刪除From “My Last Year in Office as Mom-in-Chief: A lame-duck mother assesses her tenure,” Kristin van Ogtrop, Time, February 1, 2016
Mr. President, I’m sure you would agree that we both tolerate healthy debate, because that is what democracy is all about. But don’t tell me it has never crossed your mind that a dictatorship might be more, shall we say, efficient. Congress and 17-year-olds used to actually respect authority. Now it’s all arguing with us, all the time. And if you are at all self-reflective, then self-doubt arrives, in what is supposed to be the victory lap. Is there anything we can do to make one final impact, to correct the countless mistakes we have made, quick, before the time runs out?
Of course, our constituents are focused on the next thing. We still represent something, but our titles are now basically in quotation marks. My approval ratings are about as bad as yours, Mr. President, but we can console ourselves with the knowledge that yours are better than George W. Bush’s were at this stage of his presidency and mine are better than those of a mother I know who won’t let her son play League of Legends until his fingers fall off.
1
（1）第一段的段落主題句是什麼？
（2）第一段的組織是什麼？
只能看出Congress and 17-year-olds used to actually respect authority. Now it’s all arguing with us, all the time.的組織是時間順序，其他句子的組織都看不出來是什麼。
2
（1）第二段的段落主題句是Of course, our constituents are focused on the next thing.嗎？
（2）第二段的組織是「因果關係：從結果推求原因」嗎？
如果第二段的段落主題句是Of course, our constituents are focused on the next thing.，後面兩句We still represent something … quotation marks.、My approval ratings … fall off.好像在說明為什麼「我們的選民把注意力轉向未來」，也就是說，後面兩句貌似是對段落主題句的原因說明。
1
刪除第一段是文章的introduction，前面的部分是開場白，提出幾個「總統」與「人母」類似之處來導入正題，全文主題句在最後一句：「你快要下台了，我的兒子也快要離家了，還有什麼該做而沒做的？」
2
第二段的段落主題句是第一句。這個文章是拿「御任總統」來比喻「空巢人母」，這一段則是舉出幾點類似之處，可以說是舉例說明
1
回覆刪除那是在提供細節來說明解釋段落主題句
2
也是提供細節以說明解釋段落主題句
3
與上同
4
結論是第一句。第二句是對第一句做一些解釋，拿來當作結尾語。我說結尾語通常是什麼性質，並不表示一定得是那些或者只能有那些
5
主要結構是把poetry and prose的關係比喻為dancing and walking的關係，所以大的組織是類比。其下再把dancing與walking對比、poetry與prose對比，那是下一層次的發展
1
回覆刪除文章是類比，這一段把老夫老妻比喻為老酒，所以除了講老夫老妻，也要講一下老酒，才能看出兩者共同的地方
2
是對broken marriages的舉例說明（離婚就是婚姻已經破碎）
3
沒有了
1, 2
回覆刪除基督教認為世界是神創造的，所以世界有開始、有創造者。但作者認為不一定要有創造者，世界也可能一直就存在
3
若用事實語氣，是It has always existed。若用猜測語氣（猜過去），是It could (or shuld) have always existed
4
「沒有道理去排除這種可能」
5
不能用原形動詞，可以用現在式來表達「當真」的語氣
寫作教材P409
回覆刪除關於From Liberalism and the Social Problem, Winston Churchill的問題
The existing organisation of society is driven by one mainspring—competitive selection. It may be a very imperfect organisation of society, but it is all we have got between us and barbarism. It is all we have been able to create through unnumbered centuries of effort and sacrifice. It is the whole treasure which past generations have been able to secure, and which they have been able to bequeath; and great and numerous as are the evils of the existing condition of society in this country, the advantages and achievements of the social system are greater still. Moreover, that system is one which offers an almost indefinite capacity for improvement. We may progressively eliminate the evils; we may progressively augment the goods which it contains. I do not want to see impaired the vigour of competition, but we can do much to mitigate the consequences of failure. We want to draw a line below which we will not allow persons to live and labour, yet above which they may compete with all the strength of their manhood. We want to have free competition upwards; we decline to allow free competition to run downwards. We do not want to pull down the structures of science and civilisation: but to spread a net over the abyss; and I am sure that if the vision of a fair Utopia which cheers the hearts and lights the imagination of the toiling multitudes, should ever break into reality, it will be by developments through, and modifications in, and by improvements out of, the existing competitive organisation of society; and I believe that Liberalism mobilised, and active as it is to-day, will be a principal and indispensable factor in that noble evolution.
1
段落主題句是什麼？
段落主題句好像是The existing organisation of society is driven by one mainspring—competitive selection.，又好像是The existing organisation of society is driven by one mainspring—competitive selection. It may be a very imperfect organisation of society, but it is all we have got between us and barbarism.。
2
該段落的組織是什麼？
感覺好像是「因果關係：從結果推求原因」、「問題與解決方案」。
其中，為了說明「優勝劣敗的競爭的有用之處」，列舉以下原因：
（1）It is all we have been able to create through unnumbered centuries of effort and sacrifice.
（2）It is the whole treasure which past generations have been able to secure, and which they have been able to bequeath; and great and numerous as are the evils of the existing condition of society in this country, the advantages and achievements of the social system are greater still.
（3）Moreover, that system is one which offers an almost indefinite capacity for improvement. We may progressively eliminate the evils; we may progressively augment the goods which it contains.
為了說明「去除弊病、擴大優點」，提出如下解決方案：
（1）We want to draw a line below which we will not allow persons to live and labour, yet above which they may compete with all the strength of their manhood.
（2）We want to have free competition upwards; we decline to allow free competition to run downwards.
（3） We do not want to pull down the structures of science and civilisation: but to spread a net over the abyss.
3
最後一句話（and I am sure that if the vision of a fair Utopia … noble evolution.）的作用是什麼？
好像是對前面提出的解決方案的總結。
1
刪除是第一句The existing organisation of society is driven by one mainspring—competitive selection.
2
你的分析不錯
3
是個小結論
寫作教材P409
回覆刪除關於From Liberalism and the Social Problem, Winston Churchill的問題
I have been for nearly six years, in rather a short life, trained as a soldier, and I will use a military metaphor. There is no operation in war more dangerous or more important than the conduct of a rear-guard action and the extrication of a rear-guard from difficult and broken ground. In the long war which humanity wages with the elements of nature the main body of the army has won its victory. It has moved out into the open plain, into a pleasant camping ground by the water springs and in the sunshine, amid fair cities and fertile fields. But the rear-guard is entangled in the defiles, the rear-guard is still struggling in mountainous country, attacked and assailed on every side by the onslaughts of a pitiless enemy. The rear-guard is encumbered with wounded, obstructed by all the broken vehicles that have fallen back from the main line of the march, with all the stragglers and weaklings that have fallen by the way and can struggle forward no farther. It is to the rear-guard of the army that attention should be directed. There is the place for the bravest soldiers and the most trusted generals. It is there that all the resources of military science and its heaviest artillery should be employed to extricate the rear-guard—not to bring the main army back from good positions which it occupies, not to throw away the victory which it has won over the brute forces of nature—but to bring the rear-guard in, to bring them into the level plain, so that they too may dwell in a land of peace and plenty.
1
段落主題句是什麼？
2
該段落的組織是什麼？
感覺除了「類比」，還有「因果關係：從結果推求原因」、「對比」、「問題與解決方案」。
其中，為了說明「There is no operation in war more dangerous or more important than the conduct of a rear-guard action and the extrication of a rear-guard from difficult and broken ground.」，列舉以下原因：
（1）In the long war which humanity wages with the elements of nature the main body of the army has won its victory. It has moved out into the open plain, into a pleasant camping ground by the water springs and in the sunshine, amid fair cities and fertile fields. But the rear-guard is entangled in the defiles, the rear-guard is still struggling in mountainous country, attacked and assailed on every side by the onslaughts of a pitiless enemy.
（2）The rear-guard is encumbered with wounded, obstructed by all the broken vehicles that have fallen back from the main line of the march, with all the stragglers and weaklings that have fallen by the way and can struggle forward no farther.
另外，句子In the long war which humanity wages … can struggle forward no farther.是採用「對比」來說明大軍主力和後衛的不同之處。
最後，面對後衛脫困的問題，「解決方案」是：There is the place for the bravest soldiers and the most trusted generals. It is there that all the resources of military science and its heaviest artillery should be employed to extricate the rear-guard—not to bring the main army back from good positions which it occupies, not to throw away the victory which it has won over the brute forces of nature—but to bring the rear-guard in, to bring them into the level plain, so that they too may dwell in a land of peace and plenty.
1
刪除主題句就是第一句I have been for nearly six years, in rather a short life, trained as a soldier, and I will use a military metaphor.，但它要結合上一段：「我用個軍事比喻來說明上一段的主題」。所以本段的主題句裏面其實只有Division：說明將要用「比喻」來發展，至於Subject Matter與Controlling Idea都是在上一段講過的東西。
2
主要的發展是「類比」，底下都是類比的內容。你的分析也有道理。
老師在寫作教材P411寫到「證諸後世就是世界發展的大方向」。
回覆刪除我查了「證諸」一詞，沒有看到比較權威的解釋。
請問，「證諸」是什麼意思？
就是「證之於」，也就是用後世來驗證。
刪除作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除老師您好
回覆刪除If everything must have a cause, the God must have a cause. If there can be anything without a cause, it may just as well be the world as God, so that there cannot be any validity in that argument.
1 as God的意思是: like God ?
2 as well ... as在這的兩個as 應該不是一組的 ? (may just as well是一組)
The President should make the dire shortage of masks and quick tests a national priority.
３ priority應該是讓供應量充足，怎麼priority 是dire shortage，難道是把 dire shortage視為首要需要處理的問題?
ethnic: designating or of a population subgroup having a common cultural heritage or nationality, as distinguished by customs, characteristics, language, common history, etc.:
4 as distinguished= such as a common cultural heritage or nationality distinguished by customs... ?
5 internally reveled beliefs 的意思是？
They are broken down by intense ultraviolet radiation to yield highly reactive chlorine atoms that destroy a significant fraction of the ozone layer...
6 to yield =so that they could yield=with the result that they could yield, 而could表結果，那麼我的問題是用can 或用could 有何不同(如果是猜測，can比could有把握，但原句不是猜測)
There is no reason why the world couldn't have come into being without a cause; nor, on the other hand, is there any reason why it should not have always existed.
7 couldn't have come...及 should not have always existed 都是指現在的角度猜過去 ?
謝謝老師
1, 2
刪除It might just as well be the world that can be without a cause as it is God that can be without a cause.「若說有什麼東西可以不需要原因就自然存在，為什麼只有God才可以？為什麼the world不可以？」
3
a priority就是需要優先處理的事情，所以它可以是shortage
4
是
5
reveled是revealed之誤吧？聖經啟示錄是the Book of Revelation，那是「天啟」。internally revealed則是個人在內心中獲得一種啟示，這帶點宗教信仰的暗示，是不理性、不需要理由的
6
can和could在此是一般用法、不是猜測用法，意思是「可以、能夠」（able to），差別仍然是can語氣較重、could語氣較輕
7
是
寫作教材P412
回覆刪除關於範文Poetry and Prose的問題
Walking is a means to an end. You walk to get somewhere, the sooner the better. While walking, you are scarcely conscious of the lifting of your leg or the swinging of your arm. Dancing, on the other hand, is meant to be an enjoyment in itself. You dance to stay where you are, enjoying the cadence, the music, and the repetitive movements. How you lift your leg or raise your arm is all important.
Poetry, on the other hand, is like dancing—something to be relished for its own sake. You read a poem slowly, repeatedly, not to pick up information but to enjoy the reading experience, to be moved and thrilled.
老師在「2022年11月23日 下午1:05」回答說過：
1. You walk to get somewhere, the sooner the better. While walking, you are scarcely conscious of the lifting of your leg or the swinging of your arm.是在提供細節來說明解釋段落主題句Walking is a means to an end.。
2. You dance to stay where you are, enjoying the cadence, the music, and the repetitive movements. How you lift your leg or raise your arm is all important.是在提供細節來說明解釋段落主題句Dancing, on the other hand, is meant to be an enjoyment in itself.。
3.You read a poem slowly, repeatedly, not to pick up information but to enjoy the reading experience, to be moved and thrilled.是在提供細節來說明解釋段落主題句Poetry, on the other hand, is like dancing—something to be relished for its own sake.。
請問，「提供細節來說明解釋」這種組織是什麼？
學過的文章組織包括：空間順序、時間順序、舉例說明、因果關係、比較對比、解釋名詞、分類、程序分析、優缺點分析、問題與解決方案、類比，並沒有「提供細節來說明解釋」，所以比較困惑。
我猜想，「提供細節來說明解釋」類似於「解釋名詞」，不同之處在於：解釋名詞是對一個名詞進行解釋，而「提供細節」是對一句話進行解釋？我的猜想對嗎？
我在寫作班教的各種組織結構是主要的幾種，但並非只有那幾種。說明文與描寫文，經常採用的發展方式就是添加一些細節來說明或者描述。你作的區分基本上可以成立。
刪除寫作教材P409
回覆刪除關於From Liberalism and the Social Problem, Winston Churchill的問題
The existing organisation of society is driven by one mainspring—competitive selection. It may be a very imperfect organisation of society, but it is all we have got between us and barbarism. It is all we have been able to create through unnumbered centuries of effort and sacrifice. It is the whole treasure which past generations have been able to secure, and which they have been able to bequeath; and great and numerous as are the evils of the existing condition of society in this country, the advantages and achievements of the social system are greater still. Moreover, that system is one which offers an almost indefinite capacity for improvement. We may progressively eliminate the evils; we may progressively augment the goods which it contains. I do not want to see impaired the vigour of competition, but we can do much to mitigate the consequences of failure. We want to draw a line below which we will not allow persons to live and labour, yet above which they may compete with all the strength of their manhood. We want to have free competition upwards; we decline to allow free competition to run downwards. We do not want to pull down the structures of science and civilisation: but to spread a net over the abyss; and I am sure that if the vision of a fair Utopia which cheers the hearts and lights the imagination of the toiling multitudes, should ever break into reality, it will be by developments through, and modifications in, and by improvements out of, the existing competitive organisation of society; and I believe that Liberalism mobilised, and active as it is to-day, will be a principal and indispensable factor in that noble evolution.
不明白這三句話的組織：Moreover, that system is one which offers an almost indefinite capacity for improvement. We may progressively eliminate the evils; we may progressively augment the goods which it contains. I do not want to see impaired the vigour of competition, but we can do much to mitigate the consequences of failure.
請問：
1
We may progressively eliminate the evils; we may progressively augment the goods which it contains.是對主題句Moreover, that system is one which offers an almost indefinite capacity for improvement.的細節解釋說明嗎？
2
I do not want to see impaired the vigour of competition, but we can do much to mitigate the consequences of failure.，是對前一句We may progressively eliminate the evils; we may progressively augment the goods which it contains.的細節解釋說明，還是作為後面We want to draw a line …… spread a net over the abyss.的主題句？還是有其他什麼作用？
1
刪除是
2
這可以說是一個結論：總結上文關於competitive selection的分析。
請問老師
回覆刪除The king suggested that it would be more prudent to use convicts as test passengers, while the convicts were pardoned if they survived the ordeal.
1 副詞子句提到「如果大難不死就赦免」，赦免不是應該用條件語氣才對：would be pardoned，以表示當時還不是事實這樣的意思？
2 副詞連接詞while是「雖然」的意思嗎：即便罪犯大難不死就能獲赦，我們還是先拿他們當試驗品較好？
謝謝老師。
1
刪除用would be比較好
2
while意思比較接近「同時」
老師您好
回覆刪除The show lingers on moments of bliss--the joy of sex, home cooking, a cityscape as glimpsed from a rooftop at night
1 a cityscape as glimpsed from a rooftop at night 是 "從屋頂看到的cityscape"。那麼as=in the same way 嗎 ? "從屋頂看到的cityscape"看不到有in the same way 的意思 ? (感覺 a cityscape as it is glimpsed from a rooftop 及a cityscape which is glimpsed from a rooftop 這二句的意思都是"從屋頂看到的cityscape") ?
(A)I have 2 brothers, of which Tom is a fireman.
(B)copy: a single book, newspaper, record, or other printed or recorded text of which many have been produced.
2 (A)及(B)of which是同一個意思，同一個用法嗎 ?
3 of which前加不加逗點都可以嗎 ? ( (Ｂ)of which前沒有加逗點) (加逗點跟後面的句號變成一組括號)
They are broken down by intense ultraviolet radiation to yield highly reactive chlorine atoms that destroy a significant fraction of the ozone layer...
4 to yield =with the result that they CAN /COULD yield ?
5 can語氣較重、could語氣較輕。語氣輕重在原句的意思是？
6在猜測語氣中, can 比could更有把握，那麼can 比could更有把握也可看作can語氣較重、could語氣較輕嗎 ?
I borrow a better term from the late Aristotle: katharsis. Katharsis, so used, means salubrious discharge of emotions, a healthy letting off a steam
7 so used在這的語意是 ?
8 so used是which is so used的簡化嗎 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除as glimpsed近似when it is glimpsed
2, 3
唯一差別就是逗點：有逗點的關係子句是補充說明，沒有逗點則是「指出哪一個、哪一種」
4
是
5, 6
在一般用法中，can/could表示「有能力」，前者能力稍強、後者能力稍弱。在猜測用法中，can/could表示「有可能」，前者可能稍大、後者可能稍小。
7, 8
when it is used in this way
作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除老師您好
回覆刪除1 在老師的英文寫作第293頁The economics of capital punishment有提到:disuitlity, 這是相對於utility 來說，所以不管disuitlity還是uitlity，都是受益、受惠的意思 ?
Trump’s re-election campaign has harnessed his supporters’ outrage over impeachment to raise buckets of money
2 to raise=with the result that he can /could raise ... . 。但是我覺得to raise=in order to raise 也可以解釋的通，不知老師的看法如何 ?
Neither side took prisoners or showed any mercy...
3上面是字典的例句，or要改成nor ?
You describe something as regrettable when you think that it is bad and that it should not happen or have happened.
4 某件事確實發生，可是原句用it should not have happened. (過去非事實)這樣子感覺不對? 而 it should not have happened就算解釋為猜測語氣感覺也不通，因為 某件事確實發生 ? 綜合以上所述，不知出了什問題?
It really is desperately unfortunate that this should have happened just now.
5 should have pp 有二種 (1)現在角度猜過去(2)過去非事實 。 看起來不是(1)也不是(2) ?
6原句的should是"竟然"的意思 ?
Avoiding the collapse of any country's medical system is a matter of immediate interest to all of us
7 a matter of immediate interest=a current important matter ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除utility在此解讀為「適合、有用、值得做」，disutility是它的相反
2
可以
3
不是。這裏並非neither ... nor的搭配。對等連接詞相關字組neither ... nor要求平行對稱。可以說：
Neither this nor that is true.
或者
He neither accepted nor denied the accusation.
兩句都符合平行對稱的要求。但是neither side和or showed並不對稱。對等連接詞or單獨使用，連接左邊的動詞took和右邊的動詞showed。前面的neither side也是單獨使用：of the two sides, not one...
4
It should not have happened (but it did).裏面的should not have happened是過去非事實語氣，因為事實是It happened.，肯定句，改為否定句not就是非事實
5, 6
這裏的should have happened採用完成式主要是表達「過去」。語氣助動詞should無法明確表達過去，後面接原形動詞也無法表達過去，只有用完成式should have happened才能表達相對過去時間，語氣助動詞should表示「竟然、想不到、出乎意料」，仍屬猜測用法
7
是
老師您好
回覆刪除在老師的英文寫作第293頁The economics of capital punishment第一段結尾:The utility comparison seems a standoff, and I will ignore it, although the fact that almost two-thirds of the US population supports the death penalty is some, albeit weak (because it does not measure intensity of preference), evidence bearing on the comparison.
1 evidence=the fact that almost two-thirds of the US population supports the death penalty ?
2 evidence bearing on the comparison.=but evidence has an impact on the utility comparison ?
老師您說" 廢死，則人道主義者受惠。不廢死，則受害者家屬受惠，看來是兩相抵消，所以作者說「不予評論」。但忍不住又插一句：「美國人大多數主張不能廢死」，說這點值得考量。也就是：既然大多數人主張廢死，那麼從「誰受惠」這個角度來看，似乎還是「廢死的受惠者較多」"。
3原文有提到the fact that almost two-thirds of the US population supports the death penalty is some, albeit weak表示事實(the fact)有一點薄弱(some=a little)，但在作分析的時候，其實也可以把這個事實(美國人大多數主張不能廢死)考量進去，也就是utility comparison 值得考量，只是作者認為The utility comparison seems a standoff，才沒有考量而已，不知以上觀念是否正確 ?
謝謝老師
老師您好
回覆刪除(承上一則留言)在老師的英文寫作第293頁The economics of capital punishment第一段: 老師有說到: 既然大多數人主張廢死，那麼從「誰受惠」這個角度來看，似乎還是「廢死的受惠者較多」"。 那我的問題是: 美國人大多數主張"不能"廢死，那老師您的話是不是要改成--既然大多數人主張"不能"廢死，那麼從「誰受惠」這個角度來看，似乎還是「"不能"廢死的受惠者較多」，懇請老師解答，謝謝 ?
請教老師
回覆刪除1 They may object to the practice "on" their own vantage points.
2 I can do it "on" a clear conscience.
3 He does it "on" his own time.
以上三句的on意思都一樣嗎？該怎麼解釋呢?
4. ... the doctor is under obligation to proceed with xenotransplantation, even if as a temporary measure to extend life long enough for a donor organ to appear.
第四句的副詞子句主詞和主要子句主詞不同，何以能省略？
多謝老師解答。
1, 2, 3
刪除介系詞很難解釋為什麼
4
還原為even if he does so as a temporary measure...，主詞是一樣的
老师好，問一個關於日期加定冠詞的問題。
回覆刪除比如 May 4th, 我看到書上寫要讀成 the fourth of May，如果加了具體的年份，按老師語法的解釋，這個the是不是就不需要了，因為在這個語境下變成了專有名詞。
5/4/2022可以讀成May fourth, 2022或者the fourth of May, 2022
刪除可是2022年只有一个5月4号，为什么还需要定冠词呢
刪除the fourth of May是the fourth day of May的省略，名詞部分是普通名詞day。
刪除請問旋老師
回覆刪除a.While he admitted that he had received part of the laundered money,he denied he had any part in the drug trafficking.
可以減化成
b.While admitting having received part of the laundered money,he denied he had any part in the drug trafficking.
c.The actor's greatest achievement is that he has been nominated twice for the Oscar.(取自新版旋元佑文法)
可以減化成
d.The actor's greatest achievement is his having been nominated twice for the Oscar.
也可以減化成
e.The actor's greatest achievement is his two Oscar nominations.
f.That I drink good wine with friends is my greatest enjoyment.(取自舊版旋元佑文法)
可以減化成
g.Drinking good wine with friends is my greatest enjoyment.
h.That he calls my girlfriend every day is too much for me.(取自舊版旋元佑文法)
可以減化成
i.His calling my girlfriend every day is too much for me.
問題一
在b句的「having received」的前面及在d句的「having been」的前面,有「his」或省略「his」都可以嗎??(即有沒有「his」都沒有關係嗎??)
問題二
e句的「nominations」是複數名詞,e句的「his」是不是可以省略掉??
例如:若把「many good students」中的限定詞「many」拿掉,剩下「good students」
仍然是正確的.(取自舊版旋元佑文法)
問題三
若把e句的「his two Oscar nominations」換成「his one Oscar nomination」,
是不是也可以省略掉「his」呢??因為「one」也是限定詞.
問題四
g句的「Drinking good wine」的前面是不是可以多加「My」呢??
就像h句減化成i句一樣.
問題五
若f句能減化為「My drinking good wine with friends is my greatest enjoyment.」,則「greatest enjoyment」的前面
可以改成「the」嗎??即減化成「My drinking good wine with friends is the greatest enjoyment.」嗎???
例如:That John was drunk is no excuse for the rude behavior(取自新版旋元佑文法)
可以減化成Being drunk is no excuse for John's rude behavior.
也可以減化為 John's being drunk is no excuse for the rude behavior.
謝謝旋老師的回答..
1
刪除d句留下his比較清楚（因為主詞不同）
2
可以
3
可以
4
文法正確，但與下文的my重複，感覺多餘
5
可以
老師您好
回覆刪除The costly city buses will soon begin to break down, especially because they will be seriously overburdened, since the user need not pay.
1意思是: 人不付費，導致超載，超載導致公車故障 ?
2 especially because they will be seriously overburdened是故障的次要原因(主要原因是不付錢)，所以前後有逗點，表示一組括號，是可有可無的補充說明，不知以上觀念是否正確 ?
3the user不只一個人，為何不寫成users, 難道the user有什麼特別的意思在裡面 ?
...public transportation has to be paid for by somebody--tax payers
4 somebody是單數，而tax payers是複數，會有衝突嗎 ?
Let the user pay--so say economists, and so say I.
5 so say economists, and so say I.在此處用倒裝句是要引起讀者的注意(倒裝句讀起來比較費力)，讓讀者印象深刻嗎?
Free public transportation may sound attractive, but it takes us down a slippery slope, in a worsening series of ruin and destruction
6 a slippery slope與in a worsening series of ruin and destruction 是同位格關係 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除是
2
因為前面有especially，用來強調because，所以這個逗點並不是用來壓低份量，而是停頓一下而已
3
用users也行。the user表示「這種人」
4
還好，因為somebody是不特定對象，後面接taxpayers也行
5
採用比較古老的倒裝句，效果是把語氣提升到比較隆重一點，可以加強語氣，也適合用來結尾
6
可以這樣說（後者解釋前者）
老师，看一下我上面对你回答的回复，关于日期加定冠词的。
回覆刪除已回覆
刪除有一個常見的用法：
回覆刪除He is busy studying，
這裡的用法，busy後面為什麼不加介係詞with或者連接詞and呢
可以視為分詞構句：He is busy while/because he is studying.
刪除請問旋老師
回覆刪除a.As scheduled,they met on February 16.
(As scheduled相當於As they scheduled。)
問題一
a句的「As scheduled」的「scheduled」是過去分詞,「scheduled」是不是要改成現在分詞「scheduling」呢??
因為「As they scheduled」的「scheduled」是過去式而不是過去分詞,減化之後
應該是「As scheduling」而不是「As scheduled」,
吳炳鍾教授怎麼會寫成「As scheduled相當於As they scheduled」呢??
例如:
c.After he wrote the letter,he put it to mail.(取自於舊版旋元佑文法)
可以減化成
d.After writing the letter,he put it to mail.
(c句的「wrote」是過去式,而d句的「writing」是現在分詞.)
e.After he graduated from college,he found himself unemployed.(取自於新版旋元佑文法)
可以減化成
f.After graduating from college,he found himself unemployed.
(e句的「graduated」是過去式,而f句的「graduating」是現在分詞.)
a句是國內赫赫有名的英語教育學家吳炳鍾教授所舉
的句例,我不敢確認吳炳鍾教授是否寫錯,所以請教
旋老師他是不是寫錯???
謝謝旋老師的回答
句子應該還原為As it was scheduled, they met...，其中as子句是副詞子句，主詞it代表的就是後面整個主要子句they met...那件事，把it was刪掉之後就成為as scheduled，其中scheduled仍為過去分詞，有「被動」的意思。
刪除老師您好
回覆刪除Modern technology typically comes with a literal , monetary cost
1 monetary cost已經很清楚表達了是貨幣、金錢成本，為何還要加上literal ? 不知literal 在這的意思是 ?
Quiddity refers to the essence of a thing—that is, whatever makes something the type that it is.
2 that is it會不會太多餘(that的先行詞就是type)
3 whatever=what =anything that ?
4 a stark reminder=a sharp reminder (sharp=stark=grimly blunt ) ?
If Michael Jordan existed in today's Twitter-mad, media-saturated world, the unstable Internet would have already lost its collective mind.
5 would have already lost是過去非事實? (如果真的是過去非事實，感覺也不通，因為假設他"現在"在網路世界，那怎又會跟過去扯上關係，煩請老師解釋 ) ?
在老師的英文寫作第293頁The economics of capital punishment中提到...the principal consideration in evaluating the issue of retaining capital punishment are... the cost of capital punishment relative to life imprisonment without parole, the utility that retributivists and the friends and family members of the murderer's victim derive from execution, and the disutility that fervent opponents of capital punishment, along with relatives and friends of the defendant, experience.
6 the cost of capital punishment relative to life imprisonment without parole如果to 後面多加個that of 會不會比較好 ? (that=cost)
7 the utility .... and the disutility 表示: 維持死刑，則受害者家屬等人從中所得到的usefulness與維持死刑，則被告家屬等人從中所得到的反usefulness ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除因為cost經常是比喻用法，在此加上literal是強調一下：就照字面解釋、不是比喻
2
that is是個插入句，相當於that is to say「亦即、也就是說」，用於導入一個說明
3
是
4
是
5
would have lost這裏的完成式就是完成式：「會已經如何」。事實語氣是has lost（現在完成）
6
會比較清楚
7
是
老師您好
回覆刪除The textbook we used was the Norton Anthology, same as was used in American universities.
1 same as was used...=the same textbook as was used ?
2 same會跟the搭配成the same，為什麼可以省略the ?
I feel more fulfilled doing this than I've ever done.
3 done 後面省略this ? (意思是:我現在做這個比以前做這個更令我感到fulfilled ? )
He waxed lyrical about the time he spent living in southern France.
4 he spent是不是改成had spent 會比較好 ?
...a woman with a brain and business acumen and a certain healthy ruthlessness.
5 healthy=reasonable ?
Carter was dubiously convicted of shooting three white men in a bar.
6 表示 Carter was convicted of shooting three white men in a bar 這一件事的真實性是讓人懷疑的?
The new tax system would be calculated on the value of property owned by an individual.
7 would be calculated爲何不是would calculate (新稅制計算…)用主動的形式 ?
White conned his way into a job as a warehouseman with Dutch airline, KLM...
8 with改成in不知會不會影響語意 ?
謝謝老師
a.If it is provoked,a rhino can be very dangerous.(取自於新版旋元佑文法)
回覆刪除可以減化成
b.(If) provoked,a rhino can be very dangerous.
請問旋老師
若遇到下列的情形,句子還可以減化嗎??
問題一
c.That if it is provoked,a rhino isn't dangerous is a joke.
可以減化成
「d.That if provoked,a rhino isn't dangerous is a joke.」嗎??????
c句可以減化成d句嗎????
問題二
若c句可以減化成d句,d句的「if」可以省略掉嗎???
問題三
e.I said (that) If it is provoked,a rhino can be very dangerous.
可以減化成
「f.I said that If provoked,a rhino can be very dangerous.」嗎??????
e句可以減化成f句嗎????
問題四
若e句可以減化成f句,f句的「that」及「If」可以省略掉嗎???
謝謝旋老師的回答
1
刪除可以。若改為假主詞會更清楚：
It is a joke that if provoked, a rhino isn't dangerous.
2
可以
3
可以
4
可以（只要意思夠清楚，都可以省略）
老師好，英文寫作一書裡有篇參考範文在評論英語畢業門檻，通篇首句說The policy of an English graduation threshold has recently ...，我想問畢業門檻為何不用定冠詞呢？畢竟說的是台灣各大學設的那個門檻，意有所指的情況不能用the嗎？
回覆刪除謝謝。
用the也可以，意思稍有不同。the代表同一種東西。a則暗示各校的門檻各不相同
刪除老師好，限定詞加時間單位會構成時間副詞，last night是，但last day卻不是，前面要有介系詞on，變成on the last day。所以這是無法解釋的例外嗎？謝謝。
回覆刪除時間單位如Monday, yesterday, last week, tomorrow, every day等等可以直接當作時間副詞使用。共同點在於都已經指明是什麼時候，例如last night就是「昨晚」，亦即從今天向過去推的上一個夜晚。但是the last day意思是「最後一天」，並不清楚是哪一天，要加上修飾才會清楚，例如：the last day of the vacation「假期的最後一天」、the last day of the war「戰爭的最後一天」、the last day of this World Cup「本屆世界盃的最後一天」，這些都還是名詞。假如是「昨天」（指從今天往回推的上一天），那是yesterday，可以當時間副詞。
刪除老師您好
回覆刪除They are unsentimental about their impact on employees.
1 表示:他們對於員工之影響這一件事，他們表現的若無其事、沒有表達任何的情緒 ?
He was certainly not cut out to combine the jobs of editing and writing as a journalist.
2 原句後段應該是說以journalist的身分來 combine the jobs of editing and writing ?
Quiddity refers to the essence of a thing—that is, whatever makes something the type that it is.
3 the type that it is.中的that it is會不會太多餘了 ?
If Michael Jordan existed in today's Twitter-mad, media-saturated world, the unstable Internet would have already lost its collective mind.
4大槪的意思是:如果他現在存在在推特...世界, 那麼網路"早就已經"為他瘋狂了 ?
5would have lost是過去非事實 ?
6如果would have lost是過去非事實，那麼原句為什麼不寫成Internet had already lost... ? (還是Internet had already lost會讓人誤以為是過去完成式，沒有非事實的意味在，所以才寫成would have lost，以表示過去非事實的語氣 ?)
謝謝老師
1
刪除不受情緒影響，暗示有點冷酷無情：就算員工受到衝擊，那也不關自己的事
2
就是說此人不適合當記者，因為記者的工作結合了editing與writing，他不會
3
這裏需要用重複來表達
4
是
5
是
6
必須用if..., then...的搭配，然後在表示結果的主要子句中採用should, would, could, might，才能表達非事實語氣。假如只說had lost，那會變成過去的事實語氣。
都不行。非事實語氣需要明確的搭配，不能減化
回覆刪除
回覆刪除老師您好
1 Every baby brings its own love的意思是？
Economic stimulus measures are seen as a way to keep oil and gas humming along, business as usual despite tectonic shifts in the industry.
2 to keep oil and gas humming along與business as usual是同位格關係 ?
Granted that the firm has not broken the law, is the law what it should be?
3 is the law what it should be所隱含的意思是 ?
co-respondent: the person who a married person is said to have committed adultery (= sex outside marriage) with
4 who應該改成whom才對 ?
5 to slip in a cutting remark 的意思是 ?
Realists have an earthy attitude towards problems, brushing aside delicate manners
6 delicate指 小處，不易查覺出來的，有別於earthy是從務實面的、從大處著手，不知以上觀念是否正確 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除可以解釋為「每一個小嬰兒都帶著愛來到人間」
2
是
3
暗示這條法律本身有問題
4
是受格，但一般用法允許忽略主格受格的差別，一律用who。只有在直接放在介系詞後面的位置如to whom, in whom, with whom...之類才必須採用受格。你問的那句，因為把with和whom拆開了，就可以不管受格受格了
5
偷偷（或者趁機）插一句尖刻的話
6
是。另外，delicate matters往往是「敏感話題」，處理起來要拐彎抹角，不然會得罪人。an earthy attitude則是比較粗魯的態度，有話直說，不管別人的感受
老師您好
回覆刪除Taiwan can help. Truly we can, only allow us to stand firm on our own feet
1 Truly...feet 這個句子怎麼會沒有連接詞 ?
2 only allow...好像是祈使句之類的，不然allow怎麼會以原形動詞是形式出現 ?
I am boring you with my reminiscences.
3 原句應該是非正式的用法 ?通常 事或人+bore(s)+someones, bore動詞不會有V-ing的形式，除非是boring當形容詞用(boring lecture) ，不知以上觀念是否正確?
Have you done hogging the bathroom?...
4 原句為何不是Have you hogged the bathroom? 而是done hogging，兩者是差別是 ?
V: If you look at an apple with your mind's eye, you will notice that the girth of the apple is at its widest either in the middle of the fruit or in the top third, isn't that so ?
B: You are right. A pear is not like this ?
V: No. You must imagine an apple that is at its widest in the bottom third
5 You must imagine an apple that is at its widest in the bottom third這邊的意思是: 。a fruit that is at its widest in the bottom third其實是梨子，不是蘋果，因為在上文中有提到蘋果:the girth of the apple is at its widest either in the middle of the fruit or in the top third ，不知以上觀念是否正確?
6 must imagine 是猜測語氣?
For someone who has spent 40 years in show business Mary seems relatively unaffected by it all.
7 someone在這是指 在娛樂圈了做了40年的人，所以 someone的範圍是比較大的，不單單指原句中的Mary ?
8 unaffected在這可以解釋為not influenced , 也可以解釋為sincere，因為兩種解釋感覺都可以通 ?
謝謝老師
我採用的系統中並沒有「關係形容詞」，只有關係代名詞和關係副詞。
回覆刪除假如上文有個人名John，後面有個名詞片語his book，那麼限定詞位置的his仍然稱為「人稱代名詞」（代表先行詞John），但是採用所有格his型態，相當於John's book。這裏的his或John's並不是形容詞，而是限定詞，地位與冠詞（a, the）相同。因此，改寫為關係詞whose book，裏面的whose仍然稱為關係代名詞（的所有格，屬於限定詞類），不是形容詞。
同樣的，如果上文有German，後面說到that language，這個名詞片語中的that稱為「指示代名詞」（先行詞是名詞German），但因為後面有名詞language，所以這個that是限定詞類（地位相當於冠詞a, the），並不是形容詞。改為關係詞成為which language，其中which仍然稱為關係代名詞（屬於限定詞類）。
你問的那句，情況又不相同：He comes from Australia, a country to which I'd love to travel someday.，可以拆開為下面3句來理解：
1. He comes from Australia.
2. Australia is a country.
3. I'd love to travel to the country someday.
其中1, 2兩句可以合併為複句如下：
He comes from Australia, which is a country.
第3句中的to the country是個介系詞片語、地方副詞，其中的名詞the country可以用人稱代名詞取代，成為to it。新的兩個句子如下：
1. He comes from Australia, which is a country.
2. I'd love to traval to it someday.
第2句中的代名詞it，先行詞就是第1句中的名詞a country，可以將it改寫為關係代名詞which，兩句合併如下：
3. He comes from Australia, which is a country to which I'd love to travel someday.
其中to which要移到句首，因為關係代名詞which具有連接詞的功能，要拿到前面來引導這個關係子句。另外也可以把介系詞片語to which拆開，如下：
4. He comes from Australia, which is a country that I'd love to travel to someday.
其中that就是關係代名詞which，整個關係子句有指示功能（指出是哪一種國家），所以可以用that取代which。
再把第4句減化，which is刪掉只剩下同位格a country，如下：
5. He comes from Australia, a country that I'd love to travel to someday.
若選擇把介系詞片語to which一起移到句首，就成為：
6. He comes from Australia, a country to which I'd love to travel someday.
所以，which是關係代名詞，並沒有關係形容詞。
至於為什麼用a country而非the country，可以這樣來理解：
Australia is a country that started out as a penal colony.
Australia is a country that is rich in mineral deposits.
Australia is a country that is sparsely populated.
「澳洲是一個『如何如何』的國家。」
這裏應該用的就是「一個」怎樣的國家，由後面的修飾語來指明，而非「那個」怎樣的國家（先指定了）。
老師您好
回覆刪除...the actual number is significantly higher. Still, the figure carried weight, surpassing as it did the 58,220 American military deaths in the Vietnam War.
1 surpassing as it did 如何還原 ? (as及did在這的意思是?)
Quiddity refers to the essence of a thing—that is, whatever makes something the type that it is.
2 the type that it is.中的that it is為什麼要重複來表達 ?
3 to slip off to sleep表示漸漸地進入睡眠，而sleep是名詞，不知以上觀念是否正確
4 an in-kind payment to substitute for meals表示:如果朋友是開飯店，他要請我吃大餐，可是我不想吃大餐，我要換取住宿一晚，就可以原句來表達 ?
5而且原句的payment跟錢無關，因為有in-kind?
a straight substitution of carob for chocolate doesn't work...
6 straight=including only two things ?
By rights the Social Democrats ought to be the favorites in the election. But nothing looks less certain...
7 nothing looks less certain是"確定"的意思，也就是nothing looks less certain for Social Democrats not to be the favorites = it is certain that Social Democrats are not the favorites, 不知以上觀念是正確 ?
謝謝老師
1
刪除分詞構句，還原為表示原因的副詞子句，如下：
The figure carried weight, because it surpassed the deaths in Viet Nam.
中間的as it did就是as it surpassed ...（重複原文），用重複來加強語氣
2
就是敘述事實：「它所屬的那種類型」
3
to sleep是介系詞片語，sleep是名詞
4, 5
若旅行社出的一趟旅遊，言明是包括餐飲，但其實並沒有安排餐飲，只是發給遊客等值的餐費讓他自己去用餐，那就算是in-kind payment
6
straight=one for one
7
nothing looks less certain就是it's very uncertain「很不確定」。亦即：the social democrats很可能在選舉中失敗
旋老師您好！這個句子中1.America announced that travellers from China will have to produce a negative covid-19 test on arrival.
回覆刪除用到語氣助動詞will。而下面這個句子中
2.Earlier this week China’s government announced it would end mandatory quarantine for inbound travellers in January. 卻用到了would。
1.请问，後者是否要表達作者不太相信政府的做法才用了would的呢？
2.前者的will能改成would嗎？
其實意思差不多。若選擇與主要子句announced時態一致，就可以用過去的would。若要表示「宣告之後（包括現在以後）將要…」，就可以用現在的will。兩句其實沒有什麼差別。
刪除作者已經移除這則留言。
回覆刪除a.The difference is the roles they play.(取自問不倒文法之Q002)
回覆刪除請問旋老師
問題一
若the跟roles之間插入「different」來修飾名詞「roles」,即「b.The difference is the different roles they play.」
那麼b句的文法正不正確???
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